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Objective: B7-H4 gene, which has an immunosuppressive effect on T cell immunity by inhibiting T cell function, has been shown to be effective in tumor progression and poor prognosis in many types of human tumors, Increasing B7-H4 gene expression in various types of cancer, including renal cell carcinoma, ovarian cancer, gastric cancer and breast cancer, recently has led to the consideration of B7-H4 targeting in cancer treatment. Polymorphism studies of B7-H4 that may affect its expression control are very limited. Considering that polymorphisms show differences at the population level, the study of rs10754339, rs10801935 and rs3738414, which are likely to have an effect on the expression of the B7-H4 gene in different populations, may provide valuable information, especially in cancer types in which it shows high expression. For this purpose, we repeated the research, we conducted for the first time in Turkish breast cancer patients previously, in order to more clearly reveal the pathogenesis of B7-H4 gene in breast cancer. Material-Method: In our study, following DNA isolation of 201 cases, SNP analysis based on multiplex PCR and MALDI-TOF was performed.Results: Despite the increasing number of cases, as in our previous study, B7-H4 gene polymorphisms did not show statistically significant association with breast cancer. In addition, the related polymorphisms did not show a statistically significant relationship with the clinopathological data. Conclusion: Our study results have made us think that B7-H4 gene 10754339, rs10801935 and rs3738414 SNPs will not be effective in evaluating breast cancer susceptibility in the Turkish population., Amaç: T hücre fonksiyonunu inhibe etmek suretiyle, T hücre immünitesinde immünsupresif etki gösteren B7-H4 geninin, pek çok insan tümörü çeşidinde, tümör progresyonu ve zayıf prognozda etkili olduğu yapılan çalışmalarda gösterilmiştir. Renal hücre karsinomu, over kanseri, gastrik kanser ve meme kanseri de dahil olmak üzere, çeşitli kanser türlerinde B7-H4 geni ekpresyonunun artması ve bu durumun karsinojenik etkiye sebep olması, son zamanlarda kanser tedavisinde B7-H4’ün hedef alınmasını düşündürmüştür. B7-H4’ün ekspresyon kontrolüne etki edebilecek polimorfizm çalışmaları oldukça sınırlıdır. Polimorfizmlerin popülasyon düzeyinde farklılıklar gösterdiği de göz önüne alındığında, B7-H4 geninin ekspresyonu üzerinde etkili olabileceği muhtemel olan rs10754339, rs10801935 ve rs3738414 SNP’lerinin, farklı popülasyonlarda, özellikle yüksek ekspresyon gösterdiği kanser türlerinde çalışılması değerli bilgiler sağlayabilecektir. Biz de bu amaçla, daha önce Türk popülasyonunda meme kanserinde ilk defa yaptığımız araştırmayı, meme kanserinde B7-H4 geninin patogenezini daha net ortaya koymak amacıyla daha fazla olgu grubunda gerçekleştirdik. Materyal-Metot: Çalışmamızda toplam 201 olgunun DNA izolasyonunu takiben, multipleks PCR ve MALDI-TOF temeline dayanan SNP analizi yapıldı. Bulgular: Artan olgu sayımıza rağmen bir önceki çalışmamızda olduğu gibi B7-H4 geni 10754339, rs10801935 ve rs3738414 polimorfizmleri meme kanseriyle istatistiki olarak anlamlı bir birliktelik göstermedi. Ayrıca ilgili polimorfizmler, klinopatolojik verilerle de istatistiki olarak anlamlı bir ilişki göstermedi. Sonuç: Çalışma sonuçlarımız bize, Türk popülasyonunda meme kanseri yatkınlığını değerlendirmede B7-H4 geni 10754339, rs10801935 ve rs3738414 polimorfizmlerinin etkili olmayacağını düşündürmüştür.

The purpose of this research is to determine the drenching different glucose precursors, which are propylene glycol and glycerol, on rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA), blood glucose and insulin levels and dry matter intake (DMI) of dairy cows. Three rumen cannulated lactating Holstein cows were divided into propylene glycol, glycerol and control groups, according to the 3x3 Latin square method. Blood and rumen samples were taken before and at certain minutes after drinking the liquids. The amount of DMI by the cows was recorded daily. The measured DMI value was found to be the highest (22,9 kg/day) in the glycerol group and the lowest (17,3 kg/day) in the propylene glycol group (P

This study was carried out to determine the effects of vinasse on bone strength and some material properties in laying hens with specific amounts of vinasse added to their diets. The study was the first to determine the mechanical properties of laying hens fed a diet supplemented with vinasse. The study was conducted on tibiotarsi of two hundred 94-week-old laying hens which were selected randomly from a commercial farm. Morphometric measurements were made using a digital scale and caliper, and mechanical data were collected from tibiotarsi using a three-point bending test with a compression-tension machine. The laying hens fed with vinasse had higher tibiotarsal length and weight than those in Control group. The groups fed with vinasse were significantly stiffer and had a higher breaking force than Control group (P=0.002, P

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of different intravaginal treatment strategies on the vaginal discharge score, vaginal microbiota, bacterial and Enterobacteriaceae counts in nulliparous Merino ewes. All ewes (n=45) received intravaginal sponges containing 60 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate for 7 days and allocated into three equal groups (n=15). Sponges were injected Lactobacillus plantarum cell-free supernatant (SUPER), enrofloxacin (ENRO), or physiologic saline (CON) prior to sponge insertion. At sponge removal, 500 IU equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) were administered in all ewes. For the detection of vaginal microbiota, bacterial and Enterobacteriaceae counts, samples were collected prior to sponge insertion, at sponge withdrawal, and 48 h later after sponge withdrawal. Vaginal discharge score was not different in ENRO (2.26±0.18) and SUPER (2.20±0.14) compared to CON (2.46±0.16). The time-dependent alteration was significant for the mean bacterial and Enterobacteriaceae count in all groups (P

This study was carried out to investigate external and internal egg quality traits of different quail lines housed in a multitier cage system. The study was performed on eggs of three different lines of quail as wild type, recessive white and black cross-line stock raised for commercial production. All flocks in the experiment were housed in same environmental conditions for quail and fed same diets during the experiment. A total of 60 eggs from each quail lines were used to determine internal and external egg quality traits. Quail eggs were examined for both internal and external quality characteristics. The eggs from cross-line black coloured quails had significantly greater weight (P

The study aimed to determine the genotypic distribution of the c.328 G>A (rs110652478) polymorphism in the bovine fatty acid-binding pro tein 4 (FABP4) gene and to determine its effect on slaughter weight in Aberdeen Angus and Hereford bulls imported into Turkey. A total of randomly selected 95 bulls were used in this study. Bulls were housed for fattening in semi-open pens for approximately nine months with the same management procedures. Genotyping of the FABP4 c.328 G>A (rs110652478) polymorphism, located in exon 3, was performed by the PCR-RFLP method. Allele and genotype frequencies were calculated by the standard procedures and the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was tested by comparing expected and observed genotype frequencies using chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests. Indices of genetic diversity were calculated based on the allelic frequencies. The least-squares method as applied in a GLM procedure was used to test the association between FABP4 c.328 G>A and phenotypic traits including slaughter weight, hot and cold carcass weight, chilling loss, dressing percentage, and carcass pH. Results revealed that the most frequent genotype was GG (49.18% and 52.94% for Angus and Herefords, respectively) and the minor allele frequency (A allele) was 0.32 in the total population. The genotype distribution was in agreement with Hardy Weinberg equilibrium (P>0.05). The moderately low levels of genetic variability observed in this study may be caused as a result of eventual inbreeding. PIC levels suggest that FABP4 c.328 G>A can be a mildly informative genetic marker for the tested population. Association analysis indicated that the effect of the FABP4 on slaughter weight was statistically significant (PA may provide valuable, but limited, information on imported beef cattle raised in Turkey conditions.

DNA hasarının belirlenebilmesi, sperma saklama yöntemlerinin geliştirilmesi açısından önemlidir. Biz çalışmamızda farklı liyofilizasyon medyumları kullanılarak saklanan sperm hücrelerinin DNA bütünlüğünün değerlendirilmesinde akridin oranj (AO) ve therminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-medited dUDP nick and labelling (TUNEL) floresan boyama yöntemlerini kullandık. Koçlardan alınan sperma dört gruba bölündü ve her bir grup: I) %10 fötal buzağı serumu (FCS) içeren TCM 199 solüsyonu II) %10 FCS ve 0,2 mol/L trehaloz içeren TCM 199 solüsyonu III) 50 mmol/L NaCl ve EGTA [Ethylen glycol-bis (β-aminoethyl ether)-N, N, N, N,-tetraacetic acid] 10 mmol/L Tris solüsyonu ve IV) %20 yumurta sarısı ve %7 gliserol içeren Tris bazlı solüsyonlardan biri ile konsantrasyonu 10 x 106 spermatozoa/100 μL olacak şekilde sulandırıldı. Taze alınan spermada DNA fragmentasyon oranı AO ve TUNEL yöntemlerinde sırasıyla %2,0 ±1,2 ve %3,8±3,7 olarak tespit edildi (P>0.05). AO ve TUNEL yöntemiyle değerlendirilen liyofilizasyon sonrası DNA bütünlüğüne sahip spermatozoa oranlarının, sulandırıcı farklılığına göre etkilenmediği tespit edildi (P>0.05). Aynı şekilde her iki boyama yöntemi karşılaştırıldığında, liyofilizasyon sonrası elde edilen DNA bütünlüğünün değerlendirilmesinde AO ve TUNEL sonuçlarının istatistiksel olarak farklı olmadığı belirlendi (P>0.05). Çalışmamızın sonuçları; sulandırıcı gruplarından her birinin koç spermasının liyofilizasyonu için uygun olduğunu ve her iki boyama yönteminin de tercih edilebileceğini göstermektedir. The ability to detect nuclear damage is an important tool for the development of sperm preservation methods. We used the acridine orange (AO) and the therminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-medited dUDP nick and labelling (TUNEL) assay to evaluation of DNA status of sperm cells preserved with different lyophilization media. Collected ram semen were divided into four groups and diluted to a 10x106 spermatozoa/100μL with one of the extender: I) TCM 199 contained 10% fetal calf serum (FCS), II) TCM 199 contained 10% FCS and 0,2 mol/L trehaloz, III) 10 mmol/L Tris contained 50 mmol/L NaCl and EGTA [Ethylen glycol-bis (β-aminoethyl ether)-N, N, N, N,-tetraacetic acid] and IV) Tris based semen extender contained 20% egg yolk and 7% glycerol and then diluted semen were lyophilized. Freshly collected semen DNA fragmentation rate was 2,0% ±1,2 and 3,8%±3,7 obtained by AO and TUNEL assay, respectively (P>0.05). The DNA integrity of rehydrated spermatozoa as determined by AO and TUNEL assays were not affected by freeze-drying extender (P>0.05). Similar results were obtained by AO and TUNEL assays after rehydration (P>0.05). The results of this study showed that each of the diluent groups is suitable for lyophilization of ram semen and that both staining methods can be preferred.

