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The dissociative double ionization of CH3I and CH2I2 irradiated with extreme ultraviolet light at hv = 100 eV is investigated by multi-electron–ion coincidence spectroscopy using a magnetic bottle type electron spectrometer. The spin–orbit state-resolved Auger electron spectra for the I 4d core-hole states, (I 4d3/2)−1 and (I 4d5/2)−1, provide clear identifications of electronic states of CH3I2+ and CH2I22+. The dominant ion species produced after the double ionization correlate with the Auger electron energy, showing that different fragmentation pathways are open depending on the electronic states populated by the Auger decay. Theoretical calculations are performed to understand the fragmentation from the doubly charged states and the observed spin–orbit specificity in the Auger decay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glow-in-the-daylight is a fascinating luminescence phenomenon displayed by certain storage phosphors that emit ultraviolet light upon being stimulated by ambient lighting. In this study, we investigate the influence of indoor lighting on the glow-in-the-daylight emission of a co-doped garnet phosphor, Y3Al5O12:Pr3+,Eu3+, known for its deep trap that effectively retains energy. Our experimental results demonstrate an interesting observation that, following x-ray radiation at room temperature, this phosphor exhibits negligible persistent luminescence in darkness but emits intense ultraviolet light peaking at 318 nm under indoor lighting conditions. This emphasizes the crucial role played by ambient lighting in releasing stored energy. Our findings not only shed light on the influence of indoor illumination dose and spectral distribution on the persistently stimulated luminescence but also expand our exploration to various ultraviolet phosphors with deep traps, with the aim of uncovering novel materials applicable in glow-in-the-daylight scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MoS2 has generated significant attention due to its unique electronic properties and versatile applications. Being a van der Waals material, MoS2 is expected to exhibit an inert surface due to lack of dangling bond. However, our photoemission study finds MoS2 to be highly sensitive toward residual gases. The position of the valence band maximum (VBM) shifts even in a vacuum of 10−10 Torr. We find this to be due to CO adsorption causing unintentional electron doping. The time evolution of the position of VBM is exponential, and it reaches two different saturation points, depending on whether the sample is exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation or not. Our XPS (x-ray photoemission spectroscopy) study shows no time-dependent escape of sulfur, which was in a previous study attributed to a VBM shift. The VBM shift can be reversed by annealing, sputtering, and UV light, which desorb CO gases. The study shows that the MoS2 surface is easily doped, which offers the possibility of using it as a sensor but in many other applications could diminish device performance and needs to be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MoS2 has generated significant attention due to its unique electronic properties and versatile applications. Being a van der Waals material, MoS2 is expected to exhibit an inert surface due to lack of dangling bond. However, our photoemission study finds MoS2 to be highly sensitive toward residual gases. The position of the valence band maximum (VBM) shifts even in a vacuum of 10−10 Torr. We find this to be due to CO adsorption causing unintentional electron doping. The time evolution of the position of VBM is exponential, and it reaches two different saturation points, depending on whether the sample is exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation or not. Our XPS (x-ray photoemission spectroscopy) study shows no time-dependent escape of sulfur, which was in a previous study attributed to a VBM shift. The VBM shift can be reversed by annealing, sputtering, and UV light, which desorb CO gases. The study shows that the MoS2 surface is easily doped, which offers the possibility of using it as a sensor but in many other applications could diminish device performance and needs to be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of inserting a nm-scale layer of Zn(Si,Ge)N2 into an AlGaN quantum well structure designed for light emission in the wavelength range from 255 to 305 nm is investigated here. The enhanced confinement of the hole within the quantum well results in an enhancement of the overlap of the hole and electron wave functions, resulting in an enhancement of the radiative recombination rate. In this theoretical calculation, for emission at a 270 nm wavelength, the enhancement in the wavefunction overlap can reach a factor of 7 when compared to an AlGaN quantum well device specifically engineered for optimal emission at the identical wavelength. Increases of almost an order of magnitude in both the peak spontaneous emission intensity and the radiative recombination rate are predicted. The peak emission wavelength can be tuned from 255 to 305 nm by adjusting the width and/or the composition of the inserted layer. The proposed structures provide a route to higher efficiency ultraviolet practical light emitting diodes and lasers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of ultraviolet-C light (UVC) photofunctionalization treatment time on the biologic activity of airborne particle-abraded and acid-etched (SLA) titanium surfaces and to analyze its physical and chemical mechanisms. Materials and Methods: SLA titanium was treated with UVC light for different lengths of time (10 minutes, 20 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, and 24 hours), and then changes to its surface characteristics were evaluated via electron microscope scanning, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), water contact angle measurement, and zeta potential measurement. The effect of UVC photofunctionalization on the biologic processes of SLA titanium surfaces was assessed by analyzing the bovine serum albumin adsorption, adhesion, proliferation, morphology, and alkaline phosphatase activity of MG-63 cells. Results: UVC irradiation did not change the topography of SLA titanium surfaces. As treatment times increased, the water contact angle decreased from 120 degrees to 0 degrees, and the hydrocarbon content decreased. Zeta potential testing showed increased surface potential of photofunctionalized titanium. In vitro testing showed that cell adhesion, proliferation, morphology, and alkaline phosphate (ALP) activity on titanium surfaces were significantly improved by UVC photofunctionalization. Conclusions: UVC photofunctionalization can improve the biologic activity of SLA titanium surfaces by removing hydrocarbons and increasing the surface potential of titanium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the spatially resolved relationship between the dust-to-gas mass ratio (DGR) and gas-phase metallicity (⁠|$Z_{\rm gas}$| or 12 + log(O/H)) (i.e. DGR– |$Z_{\rm gas}$| relation) of 11 nearby galaxies with a large-metallicity range (1.5 dex of 12 + log(O/H)) at (sub-)kpc scales. We used the large field-of-view (⁠|$\gtrsim$| 3 arcmin) optical pseudo-Integral Field Spectroscopy data taken by the TYPHOON/Progressive Integral Step Method survey, covering the optical size of galaxies, combining them with multiwavelength data [far-ultrviolet (UV) to far-infrared (IR), CO, and H  i 21 cm radio]. A large scatter of DGR in the intermediate-metallicity galaxies (8.0 |$\lt $| 12 + log(O/H) |$\lt $| 8.3) is found, which is in line with dust evolution models, where grain growth begins to dominate the mechanism of dust mass accumulation. In the lowest metallicity galaxy of our sample, Sextans A (12 + log(O/H) |$\lt $| 7.6), the star-forming regions have significantly higher DGR values (by 0.5–2 dex) than the global estimates from literature at the same metallicity, but aligns with the DGR values from metal depletion method from damped Lyman alpha systems and high hydrogen gas density regions of Sextans A. Using dust evolution models with a Bayesian Monte Carlo Markov Chain approach suggests: (1) a high supernova dust yield and (2) a negligible amount of photofragmentation by UV radiation, although we note that our sample in the low-metallicity regime is limited to Sextans A. On the other hand, it is also possible that while metallicity influences DGR, gas density also plays a role, indicating an early onset of dust grain growth in the dust mass build-up process despite its low metallicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive ultraviolet (UV) radiation can cause human skin erythema, tanning, inflammation and other adverse reactions. Human skin can spontaneously synthesize endogenous melanin under UV radiation to defend against the damage of UV, but skin problems such as light damage and light aging cannot be avoided due to its low UV shielding efficiency. Therefore, we design a natural and biocompatible PGDA (poly-γ-glutamic acid/melanin-like hydrogel) sunscreen hydrogel by crosslinking melanin-like L -lysine-doped polydopamine (PDA- L) and amino acid biopolymer poly-γ-glutamic acid, which displays good biosafety, efficient UVA shielding performance and excellent anti-inflammatory performance in the applications of skin protection from the sun and repair after sunburn. The introduction of PDA- L to the hydrogel can improve the absorption intensity in the UV region and the antioxidative performance of the hydrogel. Meanwhile, the usage of biocompatible PGDA sunscreen hydrogel can avoid the skin oxidative damage and penetrative toxicity of conventional sunscreens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diameter-controlled growth of monoclinic gallium oxide nanowires was performed by chemical vapor deposition technique. Prior to growth, a thin layer of Au films was fabricated, SEM images indicated that Au could converge nanoparticles to govern the growth of β-Ga 2 O 3 nanowires. The SEM images revealed both diameter and length of β-Ga 2 O 3 nanowires strongly depended on the growth temperature. Nanowires grown at 1100 °C temperature have the minimum diameters and uniform lengths, compared with those grown at 900 °C and 1000 °C. The reasons are that a combination and a competition of vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) and vapor-solid (VS) mechanism occur in the growth process. High temperature would provide enough energy to make Ga and O atoms grow along one-dimensional axial orientation following the VLS mechanism. However, low temperature confines atoms at the nanowires interface and enhance sidewalls coalescence following the VS mechanism. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and refinement indicated that the grown samples were of high crystallinity and had intrinsic oxygen vacancies. Photoluminescence spectra were examined and then followed by Gaussian fitting. Through analysis, the emission peaks were considered to originate from intrinsic oxygen vacancies and Ga-O vacancy pairs, consisting with the XRD refinement results. β-Ga 2 O 3 nanowires was coated on the interdigitated electrode, the response to the ultraviolet light and oxygen was studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photochromic inks have been employed as a certification measure to increase the efficiency of document anti-counterfeiting. However, they have shown several critical drawbacks, such as weak photostability and poor durability. Herein, a self-healable photochromic hydrogel was developed for advanced anti-counterfeiting applications. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was used to immobilize nanoparticles (2–4 nm) of lanthanide-activated strontium aluminate (LaSA) as a photochromic agent, and electrospun glass nanofibers (80–140 nm) as a reinforcement agent. Photostability and durability can be guaranteed by efficiently immobilizing a hosting hydrogel with an inorganic photochromic agent. As a result, the LaSA-encapsulated carboxymethyl cellulose (LaSA@CMC) nanocomposite showed excellent reversibility and photostability in response to ultraviolet light. When various ratios of LaSA nanoparticles were applied, a wide variety of carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogels with distinct emission properties were produced. Under visible daylight, the LaSA@CMC nanocomposite showed transparency; however, a green emission was observed under UV irradiation. The excitation intensity was recorded at 365 nm to specify transparency, whereas the released emission was detected at wavelength 517 nm to indicate a green color. Numerous techniques were employed to determine the morphologies and chemical components of the glass nanofiber-reinforced carboxymethyl cellulose nanocomposite hydrogel films. We investigated the mechanical performance of sheets stamped with the LaSA@CMC nanocomposite hydrogel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To cope with the cross-sensitivity of simultaneous measurement of ultraviolet (UV) irradiance and temperature, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a miniature composite photoluminescent probe that is formed by thoroughly mixing Er/Yb co-doped tellurite glass powder into a resin adhesive substrate. Utilizing tellurite glass in form of powder not only guarantees its thorough mixing into the liquid resin base, but also retains its amorphous glass phase for hosting Er/Yb ions, thus breaking the limitations of studying tellurite glass only in bulk or fibrous form. Co-excited by UV radiation and NIR pumping, the composite probe produces a superimposed fluorescence emission spectrum, where the intensity change rate of the 488 nm dip can be used for UV irradiance measurement, and the fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) of the 524 nm and 545 nm peaks for temperature measurement. Based on the sensitive specificity of the resin substrate and the Er/Yb co-doped tellurite glass, we have realized the simultaneous measurement of UV and temperature without cross-sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Elevated ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is postulated as one of multiple, interrelated environmental stressors driving amphibian population declines globally. However, key knowledge gaps remain in elucidating the link between elevated UVR and amphibian declines in a changing climate, including whether timing and irradiance of UVR exposure in early life dictates the onset of detrimental carryover effects post‐metamorphosis. In this study, striped marsh frog larvae (Limnodynastes peronii) were exposed to UVR at one of two different irradiances for up to 7 days, either as hatchlings (Gosner stage 23) or as older larvae (Gosner stage 25−28). These animals were then reared to metamorphosis in the absence of UVR to examine independent and interactive carryover effects throughout development. Older larvae were more sensitive to UVR than hatchlings, with 53.1% and 15.6% mortality in larvae exposed to high and low irradiance respectively, compared with no mortality of hatchlings in either irradiance treatment. Irradiance and timing of UVR exposure had interactive effects on larval body length, causing stunted growth patterns and a lack of compensatory growth following UVR exposure, particularly in animals exposed to high irradiance UVR later in development. Timing of UVR exposure also determined the severity of carryover effects into metamorphosis, including delayed metamorphosis and the first published account (to our knowledge) of latent UVR‐induced depigmentation in an amphibian. These findings highlight how acute changes to the larval UVR exposure regime can impact on amphibian health later in life, with implications for our understanding of the effects of climate change on UVR‐related amphibian declines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the potential of hydrolyzed bacterial cellulose (hBC) for UV radiation protection. BC membranes are produced under static conditions by Komagataeibacter sucrofermentans, purified, mechanically shredded, and hydrolyzed. As a result, hBC exhibits colloidal properties at various concentrations (0.34 – 11 mg ml−1). With a water-holding capacity of 89.1% ± 0.341, hBC forms a 3.65 μm thick transparent film with an approximate density of 7 μg per mm2. In Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis, the lengths of filamentous BC particles were between 50 and 300 nm, while the lengths of rod-like nanocrystalline cellulose were between 400 and 1500 µm. According to dynamic light scattering (DLS) result, 88% of the particles were approximately 1 µm long. The zeta potential was −25.13 ± 0.65 mV, hBC showed thixotropic behaviour, and its crystallinity was 92. hBC and its films exhibited barrier properties to UV radiation (190–400 nm). The highest UV absorbance (almost 100%) for all UV regions (UV-A, UV-B and UV-C) of hBC in colloidal form is at a concentration of 11 mg ml−1. At most, the UV transmittance of all UV regions of the hBC films was 16%. Sun protective factor (SPF) values of colloidal and film forms of the hBC at a concentration of 11 mg ml−1 and 212 µg/mm2 were 29 and 12, respectively. hBC was not cytotoxic on mouse fibroblast L929 and human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells. In conclusion, hBC can be an alternative UV radiation protector and thickening agent. This study represents the first report on the UV barrier property of hBC for aqueous formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With numerical simulations that employ adaptive ray-tracing (ART) for radiative transfer at the same time as evolving gas magnetohydrodynamics, thermodynamics, and photochemistry, it is possible to obtain a high-resolution view of ultraviolet (UV) fields and their effects in realistic models of the multiphase interstellar medium. Here, we analyze results from TIGRESS-NCR simulations, which follow both far-UV (FUV) wavelengths, important for photoelectric heating and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon excitation, and the Lyman continuum (LyC), which photoionizes hydrogen. Considering two models, representing solar neighborhood and inner-galaxy conditions, we characterize the spatial distribution and time variation of UV radiation fields, and quantify their correlations