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Mutual Health Organizations (MHOs) can be a potential means to reduce barriers to health care in low-income countries with poor access to health care and high health care costs for the population. One important challenge is the relationship between MHOs and health care professionals (HCPs). Our study evaluates HCPs experiences of, and attitudes towards MHOs. A total of 210 HCPs from three private and two public clinics in Kumbo and Bamenda (Cameroon) were interviewed with a structured questionnaire, where answers are quantified by a five-point ordinal scale. We identified regional and institutional differences. HCPs in Kumbo and in private clinics tend to have a more positive attitude towards MHOs than in Bamenda and in public clinics (mean 1.66 vs. 2.02, respectively 1.72 vs. 2.05,). HCPs in Bamenda and in public clinics report more negative experiences with MHO members (mean 2.86 vs. 3.67, respectively 2.72 vs. 3.56) and rank quality of health care lower. Our findings underline the important role of HCPs in the context of MHOs; therefore, programs should aim to involve HCPs in respect of regional and institutional differences.

Background Infant exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) may contribute to obesity. However, many studies so far have been small, focused on transplacental exposure, used an inappropriate measure to assess postnatal exposure through breastfeeding if any, or did not discern between prenatal and postnatal effects. Objectives We investigated prenatal and postnatal exposure to POPs and infant growth (a predictor of obesity). Methods We pooled data from seven European birth cohorts with biomarker concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyl 153 (PCB-153) (n = 2,487), and p,p´-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p´-DDE) (n = 1,864), estimating prenatal and postnatal POPs exposure using a validated pharmacokinetic model. Growth was change in weight-for-age z-score between birth and 24 months. Per compound, multilevel models were fitted with either POPs total exposure from conception to 24 months or prenatal or postnatal exposure. Results We found a significant increase in growth associated with p,p´-DDE, seemingly due to prenatal exposure (per interquartile increase in exposure, adjusted β = 0.12; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.22). Due to heterogeneity across cohorts, this estimate cannot be considered precise, but does indicate that an association with infant growth is present on average. In contrast, a significant decrease in growth was associated with postnatal PCB-153 exposure (β = –0.10; 95% CI: –0.19, –0.01). Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the largest study to date of POPs exposure and infant growth, and it contains state-of-the-art exposure modeling. Prenatal p,p´-DDE was associated with increased infant growth, and postnatal PCB-153 with decreased growth at European exposure levels. Citation Iszatt N, Stigum H, Verner MA, White RA, Govarts E, Palkovicova Murinova L, Schoeters G, Trnovec T, Legler J, Pelé F, Botton J, Chevrier C, Wittsiepe J, Ranft U, Vandentorren S, Kasper-Sonnenberg M, Klümper C, Weisglas-Kuperus N, Polder A, Eggesbø M, OBELIX. 2015. Prenatal and postnatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants and infant growth: a pooled analysis of seven European birth cohorts. Environ Health Perspect 123:730–736; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1308005

Air pollution has been associated with impaired lung and cognitive function, especially impairment in visuo-construction performance (VCP). In this article, we evaluate whether the effect of air pollution on VCP is mediated by lung function.We used data from the SALIA cohort (baseline 1985–1994 and follow-up 2007–2010) including 587 women aged 55 years at baseline. Particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposures at baseline were estimated via land-use regression models. Lung function was characterised by averages between baseline and follow-up. We used age- and height-controlled Global Lung Initiative (GLI) z-scores of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and FEV1/FVC. VCP was assessed at follow-up with the CERAD-Plus neuropsychological test battery and causal mediation analysis was conducted.An increase of one interquartile range in FEV1 and FVC was positively associated with VCP (β=0.18 (95% CI 0.02–0.34) and β=0.23 (95% CI 0.07–0.39), respectively). The proportion of the association between NO2 on VCP mediated by FEV1 was 6.2% and this was higher in never smokers (7.2%) and non-carriers of the APOE-ε4 allele (11.2%). However, none of the mediations were statistically significant.In conclusion, air pollution associated VCP was partially mediated by lung function. Further studies on the mechanisms underlying this pathway are required to develop new strategies to prevent air pollution induced cognitive impairment.