In this study, histologic and electromyographic (EMG) evaluation of neuroregenerative effect of stromal vascular fraction (SVF) following periferal nerve anastomosis was aimed. Totally, 31 Wistar Albino, male rats (weighing about 300 g) were studied, and these rats were grouped according to surgical techniques performed on the right sciatic nerve: group I (GRI) micro suture (n=7), group II (GRII) micro suture + SVF (n=7), group III (GRIII) fibrin glue (n=7) and group IV (GRIV) fibrin glue + SVF (n=7). Fat tissue was taken from 3 rats to prepare SVF, and SVF was produced by non-enzymatic method. The left sciatic nerve of all rats was evaluated for EMG as control. Under general anesthesia, after transversal incision of the sciatic nerve, microsurgical epineural repair technique was performed with 10/0 nonabsorbable suture. EMG examinations were performed in terms of conduction rate, amplitude, distal latency and spontaneous muscle activity at 0th day and postoperative (PO) 1st and 8th weeks. EMG results between and within the groups were statistically evaluated by one-way analysis of variance. Rats in all groups were sacrificed by decapitation at PO 8th week and histological examinations of the sciatic nerves were performed following preparation of the neural tissues. EMG examination results showed the highest nerve conduction in GRI, the highest amplitude in GRIII, normal latency in GRII and longer distal latency in GRIV at PO 8th week. Amplitude and conduction velocity increased gradually in all groups. In needle EMG, the best muscle membrane stabilization was achieved in GRII and GRIV at PO 8th week. Statistically, the values of amplitude, distal latency, conduction velocity, and spontaneous muscle activity were found to be at normal levels at PO 8th week in all groups (P>0.05). In the histological results, although fibroconnective tissue reactions in the anastomosis area had similar scores in GRII and GRIV, maximum fibroconnective tissue reaction and the best axonal regeneration was seen in GRI and GRIII, respectively. In addition, GRI and GRII had the most inflammatory cells accumulation in the suture region, and less inflammatory cells were seen in the anastomosis area of GRIII and GRIV. As a conclusion, fibrin glue presents good electrophysiological and histological results; however, it is clear that local SVF usage on the nerve anastomosis area can be a good choice to decrease fibroconnective tissue reaction and inflammation.

Natural medicines such as formic acid, oxalic acid, thymol and menthol have recently been used as alternative treatments against the honey bee parasitic mite varroa. The aim of this study was to observe and examine their impact on Heat Shock Proteins (HSP 70) in the brain tissues of bees. For this purpose, seven different treatment groups were created using various concentrations and administrations of formic and oxalic acid and thymol-menthol mixtures, including positive (untreated) and negative controls. The results showed that in the groups exposed to the varroa treatments, HSP 70 results were lower than those of the non-treated groups. HSP 70 results were lowest in the thymol-menthol mixture exposed group among the treated groups. We conclude that it would be more beneficial to prefer natural medicines against varroa, which lead to lower HSP 70 results which are the molecular determinants of stress. Recientemente se han usado las medicinas naturales como el a ́cido fo ́rmico, el a ́cido oxa ́lico, el timol y el mentol comotratamientos alternativos contra el a ́caro varroa para ́sito de la abeja de la miel. El objeto de este estudio fue observary examinar su impacto en las proteı ́nas de estre ́ste ́rmico (PET 70) en los tejidos cerebrales de las abejas. Con estepropo ́sito, se establecieron siete grupos con diferentes tratamientos usando varias concentraciones y administracionesde las mezclas de a ́cido fo ́rmico con a ́cido oxa ́lico y de timol-mentol, incluyendo controles positivo (sin tratar) y nega-tivo. Los resultados mostraron que en los grupos expuestos a tratamientos de varroa, los niveles de PET 70 fueronma ́s bajos que para los grupos sin tratar. Los resultados de PET 70 fueron ma ́s bajos en el grupo expuesto a la mezclatimol-mentol entre los grupos tratados. Concluimos que serı ́ama ́s beneficioso preferir las medicinas naturales contrala varroa, que llevan a unos resultados ma ́s bajos en las PET 70, que son los determinantes moleculares del estre ́s.

The aim of this study was to characterize the bovine fatty acid binding protein (FABP4) gene 3691G>A and 2834C>G polymorphisms and to evaluate interaction effects on the live weight, carcass characteristics and meat quality of Holstein bulls in the South Marmara region of Turkey. A total of 400 Holstein bulls grown on a private farm and slaughtered at 14-21 months of age, were randomly selected for use in this study. Initially, genotyping was performed by PCR-RFLP method and statistical analysis was carried out using least square methods of the GLM procedure. A SNP located in intron 1 (2834C>G) was associated with desirable increases in live weight, hot carcass weight and chilled carcass weight, and a SNP located in exon 3 (3691G>A) was associated with significant increases in marbling scores and first compressive stress point of the longissimus dorsi muscle (PA and the 2834C>G polymorphisms revealed significant effects for hot carcass weight, chilled carcass weight and backfat thickness (PA and 2834C>G polymorphisms and the 3691G>A and 2834C>G interactions can be used as selection parameters in breeding programmes to improve meat yield and carcass characteristics.

The clinical effects of aglepristone treatment to induce parturition in ewes and their newborns were reported. Three experimental groups were defined: group AG5 (n = 5), group AG10 (n = 5), and group CG (n = 5) in which ewes were injected twice with 5, 10 mg/kg of aglepristone, and saline solution of ewes, respectively. Different parameters associated with parturition in ewes and their newborns were investigated. Serum progesterone, oxytocin, and free and conjugated total estrogens were measured after treatments until parturition. No statistical difference was found from first aglepristone administration to onset of lambing between AG5 and AG10 (23.90 +/- 6.20, 40.00 +/- 6.71 hours). Parturition induction in two groups shortened the gestational length significantly compared with the control group (P = 0.003). Dystocia was observed in two ewes in group AG10. The placental weight showed statistically significant difference only between the AG10 and CG (P = 0.039), but no difference was observed in the placental expulsion period between the groups. Decrease in food consumption 24 to 36 hours after parturition in all ewes and skin necrosis in an ewe in group AG5 were observed. Progesterone concentration was significantly lower in AG5 than that in ewes in group AG10 and CG (P < 0.05). No difference was observed in concentrations of free total estrogens and oxytocin between groups. The body temperature of lambs was significantly different between AG10 and CG groups both right after (P = 0.011) and 12 hours after parturition (P = 0.014). The lambs in CG had the highest mean birth weight (4.29 +/- 0.28 kg), which was significantly different from the induced groups. No significant difference of blood pH and blood gases values between groups was identified both at birth and 12 hours after parturition for lambs. Significant differences could clearly be observed in total protein and blood urea nitrogen and total protein findings 12 hours after parturition (P < 0.05), whereas no difference was found in blood glucose, albumin, inorganic phosphor, triglyceride, or total cholesterol parameters. The results of this study show that the administration of aglepristone to induce parturition can precisely control lambing time without any side effects in either mothers or lambs.

The aim of this study was to investigate the individual and combined effects of rosemary, oregano and fennel volatile oil (FVO) supplementation on the performance and ilio-caecal bacteriological flora of broiler chickens. A total of 800 male Ross-308 broiler chickens were divided equally into 8 groups; each contained 100 chickens. The study included a control treatment (NC) with no dietary additives that was supplemented with oils according to the following 7 treatments: 200 mg α-tocopherol acetate/kg (PC), 100 mg oregano volatile oil (OVO)/kg, 100 mg rosemary volatile oil (RVO)/kg, 100 mg FVO/kg and an equal mixture of oregano+rosemary+fennel VO (100, 200, 400 mg/kg, VOM-1, VOM-2 and VOM-3, respectively). The experiment lasted for 6 weeks. At the end of the experiment, dietary supplementation with α-tocopherol, oregano, rosemary and FVO and two different volatile oil mixtures (VOMs) (VOM-2; VOM-3) significantly increased the body weights (BWs) of broilers at 7, 14 and 21 d of age compared to the negative control (NC) (-) and VOM-1 groups. At 0-42 d, birds fed on VOM-3 were considerably heavier and also gained more weight than NC (-) and VOM-1 groups. The blend of VOs at 400 mg/kg significantly increased Lactobacillus spp. in faeces. The blends of oregano, rosemary and FVOs (VOM-3) at 400 mg/kg concentration and also VOM-3 group exhibited stronger antibacterial activity against coliform bacteria compared to the NC (-) group. In conclusion, the blend of oregano, rosemary and fennel VOs at higher concentrations (400 mg/kg concentration) in diets can be used to stimulate the growth and can improve the intestinal microbial balance (including a reduction of coliform bacteria and an increase in Lactobacillus spp. counts) of broiler chickens.