with gas. We compare four approximate models for the FUV to simulated values to evaluate alternatives when full ART is infeasible. By convolving FUV radiation with density, we produce mock maps of dust emission. We introduce a method to calibrate mid-IR observations, for example from JWST, to obtain high-resolution gas surface density maps. We then consider the LyC radiation field, finding most of the gas exposed to this radiation to be in ionization–recombination equilibrium and to have a low neutral fraction. Additionally, we characterize the ionization parameter as a function of the environment. Using a simplified model of the LyC radiation field, we produce synthetic maps of emission measure (EM). We show that the simplified model can be used to extract an estimate of the neutral fraction of the photoionized gas and mean free path of ionizing radiation from observed EM maps in galaxies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microwave‐assisted methodology is now extended and fine‐tuned for the synthesis of mixed‐ligand europium complexes with an average reaction time of 12 min. Overall, 14 different complexes were synthesized to improve luminescence using our previously proposed strategy to boost luminescence through ligand diversification, specifically by applying it to quaternary europium complexes with at least one DBM (1,3‐diphenylpropane‐1,3‐dionate) ligand. DBM is a strong absorbant of UV radiation that can dissipate energy through nonradiative channels; thus, it is a useful molecular scaffold for sunblockers and cosmetics. Accordingly, the following luminescent tetrakis and quaternary complexes were prepared: K[Eu(DBM)4], K[Eu(β)4], K[Eu(DBM)3(β)], K[Eu(DBM)2(β)2], K[Eu(DBM)2(β)(β’)], and the fully mixed complex K[Eu(DBM)(BTFA)(TTA)(HFAC)], where β can be either BTFA (4,4,4‐trifluoro‐1‐phenylbutane‐1,3‐dionate), TTA (4,4,4‐trifluoro‐1‐(2‐thienyl)butane‐1,3‐dionate), or HFAC (1,1,1,5,5,5‐hexafluoropentane‐2,4‐dionate). For all the complexes, luminescence experiments were performed in chloroform and acetone solutions. Our findings confirm that mixed‐ligand complexes exhibit superior quantum efficiencies compared to the average of their homoleptic counterparts. The presence of DBM in the complexes tends to dramatically increase the nonradiative decay rates of the solutions. Finally, we present formulae that provide a detailed understanding of the distinctive roles of each ligand and their relevant interactions in luminescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionic skin with ionic mechanotransduction similar to human skin can perceive stimuli by ionic conduction, holding great potential in novel human‐machine interactions. However, the high‐density integration of ionic skins still faces significant challenges due to the difficulty in fabricating high‐density patterned ionogel arrays with simple manufacturing processes. Herein, the study reports a high‐density ionic skin (HI‐Skin) based on ionogel array patterned by direct microlithography. The photosensitive ionogel (PIG) is synthesized by rapid ultraviolet‐induced in situ photopolymerization process. The direct microlithography of PIG is developed, which allows to directly pattern ionogel precursors by selective exposure to ultraviolet light and development. Simple and low‐cost preparation of PIG array with the minimum line width of 200 µm is realized. Furthermore, HI‐Skin is constructed by integrating patterned PIG arrays with row and column electrodes, and the density is up to 49/cm2. The HI‐Skin demonstrates high sensitivity of 126.8 kPa−1 and low crosstalk of −8.93 dB. By integrating the HI‐Skin and a microcontroller, a multichannel signal acquisition system is built to achieve detection of multiple motion trajectories. This work opens an avenue for the simple construction of high‐density ionic skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viologen-based photochromic materials with photochromicity and photoluminescence have great advantages in anti-counterfeiting applications. Two novel viologen-based multifunctional Ln-MOFs Eu2Cl(m-bpybdc)L2(NO3)2·(H2O)5 (1) and Tb2Cl(m-bpybdc)L2(NO3)2·(H2O)6 (2) (m-bpybdc = 1,1′-bis(3-carboxyphenyl)-4,4′-bipyridinium and H2L = isophthalic acid) with three-dimensional structures were synthesized solvothermally. Both compounds exhibited reversible discoloration in response to external light and electrical stimulation. Notably, compound 1 presented strong fluorescence under ultraviolet light, showing the characteristic red emission of Eu3+. We further explored the application of these compounds in the field of anti-counterfeiting. These results provide useful data on the structure, luminescence, and light response of viologen-based lanthanide coordination polymers for their effective application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of changing the concentrations of ZnO and TiO 2 on the (90-x-y)B 2 O 3 –5PbO–5BaO-xZnO-yTiO 2 , x = y = 10, 15, 20 and 25 mol% glasses have been investigated. Their density rises from 3.469 g/cm³ to 4.207 g/cm³. The elastic modulus of the glass samples increased from 50.970 to 73.195 GPa for Young modulus, 45.540–64.107 GPa for bulk modulus, 20.640–29.732 GPa for the shear modulus and 73.060–103.750 GPa for the longitudinal modulus respectively. This is referring to the effect of ZnO and TiO 2 on the structure of the glasses. The UV–Vis absorption behavior exhibits a decrease in the energy band gap values from 3.312 to 3.146 eV. The increase in cutoff wavelength in UV spectra is useful for many applications, such as UV shielding, where the objective is to effectively obstruct UV rays while preserving optimal visibility. The relation between the thickness of the glass and the transmission factor (TF) has been studied to evaluate their shielding behavior. The TF decreases with the increase in the thickness from 0.5 to 1 cm. Also, TF decreases with the addition of ZnO within the structure of the investigated samples. Therefore, it can be suggested that increasing the concentration of ZnO in glass samples is another good way to reduce TF values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To report the clinicopathological features and epidemiology of iris melanoma in Queensland, Australia. Methods: This was a retrospective study of 86 patients with iris melanoma treated between 2001 and 2022 at the Queensland Ocular Oncology Service, Brisbane, Australia. Main outcome measures included demographics, clinical and phenotypic features, age‐adjusted incidence and relative survival. Results: Eighty‐six patients (63% female) were included. Mean age was 54 years (range 17–82 years). The majority of patients (97%) were Caucasian, with blue eyes, fair skin and Fitzpatrick Skin Type I or II. Demographic features and clinical history showed a tendency for high ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure in the cohort. Histopathology was available in 69 cases (82%), and of these, 77% tumours were of spindle cell origin, with low‐risk genetic profiles. Patients were followed for a mean of 8 years (median 7, range 1–21 years) after diagnosis, and only one case of metastasis was documented. Conclusions: The association of iris freckles, history of UVR exposure and dermatologic findings supports the role of UVR in iris melanoma. Occupation and avocation history, as well as evaluation of iris freckles may offer an easily accessible way of stratifying the risk of an individual for development of UVR‐related uveal melanoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photochromic compounds have attracted much attention for their potential applications in photo-actuators, optoelectronic devices and optical recording techniques. This interest is driven by their key photochemical and photophysical properties, which can be reversibly modulated by light irradiation. Among them, diarylethene compounds have garnered extensive investigation due to their excellent thermal stability of both open- and closed-form isomers, robust fatigue resistance, high photocyclization quantum yield and good photochromic performance in both solution and solid phases. However, a notable limitation in expanding the utility of diarylethene compounds is the necessity for ultraviolet light to induce their photochromism. This requirement poses challenges, as ultraviolet light can be detrimental to biological tissues, and its penetration is often restricted in various media. This review provides an overview of design strategies employed in the development of visible-light-responsive diarylethene compounds. These design strategies serve as a guideline for molecular design, with the potential to significantly broaden the applications of all-visible-light-activated diarylethene compounds in the realms of materials science and biomedical science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants cultivated on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) are exposed to high ultraviolet radiation intensities, so they require effective mechanisms to adapt to these stress conditions. UV-B radiation is an abiotic stress factor that affects plant growth, development, and environmental adaptation. Elymus sibiricus is a common species in the