Summary This study aimed to evaluate the effects of juniper essential oil on the growth performance, rumen fermentation parameters, rumen protozoa population, blood antioxidant enzyme parameters and faecal content in growing Saanen kids. Thirty-six male Saanen kids (36 ± 14 days of age) were used in the study. Each group consisted of 9 kids. The control group (G1) was fed with a diet that consisted of the above concentrated feed and oat hay, whereas the experimental groups consumed the same diet but with the concentrated feed uniformly sprayed with juniper essential oil 0.4 ml/kg (G2), 0.8 ml/kg (G3) or 2 ml/kg (G4). There were no differences (p > 0.05) in live weight, live weight gain or feed consumption between the control and experimental groups. There was a significant improvement (p

A 7-year-old Chow Pei was referred to an animal hospital for the evaluation of a 1-month history of abdominal distension and exercise intolerance. A systolic murmur was auscultated over the tricuspid valve (TV). Thoracic radiographs showed cardiomegaly, right atrial enlargement, and pulmonary edema. Electrocardiography revealed small QRS complexes and a right-bundle brunch block. Echocardiography also showed right atrial enlargement and tricuspid insufficiency due to the presence of a mass on the posterior leaflet of the TV. The mass was excised by intracardiac surgery and histological evaluation revealed myxosarcoma. This is a case report of a diagnostic and therapeutic approach to myxosarcoma of the TV in a dog.

Glucosinolates are important bioactive molecules and widely found in Brassicaceae species (cress, brussels sprouts, mustard, broccoli, kale etc.). Depending on the amount of these vegetables consumed, both positive and negative metabolic effects from glucosinolate metabolites may occur. The aims of this study were to; investigate inexpensive animal food sources that both increases weight gain and provides enhanced performance parameters without adversely affecting the animal’s health and metabolism; to evaluate dose adjustment of food containing glucosinolates in animals; and to evaluate changes in the biochemical and performance status of chickens on these glucosinolate containing diets. A total of 624 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler line chicks were divided into one control and three treatment groups. Cress seed (Lepidium sativum) was added 0.05% for the first treatment groups (Group 1, 10 g/kg), 0.10% for the second treatment groups (Group 2, 20 g/kg) and 0.15% for the last treatment groups (Group 3, 30 g/kg) to the diet. Serum samples were evaluated for serum glucose, adiponectin, leptin, growth hormone, estradiol and cortisol levels. Performance parameters investigated included feed intake, live body weight and feed conversion ratio. . The villus length, number of goblet cells, crypt depth were determined for histological analyses. According to histological results, villus length was significant at p < 0.05 level between control and group 1 and at p < 0.001 level with groups 2 and 3 at 21 days. The depth of the crypts belonging to the control and experimental groups was not significant between the control group and the group 1 when the statistic was evaluated on the 21st day, whereas between the control group and the group 2, p < 0.05 and p < 0.01; statistical significance was found at p < 0.001 level between group 3 and control group. The results showed that dietary glucosinolate supplementation as feed additive (10, 20 and 30 g/kg) did not significantly improve the dietary performance, or carcass parameters of broiler chickens. Feed intake was the highest in group 2 (20 g/kg), female live weight was the highest in group 2 (20 g/kg) and 3 (30 g/kg). In conclusion, the rates of the cress seed (0.05, 0.10 and 0.15%) that contain glucotropaeolin were not affected for feed additive on performance (especially live weight and live weight gain) and carcass parameters.

The aim of the study was to evaluate different BSA doses in soybean-lecithin based extenders for liquid storage of ram semen. Pooled semen was divided into four equal volumes and diluted in a single-step dilution method with BSA supplemented (BSA5, BSA7.5, BSA10 groups supplemented 5mg/mL, 7.5mg/mL, 10mg/mL BSA respectively) and BSA-free (control) extenders. Semen samples were assessed for sperm motility, plasma membrane functional integrity using hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST), damaged acrosome using FITC-Pisum sativum agglutinin (PSA-FITC) at 0, 24, 48 and 72h of storage at 5 °C. Antioxidant activities of groups at 0 and 72h were measured with glutathionine (GSH) concentration, membrane lipid peroxidation status was analyzed using the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. Antioxidant capacity of extender also was measured with 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) assays. In the study, BSA (5mg/mL) supplementation has beneficial effect on ram sperm parameters at all evaluation times. In addition, the increasing doses of BSA supplementation has a negative effect on sperm parameters especially 48 and 72h of storage, Bu çalışmada, farklı dozlarda BSA ilave edilmiş lesitin bazlı sulandırıcının koç spermasının 5°C’ta kısa sureli saklanması üzerindeki etkisinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlandı. Çalışma amacıyla alınan spermalar pooling yapılarak dört eşit hacme bölündü ve 5mg/mL, 7.5mg/mL, 10mg/mL BSA ilave edilmiş (BSA5, BSA7.5, BSA10 sırasıyla) ve edilmemiş (kontrol) sulandırıcılarla sulandırıldı. Sulandırılmış spermanın sıcaklığı 5°C’a düştükten sonra 0, 24, 48 ve 72. saatlerde; motilite, plazma membran fonksiyonel bütünük [hipoozmotik şişme testi (HOST)] ve akrozomal hasar [FITC-Pisum sativum agglutinin (PSA-FITC)] muayeneleri yapıldı. Çalışmanın başlangıcı ve sonunda antioksidan aktivitenin ve lipid peroksidasyonun değerlendirilmesi için malondialdehyde (MDA) ve glutathionine (GSH) konsantrasyonları ölçüldü. Ayrıca 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) ve Dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) yöntemleri ile her bir sulandırıcının antioksidan kapasiteleri değerlendirildi. Yapılan muayenelerin sonucunda; 5mg/mL BSA ilavesinin koç spermasının kısa süreli muhafazasında etkili olduğu gözlemlendi. Ayrıca artan BSA konsantrasyonunun spermanın soğutularak saklanmasında olumsuz etki oluşturduğu belirlendi

The aim of this study is to examine the effects of different levels of the feed supplement Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a yeast metabolite, on broiler tibiotarsus traits and to reduce leg problems by identifying the pathological changes in leg skeletal system. Thus, reducing leg disorders due to the skeletal system, the cause of significant economic losses in our country (Turkey), was investigated by the supplementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in broiler feed. In the study, 300 male day-old, Ross 308 broiler chicks were used. Experiment groups were designed as follows: control; 0.1% Saccharomyces cerevisiae; 0.2% Saccharomyces cerevisiae; 0.4% Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The experimental diets were chemically analyzed according to the methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Twelve groups were obtained, including three replicates for each experimental group. Each replicated group was comprised of 25 chicks, and thus 75 chicks were placed in each experimental group. After 42 days, broiler chickens were slaughtered. Tibiotarsi were weighed with a digital scale, and the lengths were measured with a digital caliper after the drying process. Cortical areas were measured with the ImageJ Image Processing and Analysis Program. A UTEST Model-7014 tension and compression machine and a Maxtest software were used to determine the bone strength of the tibiotarsus. The severity of the tibial dyschondroplasia lesion was evaluated as 0, +1, +2 and +3. Crude ash, calcium and phosphorus analyses were performed to determine the inorganic matter of tibiotarsi. For radiographic evaluations of epiphyseal growth plates, tibiotarsi from the right legs were photographed in lateral and craniocaudal positions and examined. Statistical analyses were performed with the SPSS statistics program. It was observed that the use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a feed supplement led to an increase in the bone traits of broiler chickens. Optimum results for bone mineral content, biomechanical traits and strength were provided by the addition of 0.2% Saccharomyces cerevisiae in broiler feed. As a result, the use of yeast as feed supplements in broilers is considered to be an economic and convenient way of providing animal welfare and preventing commercial losses due to leg problems.

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of age at first range access to range area on laying performance and egg quality of free range layer chickens. Six hundred 16-week-old Lohman Brown layer pullets were randomly distributed into three experimental groups according to age at first range access as 18 (very early), 20 (early) and 22 weeks of age (coventional-late). Three experimental groups were monitored to collect the data from 24 to 72 weeks of age. Egg number, feed consumption, dead birds, cracked and floor eggs were recorded daily. Egg quality analysis was made to 10 week intervals from 30th to 70th weeks of age. Thirty freshly laid eggs from each group were collected in each analysing period and measured within 24 h. The floor eggs and survival rate of the birds were affected by the timing of the first access to range area (P

In this study, we compared 142 Yersinia ruckeri isolates collected between 2013 and 2016 from 6 different regions in Turkey. A total of 18 different genogroups were found, though most of the isolates clustered into the same genogroup as serotype O1. As immunization of fish with inactivated Y. ruckeri by injection, immersion, or feeding provide minimal protection against Y. ruckeri infection in Turkey, many fish producers use antimicrobials unrestrictedly, resulting in antimicrobial resistance in aquatic pathogens. Accordingly, we investigated resistance to the antimicrobials most commonly used to treat yersiniosis. More than 80% of the Y. ruckeri isolates were susceptible to sulfamethoxazole- trimethoprim (SXT), florfenicol (FFC), and tetracycline, whereas none were susceptible to sulfamethoxazole. The most commonly used antimicrobials (SXT and FFC) can be effectively administered because the resistance levels to these drugs are the lowest among those reported for agents used to control enteric red mouth disease (12.6 and 14.7%, respectively). In conclusion, to the best of our knowledge, this study is the first characterization of the antimicrobial resistance genes floR, sulI, tetC, tetD, and tetE in Y. ruckeri isolates from aquaculture. Additionally, we detected the sulII gene but not the tetA, tetB, tetM, tetS, or sulIII genes. Gıda Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı- TAGEM/14/AR-GE/26

This study was approved by the Uludag University Animal Research Local Ethics Committee./Bu çalışma Uludağ Üniversitesi Hayvan Araştırmaları Yerel Etik Kurulu tarafından onaylandı. Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α) is a proinflamatory cytokine, closely associated with insulin resistance and related diseases such as type II ketosis and fatty liver of cows. Aim of the presented study was to investigate circulating levels of TNF-α after vaccinating dry cattle with inactive rotavirus, coronavirus and E.coli combined vaccine. 14 cattle were randomly assigned to two groups; vaccination group was vaccinated on days 0 and 21 of the study and control group not. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 1, 5, 15, 21, 22, 26, 36 of the study for evaluation of TNF-α and total leukocyte counts. Although not significant, TNF-α levels decreased in vaccination group after the second application. Total Leukocyte counts did not differ between and within groups. Results of the study demonstrates that vaccinating cattle with inactive rotavirus, coronavirus and E.coli combined vaccine in dry period does not induce alterations in circulating TNF-α levels.

There is a dilemma about usage and selection of the antibiotics following pulmonary contusion. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate pulmonary infection risk in dogs with pulmonary contusion. In total, eleven dogs with pulmonary contusion included in the study. Diagnosis of the pulmonary contusion and its degrees were determined based on the clinical and radiological findings. Under general anesthesia, bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was applied on 0, 24 and 48(th) h and BAL samples were collected. Cytological examination, culture and antibiotic susceptibility analysis of the BAL samples were performed. Clinically, mild, moderate and severe degree pulmonary contusions were diagnosed, but radiological results pointed out severe degree of pulmonary contusion in all dogs. Bronchoscopy showed the hemoptysis in all dogs except one. Cytologically, all preparations had the inflammatory results at 0(th) hour and these were increased at 24 and 48(th) hours. Additionally, evidence of infection was determined in the cytological preparations of four dogs (case 1, 2, 5 and 8) taken at 0, 24 and 48(th) hours. These cytological results were compatible with microbiological results of case 1, 2, 5 and 8. Pasteurella multocida in case 1 and 2, and Escherichia coli in case 5 and 8 was cultured microorganism from the BAL samples, separately. While P. multocida was resistant to gentamicin, erythromycin and oxytetracycline; E. coli was resistant only sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. In conclusion, it may be stated that pulmonary contusion triggers inflammation process, and if there is a pathogenic opportunistic flora in the lower respiratory tracts, the pulmonary infections might accompany with inflammation process. Thus, if it is able, antibiotic usage must be planned considering to the results of BAL culture and antibiogram tests. Pulmoner kontüzyon sonrası antibiyotik kullanımı ve seçimi hakkında bir çelişki vardır. Bu nedenle bu çalışma pulmoner kontüzyonlu köpeklerde pulmoner enfeksiyon riskinin değerlendirmesini amaçladı. Çalışmaya pulmoner kontüzyonlu 11 köpek dahil edildi. Pulmoner kontüzyon tanısı ve derecelendirilmesi klinik ve radyolojik bulgular temelinde belirlendi. Genel anestezi altında, 0, 24 ve 48. saatlerde köpeklerde bronkoskopi ve bronkoalveolar lavaj (BAL) uygulandı ve BAL numunesi alındı. BAL numunelerin sitolojik muayenesi, kültür ve antibiyotik duyarlılık analizleri yapıldı. Klinik olarak hafif, orta ve şiddetli derece pulmoner kontüzyon tanıları konuldu, ancak radyolojik bulgular tüm köpeklerde şiddetli derecede pulmoner kontüzyonu belirtti. Bronkoskopi, biri hariç tüm köpeklerde hemoptiziyi gösterdi. Sitolojik olarak, tüm preparatlar 0. saatte enflamasyon bulgularına sahipti ve bu bulgular 24 ve 48. saatlerde artıyordu. Ek olarak, enfeksiyon varlığı, dört köpeğin (olgu 1, 2, 5 ve 8) 0, 24 ve 48. saatlerde alınan sitoloji preparatlarında belirlendi. Bu sitolojik bulgular olgu 1, 2, 5 ve 8’in mikrobiyolojik bulguları ile uyumluydu. Sırasıyla, Pasteurella multocida olgu 1 ve 2’de, Escherichia coli olgu 5 ve 8’de BAL numunelerinden kültüre edilen mikroorganizmalardı. P. multocida gentamisin, eritromisin ve oksitetrasiklin’e dirençli iken, E. coli sadece sulfametoksazol/ trimetoprim’e dirençliydi. Sonuç olarak, pulmoner kontüzyononun yangısal süreci tetikleyebildiği ve eğer alt solunum yollarında patojenik fırsatçı bir flora var ise akciğerdeki yangısal sürece enfeksiyonun da eşlik edebileceği söylenebilir. Bu yüzden, antibiyotik kullanımı olanaklar elveriyor ise BAL kültür ve antibiyogram sonuçları göz önüne alınarak kurgulanmalıdır.

Transforming growth factor [31 (TGF beta 1) is a well -established inducer of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) that is essential for the acquisition of malignant properties, such as invasion, in tumor cells. Although recent studies suggest that the EMT in tumor cells is associated with reprogramming of energy metabolism and TGF beta 1 has been shown to stimulate glycolysis in multiple primary cell lines, little is known about TGF beta l 's effect on glycolysis and glycolytic regulators in transformed cells. Given the known regulatory role of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase-3 (PFKFB3) in glycolysis and association of glycolytic activity with malignant features such as invasion, we sought to investigate whether TGF beta 1 regulates PFKFB3 expression and if PFKFB3 is involved in the TGF beta l -mediated increase in the invasive ability of the Panc1 cell cline a well -established model of TGF beta 1 -initiated EMT. Herein we demonstrate that TGF beta 1 induces PFKFB3 expression and stimulates glycolysis in Panci cells. We also show that s1RNA silencing of PFKFB3 prevents the stimulation of glycolysis and in vitro invasive ability of Panci cells by TGF beta 1. Furthermore, PFKFB3 silencing suppresses the TGFfil -mediated induction of the Snail protein, suggesting that PFKFB3 is required for the regulation of Snail expression by TGFfil. Taken together, our study identifies PFKFB3 as a key TGF beta 1 effector protein that mediates TGF beta 1's effect on Snail expression, invasion, and glycolysis.

The main objectives of our study were to measure the major adipokines adiponectin, leptin and resistin in goat milk, to assess their interrelationships and to assess their relationships with the plasma and serum concentrations of total protein, cholesterol, total lipids, plasma C-reactive protein (CRP), milk somatic cell count (SCC), milk total aerobic colony and lactobacillus count, and milk components in lactating Saanen goats. The study was performed on eighteen lactating Saanen goats. Milk and blood samples were collected on days 20, 35, 50, 65 and 80 of lactation postpartum. The milk and plasma adiponectin levels on days 50, 65 and 80 postpartum were significantly higher than those on day 20. The milk and plasma leptin levels were lower on day 20 than on days 35, 50, 65 and 80. The milk concentrations of these major adipokines were positively intercorrelated. The milk and plasma concentrations of these three adipokines were also positively correlated. The plasma CRP concentrations correlated positively with milk leptin and resistin concentrations and inversely with milk adiponectin concentration. Milk adiponectin concentration was inversely related with its SCC. These data confirm that adiponectin, leptin and resistin are present in goat milk. The milk concentrations of these three adipokines were interrelated and interacted with the general inflammatory marker, CRP. The inverse relationship between milk adiponectin concentrations and its SCC suggests that variations in milk adiponectin might be involved in the udder health of lactating goats, but clinical trials are needed to support this hypothesis.

Heat stress proteins are important factors in protecting cells against environmental stress. The HSP70.1 gene is one of the most important members of the heat stress protein family, which is essential for life, production and reproduction. In this study, partial regions of HSP70.1 (3' and 5' untranslated regions (UTRs)) were sequenced in six cattle breeds. Blood samples of five native breeds, namely Yerli Kara (YK), Boz irk (BI), Yerli Guney Sarisi (YGS), Guney Dogu Anadolu Kirmizisi (GAK) and Dogu Anadolu Kirmizisi (DAK) were collected from their native regions and blood samples of the Holstein Friesian (Siyah Alaca (SA)) breed were collected from each of these regions. Totals of 249 and 206 animals were analysed for the HSP70.1-3' and 5' UTR regions, respectively. In the 3' UTR region, 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and one indel were found, whereas this region was found to be monomorphic among animals of the Holstein Friesian breed. In the 5' UTR region, 43 SNPs and three indels were revealed in all of the investigated breeds. On the other hand, a new C983T nucleotide substitution was identified in this region, and is thought to disrupt the Sp1-hsp70 promoter binding site. The 5' UTR region was also more variable in the Turkish native breeds than in the Holstein Friesian. This study is the first to investigate the 3' and 5' UTRs of the HSP70.1 gene in Turkish native breeds. The genetic structure of these gene regions in Turkish native cattle breeds was found to be quite different from those of other cattle breeds that had been studied in the past.