alpine meadows of the QTP, with high-stress resistance, large biomass, and high nutritional value. This species plays an important role in establishing artificial grasslands and improving degraded grasslands. In this study, UV-B radiation-tolerant and UV-B radiation-sensitive E. sibiricus genotypes were subjected to simulated short-term (5 days, 10 days) and long-term (15 days, 20 days) UV-B radiation stress and the metabolite profiles evaluated to explore the mechanism underlying UV-B radiation resistance in E. sibiricus. A total of 699 metabolites were identified, including 11 primary metabolites such as lipids and lipid-like molecules, phenylpropanoids and polyketides, organic acids and their derivatives, and organic oxygen compounds. Principal component analysis distinctly clustered the samples according to the cultivar, indicating that the two genotypes exhibit distinct response mechanisms to UV-B radiation stress. The results showed that 14 metabolites, including linoleic acid, LPC 18:2, xanthosine, and 23 metabolites, including 2-one heptamethoxyflavone, glycyrrhizin, and caffeic acid were differentially expressed under short-term and long-term UV-B radiation stress, respectively. Therefore, these compounds are potential biomarkers for evaluating E. sibiricus response to UV-B radiation stress. Allantoin specific and consistent expression was up-regulated in the UV-B radiation-tolerant genotype, thereby it can be used to identify varieties resistant to UV-B radiation. Different metabolic profiles and UV-B radiation response mechanisms were observed between the UV-B radiation-tolerant and UV-B radiation-sensitive E. sibiricus genotypes. A model for the metabolic pathways and metabolic profiles was constructed for the two genotypes. This metabolomic study on the E. sibiricus response to UV-B radiation stress provides a reference for the breeding of new UV-B radiation-tolerant E. sibiricus cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work extends recent developments in diacetylene-based, sprayable sensors by identification and assessment of formulations which facilitate their use for wearable sensing. Diacetylene-based spray-on sensors have the potential to be a widely deployed sensing technology, as they require no power and can be applied as thin coatings onto surfaces to provide a colorimetric response to target exposure. In responding to radiation, liquid-phase targets, or gas-phase targets specifically determined by the formulation of the sprayable sensor used, this technology is amenable to wearable sensors for measuring exposure to different environmental risks. Here, we provide the means to improve wear resistance, reduce false-positive signals due to wetting, and enhance color fastness for coatings of sprayable, diacetylene-based sensor formulations on cotton fabric. These sensor formulations possess polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), which enhances the coating stability to only 8% color loss due to wear compared to 18–25% without PMMA, while maintaining the inherent ability of diacetylene-component formulations to detect radiation as well as gas or liquid phase analytes. This represents a significant step toward the use of diacetylene-based sensing formulations for wearable sensing. In the future, the form of spray-on sensor materials demonstrated here may find use in wearable sensing applications for detection of cumulative exposure to UV radiation, hydrogen peroxide vapors, or solvent exposure. We expect trends toward applications toward other wearable sensors for environmental monitoring given the well-known customizability in target response of diacetylene-containing monomers by modifying their headgroup chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photochromic inks have shown disadvantages, such as poor durability and high cost. Self-healable hydrogels have shown photostability and durability. Herein, a viologen-based covalent polymer was printed onto a paper surface toward the development of a multi-stimuli responsive chromogenic sheet with thermochromic, photochromic, and vapochromic properties. Viologen polymer was created by polymerizing a dialdehyde-based viologen with a hydroxyl-bearing dihydrazide in an acidic aqueous medium. The viologen polymer was well immobilized as a colorimetric agent into a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/tricarboxy cellulose (TCC)-based self-healable hydrogel. The viologen/hydrogel nanocomposite films were applied onto a paper surface. The coloration measurements showed that when exposed to ultraviolet light, the orange layer printed on the paper surface switched to green. The photochromic film was used to develop anti-counterfeiting prints using the organic hydrogel composed of a PVA/TCC composite and a viologen polymer. Reversible photochromism with strong photostability was observed when the printed papers were exposed to UV irradiation. A detection limit was monitored in the range of 0.5–300 ppm for NH3(aq). The exposure to heat (70 °C) was found to reversibly initiate a colorimetric change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cutaneous melanoma accounts for the majority of skin cancer-related deaths, and its incidence increases each year. The growing number of melanoma cases, especially in advanced stages, poses a significant socio-medical challenge throughout the world. Extensive research on melanoma pathogenesis identifies UV radiation as the most important factor in melanocytic transformation. Oxidative effects of UV irradiation exert their influence on melanoma pathogenesis primarily through modification of nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, further disrupting cellular signaling and cell cycle regulation. Its effects extend beyond melanocytes, leading to immunosuppression in the exposed skin tissue, which consequently creates conditions for immune surveillance evasion and further progression. In this review, we focus on the specific molecular changes observed in the UV-dependent oxidative stress environment and their biological consequences in the course of the disease, which have not been considered in previous reviews on melanoma. Nonetheless, data show that the exact role of oxidative stress in melanoma initiation and progression remains unclear, as it affects cancerous cells differently depending on the specific context. A better understanding of the pathophysiological basis of melanoma development holds promise for identifying potential targets, which could lead to effective melanoma prevention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly-D,L-lactic acid (PDLLA) filler, which increases volume and collagen synthesis, is used for skin rejuvenation. PDLLA filler also increases M2 macrophages and IL-10. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation induces dermal hyperpigmentation by disrupting the basement membrane (BM), allowing melanin to move into the dermis. Therefore, using UV-irradiated macrophages and animal skin, we determined whether PDLLA filler decreased M1 macrophages and skin inflammation, thereby reducing BM destruction and dermal hyperpigmentation. UV radiation increased the M1 macrophage marker CD86 and TNF-α expression, which was inhibited by the treatment of macrophages with PDLLA. In fibroblasts treated with conditioned medium from UV-irradiated macrophages, NF-κB activity, NLRP3 inflammasome components (NLRP3, ASC, and pro-caspase-1), IL-18, MMP2, and MMP9 increased, but all decreased after PDLLA treatment. Similar to the in vitro study, UV-irradiated mouse skin showed increased CD86, NLRP3, ASC, pro-caspase-1, MMP2, and MMP9, which decreased after PDLLA injection. Disruption of the lamina densa of the BM and dermal pigmentation increased after UV irradiation and decreased after PDLLA injection. In conclusion, PDLLA reduced dermal pigmentation by decreasing BM destruction in UV-irradiated skin. PDLLA has the potential to reduce dermal pigmentation by regenerating the BM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploiting the Bragg mirror effect of photonic crystal photoelectrode is desperately desired for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Herein, a novel TiO2 nanotube photonic crystal bi-layer structure consisting of a top nanotube layer and a bottom nanotube photonic crystal layer is presented. In this architecture, the photonic bandgap of bottom TiO2 nanotube photonic crystals can be precisely adjusted by modulating the anodization parameters. When the photonic bandgap of bottom TiO2 nanotube photonic crystals overlaps with the electronic bandgap of TiO2, the bottom TiO2 nanotube photonic crystal layer will act as a Bragg mirror, leading to the boosted ultraviolet light absorption of the top TiO2 nanotube layer. Benefiting from the promoted UV light absorption, the TiO2 NT-115-NTPC yields a photocurrent density of 1.4 mA/cm2 at 0.22 V vs. Ag/AgCl with a Faradic efficiency of 100%, nearly two times higher than that of conventional TiO2 nanotube arrays. Furthermore, incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency is also promoted within ultraviolet light region. This research offers an effective strategy for improving the performance of