The current study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with rosemary volatile oil on performance, meat quality and selected plasma antioxidant parameters of quails. A total of 192 1-day-old Pharaoh (Coturnix coturnix Pharaoh) quails, including both males and females, were divided into three groups containing 64 quails and treated as follows: (1) a control group with 0 mg volatile oil/kg of diet; (2) 200 mg/kg rosemary volatile oil plus-RVO1; and (3) 250 mg/kg rosemary volatile oil plus-RVO2. The diets were prepared fresh for each treatment. The experiment was carried out for 42 days. Dietary treatments did not have any significant effect on live weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion rate, hot and cold carcass yield. There were significant differences for the plasma MDA level (P < 0.01) and meat MDA level (P

Introduction: The aim of the study was to investigate changes in the serum levels of adiponectin and TNF-α, as well as insulin sensitivity, and to elucidate the possible relationship among the parameters and negative energy balance during the periparturient period of dairy cows. Material and Methods: Thirty primiparous Holstein dairy cows were selected for the study. Blood samples were collected from each cow seven days before the expected calving date, on the calving day, and 7, 14, and 21 days after calving. Blood non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), glucose, insulin, adiponectin, and TNF- α levels were measured. Revised Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (rQUICKI) was calculated using data on NEFA, insulin, and glucose concentrations. Results: When compared to prepartum levels, serum concentration of adiponectin significantly increased on day 21 postpartum. The rQUICKI increased and NEFA levels decreased on day 7 after parturition. Insulin and glucose levels decreased on days 7, 14, and 21 postpartum when compared with prepartum levels. BHBA levels decreased on day 21 and TNF- α concentration also decreased on days 7, 14, and 21 postpartum. Adiponectin levels positively correlated with NEFA during the preparturient period. Negative correlation was detected between adiponectin and rQUICKI on calving day and on 14th day after parturition. TNF- α concentration positively correlated with glucose levels on day 7 prepartum and on 21st day postpartum and with rQUICKI on 21st day postpartum. Negative correlation was detected between adiponectin level and insulin sensitivity. Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, we concluded that adiponectin could possibly increase insulin sensitivity when blood NEFA concentrations are elevated.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of increasing doses of carvacrol (C) and/or thymol (T) on the performance, rumen fermentation, and blood and carcass parameters of Merino sheep. Eighty-four 12-week-old male Merino lambs were randomly assigned to 7 treatment groups. The sheep were fed with the same concentrate mixtures including a control diet, carvacrol 100 mg/kg (C 100 ), carvacrol 300 mg/kg (C 300 ), thymol 100 mg/kg (T 100 ), thymol 300 mg/kg (T 300 ), carvacrol+thymol 100 mg/kg (C 50 +T 50 ), and carvacrol+thymol 300 mg/kg (C 150 +T 150 ). The C and/or T supplementation did not affect the feed conversion. The lambs fed with C and/or T diets had higher rumen pH, NH 3 -N, and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) compared to those in the control group. However, essential oil supplementation did not change the molar concentration of VFA. The serum urea and glucose in C and/or T groups were not found significant on days 0, 35, and 70 compared to the control group. Slaughter weights and other carcass parameters were similar between the groups. The effects of C and/or T supplementation on the rumen and production parameters showed limited effects when lambs were fed with the high concentrate diets.

The purpose of the current study is to investigate the functional connections between the central histaminergic and cholinergic systems at NTS level in hypotensive condition. Experiments were carried out in male Wistar Albino rats. The hypotension was achieved by withdrawing a total volume of 1.5 ml blood/100 g bodyweight over a period of 10 min. A microdialysis study was performed in NTS area to measure extracellular ACh and Ch levels. The hemorrhage produced a severe and long-lasting decrease in mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and increase in extracellular ACh and Ch levels in NTS. Administration of histamine intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) or into the NTS reversed the hemorrhagic hypotension by increasing MAP and heart rate. I.c.v. injection of histamine also caused the additional increase in extracellular ACh and Ch levels. Moreover, central histamine injection augmented intracytoplasmic AChE immunoreactivity in NTS. These changes were completely blocked by histaminergic H1 receptor antagonist chlorpheniramine, but histaminergic H2 receptor blocker ranitidine and histaminergic H3/H4 receptor antagonist thioperamide failed to produce these effects. In conclusion, these findings are interpreted that brain histaminergic H1 receptor activation by central histamine injection may promote cholinergic stimulation in the NTS and subsequently reverses the hypotension.

The aim of this study was to evaluate different antioxidants-supplemented freeze-dried egg yolk based extenders for the post-thawing quality and incubation resilience of goat spermatozoa. Pooled semen were diluted in a two-step dilution method to a final concentration of 1/5 (semen/extender) in control and antoxidant supplemented freeze-dried extenders (methionine, cysteamine and butylated hydroxytoluene). Semen samples were assessed for sperm motility, plasma membrane functional integrity using hypoosmotic swelling test (HOST), damaged acrosome using FITC-Pisum sativum agglutinin (PSA-FITC) and DNA integrity using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL). Membrane lipid peroxidation status was also analyzed using the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. In the study, antioxidant supplemented freeze-dried egg yolk based extenders have beneficial effect on goat sperm parameters. In addition, we achieved a higher quality in post thawed goat semen even after 6 h incubation when the extender was supplemented by 5 mM BHT or cysteamine.

The aim of the present study was to examine sport horses in Northwest Turkey for Eimeria (E.) leuckarti infections. Between 2004 and 2008 fecal samples from 549 horses of different age, breed and sex of 21 farms were examined for E. leuckarti oocysts using a qualitative method which involved centrifugation/flotation and saturated sugar solution as medium. The prevalence of infection was evaluated relative to host age, sex, breed and pasture availability. 16 (2.9%) horses were found to be infected with E leuckarti, whilst infected horses were located in nine (42.8%) farms. Younger horses (< 1 year old) were more frequently infected than older ones. However, breed, sex and availability of pasture were not identified as factors influencing the prevalence. As a main conclusion, compared with the low infection rate found in individual horses, E. leuckarti was highly prevalent at the farm level which possess a permanent risk of infection of especially younger horses at these premises. This study reports for the first time on the prevalence of E. leuckarti in sport horses from farms in Northwest Turkey.

The aims of this study were to determine the factors that affect follicle size at the time of artificial insemination (AI) and to detect the relationship between ovulatory follicle size at the time of AI and pregnancy rate in dairy cows. A total of 1428 follicle size measurements were obtained from Holstein-Friesian (HF) and Swedish Red (SR) cows that were inseminated with the fixed-timed AI protocols used in this study. Follicle size was affected by breed (P = 0.0001), milk production (P = 0.01), parity (P = 0.05), and season (P = 0.04). Follicle size was greater (P = 0.0001) in the HF (15.55 mm) than the SR cows (14.88 mm). Multiparous cows had larger (P = 0.04) follicles (15.35 mm) than the primiparous cows (15.07 mm). Cows with follicle sizes between 13.5 and 17.5 mm were more likely to be pregnant than cows with other sizes follicles (P < 0.01). Embryonic loss was lower (P < 0.01) in cows with follicle sizes between 13.5 and 16.5 mm. Thus, the follicle size was affected by breed, milk production, parity, and season. Pregnancy and embryonic loss in lactating dairy cows were significantly related to follicle size.

The aim of this study was to determine the molecular mechanisms of fluoroquinolone resistance in E. coli isolated from cattle, goats, sheep, cats, and dogs in Turkey. Twenty nonreplicate E. coli isolates (chosen on the basis of RAPD pattern) from food-producing animals were selected for the study. To identify phenotypic differences between isolates, the sum of the MIC values of 14 antimicrobials was calculated; values ranged from 565 to 2520 mu g/mL, indicating the diversity in antimicrobial resistance present in the panel of isolates. PCR and qRT-PCR were used to characterize the presence and expression levels of known molecular mechanisms of fluoroquinolone resistance. The number of E. coli isolates having single, double, and triple topoisomerase mutations was 2, 10, and 5, respectively. Moreover, the number of qnrA -, qnrS -, oqxB -, and aac(6') Ib-cr-containing E. coli isolates was 1, 4, 1, and 17, respectively. Increased expression of acrB and soxS was detected in 2 and 9 isolates, respectively. The results of this study show a wide range of different mechanisms of fluoroquinolone resistance in E. coli isolates in Turkey. European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) - BM0701

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of processing type of feed on the fattening performance and carcass traits of Awassi ram lambs. A total of 26, three month old Awassi ram lambs were used and randomly allocated into three groups (group 1, fed with ground feed, n = 8; group 2, fed with pellet feed, n = 9; group 3, fed with extruded pellet feed, n = 9). The results showed that total weight gain and Average Daily Gain (ADG) of ram lambs during the study were 12.8 +/- 1.1 kg and 180.9 +/- 17.7 g for group 1, 12.8 +/- 0.9 kg and 252.1 +/- 21.5 g for group 2 and 14.6 +/- 0.6 kg and 287.8 +/- 23.4 g for group 3, respectively. The difference of ADG among groups were significant (p0.05). The results of the current study shows that feeding of Awassi ram lambs with extruded feed had positive effects on fattening performance, Feed Conversion Rate (FCR) and fattening period which are economically important for sheep farms.

This study was conducted to evaluate the capability of the Vitek immunodiagnostic assay system easy Salmonella (VIDAS ESLM) method and a specific real-time PCR system (LightCycler, LCPCR) to complement the International Organization for Standardization Method 6579 (ISO) in detecting Salmonella from a total of 105 naturally contaminated samples comprised of poultry meat and poultry meat products. The detection limit of ISO and LCPCR was 9 cfu/mL for both poultry meat and poultry meat products, whereas that of VIDAS ESLM with both sample types was determined to be 90 cfu/mL. Twelve (33.33%), 11 (30.55%), and 18 (50.00%) out of 36 poultry meat samples were positive for Salmonella by ISO, VIDAS ESLM, and LCPCR, respectively. Salmonella detection rates from poultry meat products were 5.80% for ISO and 8.69% for LCPCR, whereas none of these products tested positive by VIDAS ESLM. In poultry meat samples, VIDAS ESLM and LCPCR detection results were in substantial agreement with ISO, with the relative accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity rates of 97.2, 91.7, and 100%, respectively, for VIDAS ESLM and 83.3, 100, and 75%, respectively, for LCPCR. This is the first report on the evaluation of both VIDAS ESLM and LCPCR to complement ISO for the rapid detection of Salmonella in poultry meat and meat products. We determined that both VIDAS ESLM and LCPCR have the potential to complement the ISO standard culture method in the rapid screening of Salmonella from naturally contaminated poultry meats. For the poultry meat products, VIDAS ESLM and LCPCR can be used for rapid primary screening, and they should be complemented absolutely by ISO. Although LCPCR can preferentially be used for initial screening poultry meat products, the results should definitely be confirmed by ISO. Also, the VIDAS ESLM did not seem to be a suitable method for detecting Salmonella in poultry meat products.

This study aims to determine the antibiotic resistance phenotypes of Salmonella isolates of broiler meat and chicken samples against a total of 23 antimicrobial agents. For this, 64 meat and 79 chicken Salmonella isolates, which were obtained from retail meat and farm samples analyzed in our laboratory from February 2006 to January 2009, were used. All Salmonella isolates were resistant to at least 4 antimicrobials tested, with the common highest resistance rates to erythromycin (100.0%), bacitracin (99.3%), and rifampicin (98.6%), regardless of the sample type. Additionally, meat isolates were 100.0% resistant to bacitracin, clindamycin, erythromycin, rifampicin, and chicken isolates were 100.0% resistant to erythromycin, spiramycin, penicillin G, doxycycline hydrochloride, and tetracycline. Four to 7 Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) Salmonella conformed 82.83% of all meat isolates, and 10, 12, 15, and 17 MDR Salmonella conformed 55.68% of all chicken isolates analyzed. The B/DA/E/RD and N/B/CT/E/SP/P/RD/DO/OT/TE resistances were the most common patterns as 35.94% and 13.92% within meat and chicken isolates, respectively. The considerably high resistance rates and MDR types to commonly used antimicrobial agents among the Salmonella isolates tested pose a significant risk factor for the treatment of foodborne Salmonella infections in humans, Bu çalışmada tavuk eti ve tavuk orijinli Salmonella izolatlarında 23 antimikrobiyal ajana karşı dirençlilik fenotiplerinin belirlenmesi amacı ile perakende satış yerleri ve çiftlik örneklerinden elde edilen 64 adet et ve 79 adet tavuk Salmonella izolatı, Şubat 2006 ile Ocak 2009 arasında laboratuvarımızda analiz edildi. Tüm Salmonella izolatlarının, örnek tipi göz önünde bulundurulmaksızın, test edilen antimikrobiyalleden en yüksek direnç oranı ile sırası ile eritromisin’e (%100.0), basitrasin’e (%99.3) ve rifampisin’e (%98.6) olmak üzere en az 4 antimikrobiyale dirençli olduğu belirlendi. Ayrıca, et izolatlarının basitrasin, klindamisin, eritromisin, rifampisin’e; tavuk izolatlarının ise eritromisin, spiramisin, penisilin G, doksisiklin hidroklorür ve tetrasiklin’e %100.0 dirençli olduğu bulundu. Tüm et izolatlarının %82.83’ü 4 ile 7 Çoklu İlaç Direnci (ÇİD) gösterirken, tüm tavuk izolatlarının %55.68’i 10, 12, 15 ve 17 antimikrobiyale ÇİD gösterdiği belirlendi. Et izolatlarında %35.94 oranında ve tavuk izolatlarında ise %13.92 oranında olmak üzere en sık rastlanan ÇİD paternleri sırasıyla B/DA/E/RD ve N/B/CT/E/SP/P/RD/DO/OT/TE olarak bulundu. Salmonella izolatlarında karşılaşılan bu yüksek dirençlilik oranlarının ve ÇİD paternlerinin insanlardaki Salmonella infeksiyonlarının tedavisinde risk oluşturabileceği belirtildi

Fifty newborn Saanen kids were used to study the effects of inulin supplementation on faecal score, faecal pH, selected faecal bacterial population, BW, body temperature, haematological traits, selected health parameters and the incidence of diarrhoea. Kids were sorted by parity of their dams and multiple birth (twin or triplet) and assigned to one of the two groups (control: CG, and experimental: EG) at birth. Each group consisted of 25 kids. The groups were similar with regard to sex and birth weight. All kids were fed colostrum for the first 3 days after birth, and then the kids in EG were adapted to inulin supplementation by an increased dosage from day 4 to 7. Each kid in EG was supplemented with 0.2 g, 0.3 g, 0.4 g, 0.5 g and 0.6 g inulin on day 4, 5, 6, 7 and from day 8 to 28, respectively, whereas the kids in CG did not receive inulin. Faecal score and faecal bacterial population were not affected by inulin supplementation (P > 0.05). There were differences in faecal pH on day 14 (P = 0.01) and 28 (P < 0.05), whereas no difference in faecal pH on day 21 (P > 0.05) was detected between groups. No differences (P > 0.05) in BW and haematological traits were found between groups. Body temperature did not differ on day 14 and 21 (P > 0.05), whereas there was a difference in body temperature on day 28 (P = 0.01) between groups. The numbers of kids with pneumonia and kids treated for pneumonia and diarrhoea were similar for CG and EG. Kid losses during the study were the same for CG and EG. The incidence of diarrhoea was not affected by inulin supplementation (P > 0.05). Inulin supplemented to kids did not adversely affect faecal score. The effect of inulin on faecal pH was not consistent. The results of our study suggested that daily dose (0.6 g) of inulin might not be enough to observe effects of it. Our data will be useful to determine the dose and timing of inulin supplementation in future studies investigating the effects of inulin on the parameters associated with performance and health status in kids and other young ruminants.

The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of rainbow trout seminal plasma (RTSP) (0.1%, 1% and 10%) in extenders containing either egg yolk or lecithin for use in Awassi ram semen cryopreservation. Pooled sperm were diluted in a two-step dilution method to a final concentration of 1/5 (semen/extender) in egg yolk or lecithin extender containing no RTSP, 0.1%, 1% or 10% RTSP (v/v). Semen samples were assessed for sperm motility, plasma membrane integrity [hypoosmotic swelling test (HOST) and Hoechst 33258] and defective acrosomes [FITC-conjugated Pisum sativum agglutinin (PSA-FITC)] at the following five time points: after dilution with extender A; after equilibration; and post-thaw at 0 h, 3 h and 5 h. Malondialdehyde (MDA) was examined only after thawing. Freezing and thawing procedures (dilution, equilibration and post-thaw incubation at Oh, 3 h and 5 h) negatively affected the motility (P

Interdigital sinus secretions play a role in sexual behavior and reproductive process of sheep. In the present study, it was aimed to characterize the topographical, anatomical and immunohistological features of interdigital sinus in Kivircik sheep. The interdigital sinuses were dissected from 50 forefeet of female Kivircik sheep which were slaughtered in the slaughterhouse. The shape of sinus resembled a pipe and was located between the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints of two digits. The wall of interdigital sinus had three layers as epidermis, dermis and fibrous capsule. Epidermis consisted of a stratified squamous keratinized epithelium. Sebaceous glands, hair follicles, arrector pili muscles, and apocrine sweat glands were in the dermis. Furthermore, there were vessels and adipose tissue in the fibrous capsule. There was immunohistochemical reaction for estrogen receptor expressed in epidermis, apocrin sweat glands and sebaceous glands of interdigital sinus. In conclusion, our results about the topographical, anatomical and immunohistological features of interdigital sinus are very important to understand sexual behavior and reproductive process of sheep, and to make a new approach for its surgery. Furthermore, this study is the first to report the interdigital sinus of Kivircik sheep immunohistochemically. Sinüs interdigitalis salgıları koyunlarda seksüel davranış ve üreme sürecinde rol oynamaktadır. Bu çalışma ile Kıvırcık koyunlarda sinüs interdigitalis'in, topografik, anatomik ve immunohistolojik özelliklerinin tanımlanması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada kullanılan sinüs interdigitalis'ler, mezbahada kesilen 50 adet Kıvırcık koyunun ön ayaklarından disseke edildi. Şekli bir pipoyu andıran sinüs interdigitalis'in, iki parmak arasında articulatio interphalangea proksimalis ve distalis manus hizasında yerleştiği gözlendi. Sinüs interdigitalis duvarının epidermis, dermis ve fibroz kapsül olarak üç katmandan oluştuğu gözlendi. Epidermis'in, çok katlı yassı keratinize epitelden oluştuğu saptanırken, dermis katmanında yağ bezleri, kil folikulleri, mm. arrectores pilorum ve apokrin ter bezlerinin varlığı görüldü. Ayrıca, fibroz kapsül içerisinde kapillar damarlar ve yağ doku bulunmaktaydı. Sinüs'un epidermis, apokrin ter bezleri ve yağ bezlerinde ostrojen reseptörleri için immünhistokimyasal tepki olduğu gözlendi. Sonuç olarak, sinüs interdigitalis'in topografik, anatomik ve immunohistolojik özellikleri hakkında elde ettiğimiz sonuçlar, koyunlardaki seksüel davranış ve üreme sürecini anlama ve sinüs interdigitalis'in operasyonlarına yeni bir yaklaşım geliştirmesi bakımından önemlidir. Çalışma, Kıvırcık koyunlarda sinüs interdigitalis'in immünohistokimyasal yapısı üzerine yapılan ilk çalışmadır.

The distribution of aflatoxin M-1 ( AFM(1)) has been studied between curd, whey, cheese and pickle samples of Turkish white pickled cheese produced according to traditional techniques and its stability studied during the ripening period. Cheeses were produced in three cheese-making trials using raw milk that was artificially contaminated with AFM(1) at the levels of 50, 250 and 750 ng/l and allowed to ripen for three months. AFM(1) determinations were carried out at intervals by LC with fluorescence detection after immunoaffinity column clean-up. During the syneresis of the cheese a proportionately high concentration of AFM(1) remained in curd and for each trial the level was 3.6, 3.8 and 4.0 times higher than levels in milk. At the end of the ripening, the distribution of AFM(1) for cheese/whey + brine samples was 0.9, 1.0 and 1.3 for first, second and third spiking respectively indicating that nearly half of the AFM(1) remained in cheese. It has been found that only 2 - 4% of the initial spiking of AFM(1) transferred into the brine solution. During the ripening period AFM(1) levels remained constant suggesting that AFM(1) was quite stable during manufacturing and ripening.