photoelectrochemical water splitting through intensifying the light–matter interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With growing interest in hair health, researchers are exploring aspects beyond the surface qualities of hair, such as its porous inner structure. While previous studies have focused on the effects of treatments such as perming and hair dying on hair porosity, less emphasis has been paid to the effects of harmful environmental factors such as ultraviolet (UV) rays and particulate matter on the porous nature of hair. Aims: The aim of this study was to bridge this gap by investigating how UV rays and particulate matter affect hair porosity in different ways. Our study could help elucidate how these external factors influence hair health and shed light on previously unknown aspects of hair porosity. Methods: Hair tresses were bleached, cut into 1 cm‐long sections, and stained with methylene blue. The sections were then irradiated with UV light or exposed to particulate matter. Results: Bleached hair absorbed more methylene blue than normal hair. UV radiation‐induced hair porosity occurred at 3 h after irradiation and increased with time. Particulate matter alone did not affect the porosity of the damaged hair; however, in combination with UV irradiation, it substantially increased hair porosity. Conclusion: Environmental challenges such as a depleted ozone layer and increasing pollution may increase hair porosity, which can be prevented by maintaining healthy hair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has been recognized as a potential trigger for the transformation of benign melanocytic nevi into melanoma. However, the mechanisms governing the formation and progression of melanocytic nevi remain poorly understood. This lack of understanding is partly due to the difficulty in isolating and culturing nevus tissues in vitro, resulting in a dearth of robust ex vivo models for nevi. Therefore, the establishment of a reliable melanocytic nevus model is imperative. Such a model is essential for elucidating nevus pathogenesis and facilitating the development of effective therapeutic interventions. Therefore, we have sought to establish an ex vivo nevus explant model to study UVR stimulation. And the structural integrity and tissue activity of the ex vivo nevi explant model was evaluated. We then observed melanogenesis and proliferation activity of the explants after UVR stimulation. There was less blister formation after Day 3 in nevi explants under our modified medium conditions. The nevi explant was able to maintain almost the same morphological structure and tissue activity as in vivo tissue within 24 h. Following UVR stimulation, we observed increased melanogenesis and proliferation activity in nevi explants. Nevi explants could serve as an ex vivo model for UVR‐induced nevi stimulation research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melanomas arise from transformed melanocytes, positioned at the dermal‐epidermal junction in the basal layer of the epidermis. Melanocytes are completely surrounded by keratinocyte neighbors, with which they communicate through direct contact and paracrine signaling to maintain normal growth control and homeostasis. UV radiation from sunlight reshapes this communication network to drive a protective tanning response. However, repeated rounds of sun exposure result in accumulation of mutations in melanocytes that have been considered as primary drivers of melanoma initiation and progression. It is now clear that mutations in melanocytes are not sufficient to drive tumor formation—the tumor environment plays a critical role. This review focuses on changes in melanocyte‐keratinocyte communication that contribute to melanoma initiation and progression, with a particular focus on recent mechanistic insights that lay a foundation for developing new ways to intercept melanoma development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phyllosphere-associated microorganisms must deal with various abiotic stresses such as high-low temperature, low nutrients, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. These collective actions may trigger the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and causes cellular damage. Cellular defense mechanisms such as morphological changes (size or appearance), production of photo-protectant compounds, and enhancement of antioxidant activities, all of which may contribute to the suppression of ROS and significantly increase survival rates under UV radiation. In this study, five UVB-resistant plant growth-promoting methylotrophs (Methylorubrum thiocyanatum (SD2), Rhodococcus kroppenstedtii (UK3), Methylorubrum populi (KD5), and Methylobacterium brachiatum (KD1 and SD3)) were investigated as adaptive strategies against UVB radiation. Exposure to UVB radiation revealed that methylotrophs changed their morphology to club or dumbbell shapes, and formed biofilm-like structures. Furthermore, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) analyses of the methanol-based intracellular extracts of methylotrophs revealed the presence of carotenoids, flavonoids, fatty acids, and antioxidants. Additionally, methylotrophs showed enhanced antioxidant activities such as superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, and proline content with increased UVB exposure (1 -4 h). These findings demonstrate the ability and various adaptation strategies of methylotrophs to survive UVB exposure. These adaptive strategies may be one reason for the promotion of plant growth by methylotrophs under UVB radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigating lattice vibrations through Raman spectroscopy is a crucial method for studying crystalline materials. Carriers can interact with lattices and influence lattice vibrations; thus, it is feasible to study the effect of photo-generated carriers on phonons by analyzing changes in the Raman spectra of semiconductors. Rutile is one of the predominant crystalline phases of TiO2, which is a widely utilized metal oxide semiconductor. In this work, rutile TiO2 is coated on a thinned optical fiber to concentrate ultraviolet light energy within the material, thereby enhancing the generation of carriers and amplifying the changes in the Raman spectra. A Raman detection laser with a wavelength of 532 nm is utilized to collect the Raman spectra of rutile TiO2 during irradiation. Using this setup, the impact of photo-generated carriers on the phonons corresponding to Raman vibrational modes is researched. The localization and non-radiative recombination of photo-generated carriers contribute to a reduction in both the frequencies and lifetimes of phonons. This work provides a novel approach to researching the effect of carriers on phonons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Folic acid (FA), a synthetically produced compound analogous to vitamin B9, also referred to as vitamin folate, is an essential compound in human health and faces challenges in stability during food processing. This study explores the incorporation of FA into carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) nanofibers using electrospinning to enhance its stability. RESULTS: In this study, optimization of both electrospinning and solution parameters facilitated the fabrication of nanofibers. Furthermore, incorporating FA into CMC/polyethylene oxide (PEO) nanofibers resulted in thinner fibers, with an average diameter of 88 nm, characterized by a flat shape and smooth surface. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis demonstrated substantial hydrogen bonding interactions between FA and the polar groups present in CMC. This interaction contributed to an encapsulation efficiency of 94.5%, with a yield exceeding 87%. Thermal analysis highlighted mutual interference between CMC and PEO, with FA enhancing the thermal stability and reducing the melting temperatures and enthalpies of PEO, while also increasing the reaction heats of CMC. The encapsulated FA remained stable in acidic conditions, with only 6% degradation over 30 days, demonstrating the efficacy of CMC/PEO nanofibers in safeguarding FA against acidic environments. Moreover, the nanofibers provided a protective barrier against UV radiation, thereby preserving the stability of FA. CONCLUSION: This study emphasizes the efficacy of CMC/PEO nanofibers as a protective matrix against FA degradation. The findings indicate that this innovative approach could significantly diversify the applications of FA in food fortification, addressing concerns regarding its vulnerability to temperature and hydrolysis reactions during food processing. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown that the wettability of protein‐based emulsifiers is critical for emulsion stability. However, few studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of varying epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) concentrations on the wettability of protein‐based emulsifiers. Additionally, limited studies have examined the effectiveness of soy protein–EGCG covalent complex nanoparticles with improved wettability as emulsifiers for stabilizing high‐oil‐phase (≥ 30%) curcumin emulsions. RESULTS: Soy protein isolate (SPI)–EGCG complex nanoparticles (SPIEn) with improved wettability were fabricated to stabilize high‐oil‐phase curcumin emulsions. The results showed that EGCG forms covalent bonds with SPI, which changes its secondary structure, enhances its surface charge, and improves its wettability. Moreover, SPIEn with 2.0 g L −1 EGCG (SPIEn‐2.0) exhibited a better three‐phase contact angle (56.8 ± 0.3o) and zeta potential (−27 mV) than SPI. SPIEn‐2.0 also facilitated the development of curcumin emulsion gels at an oil volume fraction of 0.5. Specifically, the enhanced network between droplets as a result of the packing effects and SPIEn‐2.0 with inherent antioxidant function was more effective at inhibiting curcumin degradation during long‐term storage and ultraviolet light exposure. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study indicate that SPIEn with 2.0 g L −1 EGCG (SPIEn‐2.0) comprises the optimum conditions for fabricating emulsifiers with improved wettability. Additionally, SPIEn‐0.2 can improve the physicochemical stability of high‐oil‐phase curcumin emulsions, suggesting a novel strategy to design and fabricate high‐oil‐phase emulsion for encapsulating bioactive compounds. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The first step in carbon (C) turnover, where senesced plant biomass is converted through various pathways into compounds that are released to the atmosphere or incorporated into the soil, is termed litter decomposition. This review is focused on recent advances of how solar radiation can affect this important process in terrestrial ecosystems. We explore the photochemical degradation of plant litter and its consequences for biotic decomposition and C cycling. The ubiquitous presence of lignin in plant tissues poses an important challenge for enzymatic litter decomposition due to its biological recalcitrance, creating a substantial bottleneck for decomposer organisms. The recognition that lignin is also photolabile and can be rapidly altered by natural doses of sunlight to increase access to cell wall carbohydrates and even bolster the activity of cell wall degrading enzymes highlights a novel role for lignin in modulating rates of litter decomposition. Lignin represents a key functional connector between photochemistry and biochemistry with important consequences for our understanding of how sunlight exposure may affect litter decomposition in a wide range of terrestrial ecosystems. A mechanistic understanding of how sunlight controls litter decomposition and C turnover can help inform management and other decisions related to mitigating human impact on the planet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flooding in urban communities is an increasingly prevalent issue that causes significant financial loss, property damage, and long-term adverse health effects. Backwater valves can reduce the risk of basement flooding during sewer surcharge events at the lot-level scale. However, guidelines for installation and maintenance can be limited or inconsistent, with little underlying literature or research. Without proper installation and ongoing maintenance, solids can accumulate, resulting in the valve failing to close or being unable to form a watertight seal during a sewer surcharge event. This research provides insights to inform future design iterations or updates to best practices guidelines by characterizing flow patterns and velocities within the Mainline Fullport backwater valve. A series of laboratory experiments are described at two common flow rates (0.1 and 0.3 L/s) and various slopes (−2% , 0%, 2%, 5%, and 10%) using fluorescent particle tracers as a novel replacement for more traditional laser-based particle image velocimetry. Results revealed a complex flow environment influenced by slope, flow rate, initial water level conditions, and the fluid properties of water. Regions for potential solids accumulation leading to mechanisms of potential failure occurred near the inlet, at the downstream edge of the closing gate, and along the side channels. Increased slopes generally improved flow conditions, with least favorable outcomes below a 2% slope and diminishing returns above a 5% slope. Between 2% and 5% slope, conditions were the most complex but improved with increased flow rates. Fluorescent particle velocimetry shows promise as a powerful, affordable, and reliable tool to visualize flow and measure velocities in complex, shallow flow environments where other methods are unsuitable. Practical Applications: Floods are an increasingly common and highly damaging problem, during which wastewater can back up in sewage pipes into basements. A backwater valve reduces the risk of sewer back-up and basement flooding. The valve closes when sewage flows backward and seals shut until the event ends. A backwater valve must be properly installed and maintained to ensure intended performance, but the associated guidelines can be unclear. To help improve those guidelines, this paper clarifies performance for various flow patterns and slopes in a backwater valve at different flow rates using laboratory experiments. Faster-moving water flushes debris and helps keep the valve clean, but raising slopes to achieve that may be difficult or expensive. Experiments used particles glowing under a black light to visualize water movement. Results reveal complicated flow patterns, with the worst conditions for flushing debris developing below 2% slope (2-cm drop per 100-cm of length) and the best conditions at 5% or above. Between 2% and 5% slope, the benefits of increasing slope were complex and depended on other factors. Methods used in these experiments can be adapted for different applications because they are relatively inexpensive and can work in shallow-water environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-mountain lakes (HMLs) are remote, extreme, and sensitive ecosystems recognized as sentinels of global change. Lakes El Sol and La Luna are very close to each other inside the crater of the Nevado de Toluca volcano, but they differ morphometrically and limnologically. This study aimed to identify the seasonal fluctuation of the phytoplankton communities of these two tropical HMLs. El Sol phytoplankton comprised 50 taxa (chlorophytes, diatoms, charophytes) and La Luna 28 taxa (diatoms, euglenoids). The abundance of phytoplankton in El Sol was three times higher than in La Luna, and the biomass in El Sol was five times higher than in La Luna. Tropical seasonality was reflected differently in each lake. In El Sol, the highest phytoplankton abundance occurred in the rainy season, while the highest biomass was recorded in the dry/warm season. Conversely, in La Luna, abundance and biomass were more prominent in the dry/cold season. The study found that no meteorological or limnological factors could explain the seasonal dynamics of the taxonomic richness, abundance, or biomass of the phytoplankton communities in both lakes. The differences between the lakes are likely due to the more extreme conditions of La Luna, such as lower pH, ultra-oligotrophy, and increased exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Additionally, the introduction of rainbow trout into El Sol in the 1950s may have also contributed to the differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Encapsulation is a widely recognized method for enhancing the stability of colloidal quantum dots (CQDs). However, traditional encapsulation methods for solid-state materials expose encapsulated CQDs to risks such as ligand loss and poor dispersion. Additionally, these encapsulated CQDs still face the risk of aging due to surface ligand bond breakage under high-energy radiation. In this study, we found that quantum dots in solution exhibited enhanced ultraviolet (UV) tolerance compared to their counterparts in solid form under an inert atmosphere. We attribute this enhancement to improved ligand retention and self-healing of quantum dots in solution. Herein, we introduce a novel method for fabricating liquid-encapsulated quantum dot (LEQD) color conversion films. This technique leverages the self-healing capability of ligands in liquid-state quantum dots to enhance the UV and thermal stability of the quantum dot color conversion films. Experimental results demonstrate that LEQD films exhibit better resistance to UV radiation and high temperatures than solid-encapsulated quantum dot (SEQD) color conversion films. After 400 h of exposure to 100 mW blue light-emitting device (LED) light at 60 °C and 90% humidity, the brightness of LEQD film retained 90% of its initial level. This liquid-state quantum dot encapsulation approach offers a promising pathway for developing more durable quantum dot color conversion films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wide-bandgap semiconductors have demonstrated considerable potential for fabricating solar-blind ultraviolet (SBUV) photodetectors, which are extensively used in both civilian and military applications. Despite this promise, the limited variety of semiconductors with suitable bandgaps hampers the advancement of high-performance SBUV detectors. In this study, we synthesized CdPS3 transparent single crystals using the chemical vapor transport (CVT) method. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that the bandgap of CdPS3 decreases as the material's thickness increases, a finding corroborated by subsequent absorption spectra and photoelectric response measurements. The as-prepared CdPS3 nanosheets were employed as channels in photodetectors, demonstrating outstanding photoelectric performance in the solar-blind ultraviolet range (at 254 and 275 nm) with high responsivity (0.3 A/W), high specific detectivity (5.5 × 109 Jones), rapid response speed (2.6 ms/3.4 ms), and exceptionally low dark current (2 pA). It is noteworthy that these nanosheets exhibit almost no sensitivity to 365 nm and visible light irradiation, attributable to the direct carrier transition beyond the broad bandgap in CdPS3. Furthermore, high-quality imaging was achieved under different gate voltages using 275 nm ultraviolet light, underscoring the potential of CdPS3 as a new material for high-performance SBUV optoelectronic detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to reveal the role of inorganic nanoparticles concerning silicon dioxide (SiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) in retarding the photodegradation of thermochromic microcapsules for extending the serviceability of thermochromic cool pavement material. Thermochromic asphalt binders (TABs) with and without inorganic nanoparticles were prepared. The varying trends of physical, rheological, chemical and morphological properties with the extended ultraviolet irradiation (UV) ageing duration were compared among asphalt binders. The effects of inorganic nanoparticles on the long-term cooling effects of TABs were evaluated. The results indicate that differing from regular asphalt binder, TABs present an inversely-age hardening phenomenon due to the photodegradation of thermochromic microcapsules. ZnO shows the best efficiency in retarding the photodegradation of thermochromic microcapsules, followed by TiO2 and SiO2. The addition of ZnO or TiO2 can effectively mitigate the impacts of long-term UV ageing on the cooling effects shown by TAB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin photoaging, caused by prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, manifests as intricate biological transformations, encompassing oxidative damage and structural alterations. Despite a growing need for effective interventions, the existing therapeutic repertoire for treating skin photoaging remains constrained. Recent investigations have shifted focus towards the application of hydrogels as a novel avenue for addressing this concern. Various active substances can be combined with hydrogels for transdermal delivery, including compounds from the ocean, plants, cell active substances, which can promote skin UV damage repair mainly through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and promote collagen production. This review seeks to offer a thorough summary of recent progress in employing hydrogels for addressing skin photoaging. Topics covered include the mechanism of skin photoaging, and emerging trends in hydrogel-based therapies for skin rejuvenation. The discussion also explores challenges and outlines potential future directions in leveraging hydrogels as therapeutic agents to address skin photoaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through exposure to the sun's ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation, the skin produces more than ninety percent of the body's vitamin D3 needs. The primary objective of this study was to estimate and compare the mean concentration of vitamin D3 (IU) produced by daily exposure to UV light during the summer and winter seasons. A cross-sectional study was conducted during the summer of 2022 and the winter of 2023, with male participants recruited exclusively. All participants resided in the Agadir region (30.428° N). A total of 324 men were included in the summer study and 345 in the winter study, with ages ranging from 18 to 100 years. Data were collected through a face-to-face interview questionnaire. The objective was to assess sun exposure variables in order to estimate the amount of vitamin D3 produced by sunlight. The findings revealed that during the summer, vitamin D synthesis was below the recommended value of 600 IU/day in 0% of participants, between 600 and 1200 IU/day in 44.44% of participants, and ≥ 1200 IU/day in 55.55% of participants. During the winter period, 13.33% of participants exhibited a mean vitamin D synthesis below the recommended value of < 600 IU/day. In contrast, 74.20% exhibited a synthesis between 600 and 1200 IU/day, while 12.46% exhibited a synthesis of ≥ 1200 IU/day. For all groups of Moroccan men, daily vitamin D production by UV solar exposure appears to be sufficient to meet the daily vitamin D requirement in summer but not in winter. The primary predictors of mean daily vitamin D production by UV solar exposure are the fraction of the body exposed, age, and season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Potentially modifiable cancer risk factors have been increasingly recognized among the Chinese population. In this study, we aimed to investigate the perceived significance of these risk factors among senior nursing officers, who play a crucial role in providing healthcare services. We also sought to determine senior nursing officers' performance in reducing these risk factors. Methods: A questionnaire survey regarding 23 potentially modifiable cancer risk factors was conducted in November 2023 with 58 senior nursing officers at Taizhou Hospital in Zhejiang Province, China. The consistent fuzzy preference relation method and importance–performance analysis were used to determine the attribute weights and performance levels. Results: The senior nursing officers considered diabetes, ultraviolet radiation exposure, PM2.5 exposure, excess body weight, physical inactivity, alcohol consumption and secondhand smoking significant. However, performance in reducing secondhand smoking, physical inactivity, excess body weight, PM2.5 exposure, and ultraviolet radiation exposure required improvement. Conclusions: The proposed hybrid multiple-criteria decision-making model enhances our understanding of the perceived significance of 23 modifiable cancer risk factors and performance in reducing them, which could facilitate improvements in health education efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cuticular wax (CW) is the first defensive barrier of plants that forms a waterproof barrier, protects the plant from desiccation, and defends against insects, pathogens, and UV radiation. Sorghum, an important grass crop with high heat and drought tolerance, exhibits a much higher wax load than other grasses and the model plant Arabidopsis. In this study, we explored the regulation of sorghum CW biosynthesis using a bloomless mutant. The CW on leaf sheaths of the bloomless 41 (bm41) mutant showed significantly reduced very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), triterpenoids, alcohols, and other wax components, with an overall 86% decrease in total wax content compared with the wild type. Notably, the 28-carbon and 30-carbon VLCFAs were decreased in the mutants. Using bulk segregant analysis, we identified the causal gene of the bloomless phenotype as a leucine-rich repeat transmembrane protein kinase. Transcriptome analysis of the wild-type and bm41 mutant leaf sheaths revealed BM41 as a positive regulator of lipid biosynthesis and steroid metabolism. BM41 may regulate CW biosynthesis by regulating the expression of the gene encoding 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase 6. Identification of BM41 as a new regulator of CW biosynthesis provides fundamental knowledge for improving grass crops' heat and drought tolerance by increasing CW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), renowned for their porous and tunable functionalities, hold significant potential for enhancing perovskite photovoltaic. However, the influence of MOF, particularly those with balanced cations in the pores, on the conversion of bottom‐layer PbI2 and the distribution of MOFs within perovskite remains underexplored. Herein, a newly synthesized Yttrium (Y)‐MOF material is introduced, featuring dimethylamine (DMA) as balanced cations within its pores and strong absorption in UV regime, to modify perovskite films. Y‐MOF, rich in oxygen and nitrogen sites, and featuring DMA within its pores, can passivate uncoordinated Pb2+ in perovskite. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and grazing incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (GIWAXS) analysis of the top and bottom surfaces for pristine and Y‐MOF‐assisted perovskite samples reveal that the presence of PbI2 in the Y‐MOF‐assisted perovskite films is negligible. In situ UV–vis analyses demonstrate that the incorporation of Y‐MOF decelerates the crystallization kinetics of perovskite, facilitating the development of larger perovskite grains. Moreover, GIWAXS experiments conducted at different angles reveal the predominant bottom distribution of Y‐MOF within the perovskite, which effectively mitigates the impact of ultraviolet light on the perovskite. Consequently, the Y‐MOF‐assisted devices to achieve an efficiency of 24.05% with improved stability especially the UV‐light stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) became a standard treatment strategy for patients with inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) because of high disease aggressiveness. However, given the heterogeneity of IBC, no molecular feature reliably predicts the response to chemotherapy. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) of clinical tumor samples provides an opportunity to identify genomic alterations associated with chemosensitivity. Methods: We retrospectively applied WES to 44 untreated IBC primary tumor samples and matched normal DNA. The pathological response to NACT, assessed on operative specimen, distinguished the patients with versus without pathological complete response (pCR versus no-pCR respectively). We compared the mutational profiles, spectra and signatures, pathway mutations, copy number alterations (CNAs), HRD, and heterogeneity scores between pCR versus no-pCR patients. Results: The TMB, HRD, and mutational spectra were not different between the complete (N = 13) versus non-complete (N = 31) responders. The two most frequently mutated genes were TP53 and PIK3CA. They were more frequently mutated in the complete responders, but the difference was not significant. Only two genes, NLRP3 and SLC9B1, were significantly more frequently mutated in the complete responders (23% vs. 0%). By contrast, several biological pathways involved in protein translation, PI3K pathway, and signal transduction showed significantly higher mutation frequency in the patients with pCR. We observed a higher abundance of COSMIC signature 7 (due to ultraviolet light exposure) in tumors from complete responders. The comparison of CNAs of the 3808 genes included in the GISTIC regions between both patients' groups identified 234 genes as differentially altered. The CIN signatures were not differentially represented between the complete versus non-complete responders. Based on the H-index, the patients with heterogeneous tumors displayed a lower pCR rate (11%) than those with less heterogeneous tumors (35%). Conclusions: This is the first study aiming at identifying correlations between the WES data of IBC samples and the achievement of pCR to NACT. Our results, obtained in this 44-sample series, suggest a few subtle genomic alterations associated with pathological response. Additional investigations are required in larger series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, nanocapsules encapsulating avobenzone (AVB) compounded with isooctyl p‐dimethylaminobenzoate (OD‐PABA) were prepared via miniemulsion polymerization using methyl methacrylate (MMA) as the monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as the cross‐linker, and poly(styrene‐co‐methacrylic acid) (P(St‐co‐MAA)) as the polymeric emulsifier. When a solid ultraviolet radiation A (UVA) filter, AVB, was encapsulated in nanocapsules (A‐UVNCs), the encapsulation and loading rates were 67.6% and 9.7%, respectively. When a liquid ultraviolet radiation B (UVB) filter, OD‐PABA, was combined with AVB, the encapsulation and loading rates of the nanocapsules (A/O‐UVNCs) of AVB and OD‐PABA increased to 90.0% and 15.6%, respectively, and 71.5% and 14.0%, respectively. The A/O‐UVNCs realized broad‐spectrum ultraviolet (UV) protection with an SPF value of 46.3. The A/O‐UVNCs have raspberry‐like nanostructures. These submicron particles can scatter and reflect a portion of the UV radiation and synergistically enhance UV protection. After exposure to simulated sunlight for four hours, the UVAPF of a sunscreen containing A‐UVNCs or A/O‐UVNCs decreased to a smaller extent than that of the sunscreen containing free AVB. Cell toxicity experiments showed that the cell viability of A‐UVNCs and A/O‐UVNCs was 85.9% and 83.0%, respectively. Therefore, UVNCs not only enhance UV protection but also improve photostability and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To prevent cross-contamination between patients, adequate reprocessing is necessary when using flexible endoscopes (FEs) without a working channel. The current reprocessing process using an Endoscope Washer Disinfector (EWD) is time-consuming. Ultraviolet light group C (UV-C) exposition is an alternative and fast disinfection method and has previously been shown to adequately reduce Colony Forming Units (CFUs) on FEs without a working channel. The objective of this study was to examine whether UV-C light is as effective in reducing CFUs on contaminated FEs without a working channel compared to the EWD. Methods: FEs without a working channel were collected in three different Otorhinolaryngology Departments in the Netherlands. After pharyngolaryngoscopy, a manual pre-cleaning with tap water was performed and a culture was collected by rolling the distal 8–10 cm of the FE over an agar plate. Next, the FE was randomly assigned to be disinfected with UV-C light (D60) or the EWD (gold standard). After disinfection, another culture was taken. The primary outcome was microbiological contamination, defined by Colony Forming Units (CFU). Results: 600 FEs without a working channel were randomized. After clinical use and manual pre-cleaning, 239/300 (79.7%) FEs in the UV-C group and 262/300 (87.3%) FEs in the EWD group were contaminated (i.e., > 0 CFU). FEs without culture confirmed contamination were excluded from further analysis. After UV-C light disinfection, 195/239 (81.6%) FEs showed 0 CFUs, compared to 187/262 (71.4%) FEs disinfected with the EWD (p < 0.01). A multivariate logistics regression analysis showed an increased odds of 0 CFUs when using UV-C light (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.19–2.79; p < 0.01), conditional on participating hospitals and types of FE. Conclusions: UV-C light disinfection of FEs without a working channel appears more effective in reducing CFUs compared to the EWD and might be a good alternative disinfection method. Trial registration: Not applicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presented an overview of greener technologies for realizing everyday fabrics with enhanced antibacterial activity, flame retardancy, water repellency, and UV protection. Traditional methods for improving these qualities in textiles involved dangerous chemicals, energy and water‐intensive procedures, harmful emissions. New strategies are presented in response to the current emphasis on process and product sustainability. Nanoparticles (NPs) are suggested as a potential alternative for hazardous components in textile finishing. NPs are found to efficiently decrease virus transmission, limit combustion events, protect against UV radiation, and prevent water from entering, through a variety of mechanisms. Some attempts are made to increase NPs efficiency and promote long‐term adherence to textile surfaces. Traditional wet finishing methods are implemented through a combination of advanced green technologies (plasma pre‐treatment, ultrasound irradiations, sol‐gel, and layer‐by‐layer self‐assembly methods). The fibrous surface is activated by adding functional groups that facilitate NPs grafting on the textile substrate by basic interactions (chemical, physical, or electrostatic), also indirectly via crosslinkers, ligands, or coupling agents. Finally, other green options explore the use of NPs synthesized from bio‐based materials or hybrid combinations, as well as inorganic NPs from green synthesis to realize ecofriendly finishing able to provide durable and protective fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All‐inorganic CsPbCl3 perovskite has emerged as a promising material for ultraviolet (UV) photodetection, attributed to its appropriate bandgap and exceptional optoelectronic properties. However, the suboptimal film‐forming quality of the solution process, as well as the instability of films induced by UV radiation and the annealing process, have limited its popularization and application. Herein, the buried layer is pretreated with N, N‐dimethylacetamide (DMF) to improve surface hydrophilicity and facilitate the anchoring of Pb2+. Additionally, Nb2CTx is incorporated into the PbCl2 precursor solution to enhance the quality of CsPbCl3 films. Following surface engineering and Nb2CTx modification (CsPbCl3@Nb2CTx), the morphology and optoelectronic properties of CsPbCl3 films are optimized. Furthermore, the effect of lattice strain and defect state‐induced interface state on the nonradiative charge recombination is mitigated. Ultimately, the UV photodetector fabricated on fluorine‐doped tin oxide (FTO)/SnO2/CsPbCl3@Nb2CTx/Au architecture exhibits outstanding performance including remarkably high responsivity (up to 990 mA W−1), significant specific detectivity (1.03 × 1011 cm Hz1/2 W−1), and rapid rise/decay time (0.24/0.32 µs) under self‐powered mode, with markedly improved stability as well. This approach presents a novel strategy for optimizing CsPbCl3 films through MXene modulation as an immense potential absorb layer for UV photodetector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]