Oxidative stress occurs following the impairment of pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance in chronic wounds and leads to harmful delays in healing progress. A fine balance between oxidative stress and endogenous antioxidant defense system may be beneficial for wound healing under redox control. This study tested the hypothesis that oxidative stress in wound area can be controlled with systemic antioxidant therapy and therefore wound healing can be accelerated. We used chlorogenic acid (CGA), a dietary antioxidant, in experimental diabetic wounds that are characterized by delayed healing. Additionally, we aimed to understand possible side effects of CGA on pivotal organs and bone marrow during therapy. Wounds were created on backs of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. CGA (50 mg/kg/day) was injected intraperitoneally. Animals were sacrificed on different days. Biochemical and histopathological examinations were performed. Side effects of chronic antioxidant treatment were tested. CGA accelerated wound healing, enhanced hydroxyproline content, decreased malondialdehyde/nitric oxide levels, elevated reduced-glutathione, and did not affect superoxide dismutase/catalase levels in wound bed. While CGA induced side effects such as cyto/genotoxicity, 15 days of treatment attenuated blood glucose levels. CGA decreased lipid peroxidation levels of main organs. This study provides a better understanding for antioxidant intake on diabetic wound repair and possible pro-oxidative effects.

In this work, we describe a rapid detection procedure for Mycoplasma gallisepticum from chicken tracheal swabs by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by LightCycler system, where we were able to monitor the amplification of the newly synthesized M gallisepticum-specific PCR product as a proportionally increasing fluorescent signal by using the double-stranded DNA binding dye SYBR Green I and have identified M. gallisepticum-specific PCR products by DNA melting curve analysis by plotting the first negative derivative (-d[F1]/dT) of fluorescence over temperature. Detection limits of the PCR were found to be 3 and 3000 colony-forming units ml(-1) with pure culture of M. gallisepticum and artificially spiked samples, respectively. Out of 96 tracheal swabs, 68 were taken from live chickens and 28 were taken by scraping the mucosal surface of the trachea (SMST) of necropsied chickens. All of the 18 PCR-positive results were from the swabs taken by the SMST method, whereas all of the samples taken from live chickens were negative. Thus, the PCR with the SMST method had a sensitivity and a specificity of 64.2% (18 of 28 chickens) and 100%, respectively. The total time required for template preparation from tracheal swab samples and real-time PCR was approximately 65 min. These results indicate that real-time PCR with the LightCycler technology is a rapid and sensitive test to identify M. gallisepticum-infected flocks if a proper sampling is applied.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of glucose precursors on blood parameters, milk yield and composition in dairy cows. For this study, 26 multiparous and 34 primiparous Holstein cows were used in randomized block design to evaluate the feeding glycerol (G), propylene glycol (PG), and water (C) from 7 d prepartum to 21 d in milk (DIM). Treatments were 300ml water (C), 450 ml glycerol (G), and 300 ml propylene glycol were drenched after morning feeding. Milk yields were recorded as daily, milk samples were analyzed for fat, protein, lactose from all cattle for two consecutive days every week compositions until the 100 DIM. In other hand, blood samples were taken for glucose at last week of gestation, day calving, week 1, 2 and 3 in postpartum. There was no difference between the groups in glucose levels. However, milk yield of C (35.06 L/day) group was 1 L higher than G (34.18 L/day) group and 1,5 L higher than PG (33.46 L/day) group (P

A . E Y I G O R , K . T A Y F U N C A R L I A N D C . B . U N A L . 2002. Aims: The present study describes the implementation of real-time PCR to tetrathionate broth enrichment step of Salmonella detection in poultry. Methods and Results: Real-time PCR with Salmonella invA-specific primers and a standard bacteriological method was applied to detect Salmonella in tetrathionate enrichment cultures of 492 intestinal homogenates and 27 drag swabs from 47 poultry flocks. The number of positive individual samples by real-time PCR and culture method was 65 (12AE5%) and 35 (6AE8%), respectively. The number of Salmonella-positive flocks was 13 (27AE7%) by both methods. PCR detection required 25 min for up to 32 samples. Melting curve analysis revealed the Tm for Salmonella-specific PCR product as 87 a 1∞C. Conclusions: Implementation of real-time PCR to tetrathionate broth enrichment step reduces the Salmonella detection time to 18 h and 25 min. Isolation of Salmonella should be carried out with PCR to determine the serovar. Significance and Impact of the Study: Real-time PCR is a powerful tool in rapid and accurate Salmonella monitoring in poultry companies, together with standard bacteriology.

The study aimed to compare the effects of different cryopreservation temperatures on mechanical properties and determine the optimal cryopreservation temperature for bones in Japanese quail. Bone biomechanical tests are getting more attention but, fresh bones are not always available for testing and have a limited lifespan. Cryopreservation of biological specimens is often needed during tissue preparation and mechanical testing. In the study, the tibiotarsi were collected from 8 weeks of age quail, and bones were divided into four groups of fresh bones; frozen at 0 ºC, frozen at -20 ºC, and frozen at -80 ºC. Frozen bones were kept in the freezer for three weeks. After three weeks, bones were subjected to a three-point bending test for biomechanical evaluation. There was no significant difference between the mechanical strength properties of fresh tibiotarsi and the tibiotarsi stored in three different storage conditions of 0ºC, -20 ºC, or -80 ºC. It was observed that cryopreservation of tibiotarsi at 0, -20, and -80 °C for up to three weeks did not negatively affect bone biomechanical properties in quail.

Neonatal dönemde en önemli mortalite sebebi olan buzağı ishalleri birçok faktöre bağlı olarak gelişmekte ve büyük ekonomik kayıplara sebep olmaktadır. Türkiye’ de bugüne kadar yapılan epidemiyolojik çalışmalarda, viral etkenlerin yeni doğan buzağılarda önemli oranda neonatal ishal olgularına neden olduğu gösterilmiştir. Bu çalışmada şiddetli ishal ve neonatal ölümlerin görüldüğü buzağılarda çoklu viral enfeksiyonların rolü araştırıldı. Çalışma kapsamında tek bir işletmeden toplanan dışkı örnekleri (n=16) üç farklı hücre hattında (MDBK, HRT-18 ve MA-104) virus izolasyonuna alındı. Tüm örneklere 4 kör pasaj işlemi ve sonrasında IPMA testi uygulandı. Bu süreçte araştırılan enterik virusların (BRV, BCoV, BVDV, BToV) hücre kültüründe izolasyonu yapılamadı. Çalışma kapsamında dışkı örneklerinden PCR ve Ag ELISA testlerinin sonuçlarına göre, ishal semptomu gösteren 16 buzağıdan alınan dışkı örneklerinin 14 (%87,5) adedinde araştırılan enterik virusların en az bir tanesi tespit edildi. Araştırılan olgularda tekli BRV enfeksiyonuna rastlanmazken; 2 (%12,5) hayvanda tek BCoV, 2 (%12,5) hayvanda tek BVDV, 2 (% 12,5) hayvanda tek BToV enfeksiyonu saptandı. Diğer yandan 1 (%6,25) hayvanda BRV ve BVDV, 1 (%6,25) hayvanda BCoV ve BToV, 4 (%25) hayvanda BCoV ve BVDV, 1 (%6,25) hayvanda BVDV ve BToV içeren ikili enfeksiyonlar tespit edildi. 1 (%6,25) hayvanda ise BVDV, BToV ve BCoV olmak üzere enterik virusların oluşturduğu üçlü enfeksiyon saptandı. SDS-PAGE testinde akrilamid jel üzerinde RNA segmentlerinin bant profillerine göre (4/2/3/2) tespit edilen rotavirusun grup A'da yer aldığı gösterildi. Ayrıca çalışmada da PCR testi ile pozitif saptanan rotavirusun, G10P[11] genotipine sahip olduğu, genotip spesifik primerler kullanılarak tespit edildi. Bu araştırmada neonatal buzağı ishallerine sebep olabilen önemli viral etkenler olan BRV, BCoV, BVDV ve BToV’ un aynı işletmede eş zamanlı olarak görülebileceği ve şiddetli hastalık bulguları ve kayıplara neden olabileceği gösterilmiştir. Calf diarrhea, which develops in the neonatal period and is the most important cause of mortality, develops depending on many factors and causes significant economic losses all over the world. In the epidemiological studies conducted in Turkey to date, it has been shown that diarrhea often occurs after the calving period and causes great economic losses with growth retardation, treatment costs and deaths. Stool samples collected in the study were isolated in three different cell lines (MDBK, HRT-18 and MA-104), enteric viruses (BRV, BCoV, BVDV, BToV), which were intended to be obtained after four blind passages and IPMA test, could not be isolated in cell culture. According to the results of PCR and Ag ELISA tests from stool samples within the scope of the study, at least one of the investigated enteric viruses was detected in 14 (87.5%) stool samples taken from 16 calves with diarrhea symptoms. While no single BRV infection was found in the study; Single BCoV infection was detected in 2 (12.5%) calves, single BVDV infection in 2 (12.5%) calves, and single BToV infection in 2 (12.5%) calves. Dual infections of BRV and BVDV were detected in 1 (6.25%) calf, BCoV and BToV in 1 (6.25%) calf, BCoV and BVDV in 4 (25%) calves, and BVDV and BToV in 1 (6.25%) calf. A triple multible infection of enteric viruses, BVDV, BToV and BCoV, was detected in 1 (6.25%) calf. Rotavirus, which was detected according to the migration pattern of RNA segments (4/2/3/2) on acrylamide gel in the SDS-PAGE test, was shown to be in group A. In addition, in the study, it was determined by using genotype-specific primers that the rotavirus, which was detected positive by PCR test, had the G10P[11] genotype. In this study, it was shown that BRV, BCoV, BVDV and BToV, which are important viral agents that can cause neonatal calf diarrhea, can be seen simultaneously in the same farm and cause severe disease findings and losses.

Determination and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Microorganisms Isolated from Otitis Externa with Dogs In this study, 54 ear swabs taken from suspected of otitis externa with dogs in Uludag University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Microorganisms isolated and identified. We determined the susceptibility of bacteriae to antibiotics. Microorganisms isolated from 52 (96.29 %) samples of 54 ear swabs. 12 bacteriae , 5 fungi, and 2 yeast isolated from 52 samples. The microorganisms were isolated in pure culture from (38.46 ) samples and were isolated in mixed culture from (%61.53) samples. Staphylococcus aureus (55.76% ) were most commonly isolated and respectively, Aspergillus fumigatus ( 17.30 % ), Malassezia pachydermatitis ( 17.30 % ) , coagulase -negative Staphylococcus spp. ( 17.30 % ) , Candida spp. ( 11.53% ) ,Epidermophyton spp. ( 9.61% ) , Penicillium spp . (7.69%) , Bacillus spp. (5.76% ) , Citrobacter spp. (5.76% ), Microsporum spp. (5.76% ) , Klebsiella spp. (3.84%) , Streptococcus spp. (3.84%) , Escherichia coli (3.84%) , Micrococcus spp. (3.84%) , Trichophyton spp. (3.84%) , Pseudomonas spp. ( 1.92 % ) , Corynebacterium pyogenes ( 1.92 % ) , Enterobacter spp. ( 1.92 % ) , Acinetobacter spp. ( 1.92 % ) were isolated and identified. We determined Sulfamethoxazole /Trimethoprim and neomycin were the most effective antibiotics. Rifampicin wasfound to be the least effective, Bu çalışmada Uludağ Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesine getirilen ve klinik muayenede otitis externa şüpheli 54 köpekten kulak svapları alınmış, mikroorganizmalar izole ve identifiye edilerek bakterilerin antibiyotik duyarlılıklarını belirlemek amaçlandı. Elli dört örnekten 52’sinde (%96.29) üreme görüldü. Elli iki örnekten 12 farklı bakteri, 5 farklı mantar ve 2 farklı maya üremesi tespit edildi. Üremelerin 20’si (%38.46) saf kültür, 32’si ise (%61.53) karışık kültür şeklinde izole edildi. Staphylococcus aureus (%55.76) en fazla izole edilen etken iken, bunu sırasıyla Aspergillus fumigatus (%17.30), Malassezia pachydermatitis (%17.30), Koagulaz negatif Staphylococcus spp. (%17.30), Candida spp. (%11.53), Epidermophyton spp. (%9.61), Penicillium spp. (%7.69), Bacillus spp. (%5.76), Citrobacter spp. (%5.76), Microsporum spp. (%5.76), Klebsiella spp. (%3.84), Streptococcus spp. (%3.84), Escherichia coli (%3.84), Micrococcus spp. (%3.84), Trichophyton spp. (%3.84), Pseudomonas spp. (%1.92), Corynebacterium pyogenes (%1.92), Enterobacter spp. (%1.92), Acinetobacter spp. (%1.92) izledi. İzole edilen bakterilere antibiyotik duyarlılık testi yapıldı ve en etkili iki antibiyotiğin Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim ve Neomisin olduğu belirlendi. En az etkili antibiyotik ise rifampisin olarak saptandı. ●●● S U M M A R Y Determination and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Microorganisms Isolated from Otitis Externa with Dogs In this study, 54 ear swabs taken from suspected of otitis externa with dogs in Uludag University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Microorganisms isolated and identified. We determined the susceptibility of bacteriae to antibiotics. Microorganisms isolated from 52 (96.29 %) samples of 54 ear swabs. 12 bacteriae , 5 fungi, and 2 yeast isolated from 52 samples. The microorganisms were isolated in pure culture from (38.46 ) samples and were isolated in mixed culture from (%61.53) samples. Staphylococcus aureus (55.76% ) were most commonly isolated and respectively, Aspergillus fumigatus ( 17.30 % ), Malassezia pachydermatitis ( 17.30 % ) , coagulase -negative Staphylococcus spp. ( 17.30 % ) , Candida spp. ( 11.53% ) ,Epidermophyton spp. ( 9.61% ) , Penicillium spp . (7.69%) , Bacillus spp. (5.76% ) , Citrobacter spp. (5.76% ), Microsporum spp. (5.76% ) , Klebsiella spp. (3.84%) , Streptococcus spp. (3.84%) , Escherichia coli (3.84%) , Micrococcus spp. (3.84%) , Trichophyton spp. (3.84%) , Pseudomonas spp. ( 1.92 % ) , Corynebacterium pyogenes ( 1.92 % ) , Enterobacter spp. ( 1.92 % ) , Acinetobacter spp. ( 1.92 % ) were isolated and identified. We determined Sulfamethoxazole /Trimethoprim and neomycin were the most effective antibiotics. Rifampicin wasfound to be the least effective.

Winter dysentery (WD) is a very contagious disease of cattle characterized by profuse diarrhea. The precise etiology of disease is still not fully elucidated. Aim of the presented study was investigation of the causative agents of disease in a herd affected by WD and to evaluate routine haematological and biochemical parameters of cows with WD. This study was carried out on blood and fecal samples collected from 12 cows showing typical signs of disease during an outbreak of WD in Bursa, Turkey. Samples were analysed for the presence of bovine coronavirus (BCoV), Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), Eimeria oocysts and Campylobacter spp. using ELISA, RT-PCR, flotation technique and culture. Faecal samples were inoculated in HRT cell cultures for virus isolation. Isolated viruses were identified as coronaviruses from 25% of the samples by ELISA, PCR and serum neutralisation tests. Campylobacter spp. was isolated from 33.3% cows with dysentery. BVD and Eimeria oocysts were not detected in any of the samples. Results of the presented study indicates that BcoV along with Compylobacter spp. may be the primary agent of WD in cows. However negative results for BCoV and Campylobacter spp of 58 % of feacal samples indicates that etiology of the disease is still not fully elucidated and pathogens other than BCoV and Campylobacter could also be involved in pathogenesis of the disease Kış dizanterisi sulu ishal ile karakterize sığırların çok bulaşıcı bir hastalığıdır. Hastalığın etiyolojisi hala tam olarak aydınlatılamamıştır. Sunulan çalışmanın amacı kış dizanterisi ile enfekte olan sürüde etiyolojik ajanların, rutin hematolojik ve biyokimyasal parametrelerin araştırılmasıdır. Çalışmada Bursa bölgesinde tipik kış dizanterisi bulguları gösteren 12 sığırdan kan ve dışkı örnekleri toplanmıştır. Örnekler, bovine coronavirus (BCoV), bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), Eimeria ookistleri ve Campylobacter spp. yönünden ELISA, RT-PCR, kültür ve flotasyon tekniği ile analiz edilmiştir. Dışkı örneklerinde, virus izolasyonu için HRT hücre kültürü yapılmıştır. Örneklerin%25’inden ELISA, PCR ve serum nötralizasyon yöntemi ile coronavirus identifiye edilmiştir. Dizanterili sığırların %33,3’ünden Campylobacter spp. izole edilmiştir. Hiçbir örnekte BVD ve Eimeria ookistlerine rastlanılmamıştır. Sunulan çalışmanın sonuçları göstermektedir ki Campylobacter spp ile birlikte BcoV sığırlarda kış dizanterisinin primer etkeni olabilir. Ancak dışkı örneklerinin % 58’i BCoV ve Campylobacter spp yönünden negatiftir ve hastalığın etiyolojisi hala tam olarak aydınlatılamadığı için BCoV ve Campylobacter spp dışında başka pathojenlerde hastalığın pathogenezinde rol olabilir.

Monensin is a carboxylic polyether ionophore producedby a naturally occurring strain of Streptomycescinnamonensis. 1 Monensin is available in variousforms for use in cattle. It can be incorporated into feed as a powderor given as a ruminal bolus by the use of controlled releasedcapsules. 2–4 The capsules consist of a plastic cylinder with foldingwings, which allow the capsule to be retained in the rumen. 1,3 Monensin improves the efficiency of energy metabolism, increasesthe flow of protein to the small intestine, alters mineral metabolismand decreases the occurrence of ruminal disorders, includingbloat and lactic acidosis. 2 Its effects on energy metabolism are todecrease butyrate concentration, increase propionate concentra-tion, a glycogenic effect that is independent of rumen fermenta-tion, and to decrease the circulation of free fatty acids. 2,3 Therefore, the potential effects of monensin on glucose productionare of great importance to dairy cows in early lactation, especiallythose with a negative energy balance and at risk for ketosis. 1–3,5 The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy ofthe monensin controlled release capsule (Rumensin® CRC),administered prepartum, on blood metabolites in periparturientdairy cows.

The aim of this study was to resettle Gazella Marica, whose habitats are declining in Türkiye, to the foothills of Cudi Mountain, which is connected to the Silopi District of Şırnak Province, which was previously located within the natural habitat zone. The gazelles obtained from the 75th Year Gazelle Production Station were placed in individual crates of 100x36x90 cm made of plywood, with 51 numbers (24 females, 27 males) gazelles in 2020 and 40 numbers (19 females and 21 males) in 2021. Mass releases were made with a ceremony in an area with similar climatic characteristics, which is approximately 380 km away. 1 gazelle died in 2020, 6 gazelles died in 2021. During the post-release monitoring activities, the first reproduction records of gazelles released in 2020 were successfully recorded in 2021 and 23 new individuals were obtained. The current number of individuals reached 106. It has been observed that gazelles have adapted to the area in the 2 years. Illegal hunting is prevented as the region is within the borders of military security. Monitoring studies continue for the long-term management plan.