Climatic factors influence the incidence of vector-borne diseases such as malaria. They modify the abundance of mosquito populations, the length of the extrinsic parasite cycle in the mosquito, the malarial dynamics, and the emergence of epidemics in areas of low endemicity. The objective of this study was to investigate temporal associations between weekly malaria incidence in 1,993 children < 15 years of age and weekly rainfall. A time series analysis was conducted by using cross-correlation function and autoregressive modeling. The regression model showed that the level of rainfall predicted the malaria incidence after a time lag of 9 weeks (mean = 60 days) and after a time lag between one and two weeks. The analyses provide evidence that high-resolution precipitation data can directly predict malaria incidence in a highly endemic area. Such models might enable the development of early warning systems and support intervention measures.

In a cross-sectional study performed in 2000, an unexpected positive association between nickel (Ni) in ambient air, urinary Ni content and the prevalence of Ni sensitization in a subgroup of 6-yr-old children living near a steel mill was observed. Between 2005 and 2006, in a different and larger study population, we examined if Ni from ambient air or urinary Ni concentration was related to Ni sensitization in children living next to Ni-emitting steel mills. We studied 749 school beginners living in four Ni-polluted industrial areas of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. We assessed Ni in ambient air, Ni in urine from children and mothers, and Ni in tap water, conducted patch tests in children (including the NiSO(4)-dilution test) and collected questionnaire data. Statistics were done by linear and logistic regression analyses, adjusted for covariates. At increased Ni concentration in ambient air (unit of increase: 10 ng/m(3)), urinary Ni concentrations rose in both mothers (9.1%; 95% CI: 6.8-11.4%) and children (2.4%; 95% CI: 0.4-4.4%). The prevalence of Ni sensitization in children was associated with increased Ni from ambient air (unit of increase: 18 ng/m(3); odds ratio 1.28; 95% CI: 1.25-1.32) and urinary Ni concentration (unit of increase: 7.1 μg/L; odds ratio 2.4; 95% CI: 1.20-4.48). Ni in ambient air of areas with Ni-emitting factories contributes to internal Ni exposure in residents via inhalation and, furthermore, is a risk factor for the development of Ni sensitization in children.

Objectives: Exposure to high concentrations of persistent organochlorines may cause fetal toxicity, but the evidence at low exposure levels is limited. Large studies with substantial exposure contrasts and appropriate exposure assessment are warranted. Within the framework of the EU (European Union) ENRIECO (ENvironmental Health RIsks in European Birth Cohorts) and EU OBELIX (OBesogenic Endocrine disrupting chemicals: LInking prenatal eXposure to the development of obesity later in life) projects, we examined the hypothesis that the combination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) adversely affects birth weight. Methods: We used maternal and cord blood and breast milk samples of 7,990 women enrolled in 15 study populations from 12 European birth cohorts from 1990 through 2008. Using identical variable definitions, we performed for each cohort linear regression of birth weight on estimates of cord serum concentration of PCB-153 and p,p´-DDE adjusted for gestational age and a priori selected covariates. We obtained summary estimates by meta-analysis and performed analyses of interactions. Results: The median concentration of cord serum PCB-153 was 140 ng/L (range of cohort medians 20484 ng/L) and that of p,p´-DDE was 528 ng/L (range of cohort medians 501,208 ng/L). Birth weight decreased with increasing cord serum concentration of PCB-153 after adjustment for potential confounders in 12 of 15 study populations. The meta-analysis including all cohorts indicated a birth weight decline of 150 g [95% confidence interval (CI): 250, 50 g] per 1-µg/L increase in PCB-153, an exposure contrast that is close to the range of exposures across the cohorts. A 1-µg/L increase in p,p´-DDE was associated with a 7-g decrease in birth weight (95% CI: 18, 4 g). Conclusions: The findings suggest that low-level exposure to PCB (or correlated exposures) impairs fetal growth, but that exposure to p,p´-DDE does not. The study adds to mounting evidence that low-level exposure to PCBs is inversely associated with fetal growth.

For decades, extrinsic skin aging has been known to result from chronic exposure to solar radiation and, more recently, to tobacco smoke. In this study, we have assessed the influence of air pollution on skin aging in 400 Caucasian women aged 70-80 years. Skin aging was clinically assessed by means of SCINEXA (score of intrinsic and extrinsic skin aging), a validated skin aging score. Traffic-related exposure at the place of residence was determined by traffic particle emissions and by estimation of soot in fine dust. Exposure to background particle concentration was determined by measurements of ambient particles at fixed monitoring sites. The impact of air pollution on skin aging was analyzed by linear and logistic regression and adjusted for potential confounding variables. Air pollution exposure was significantly correlated to extrinsic skin aging signs, in particular to pigment spots and less pronounced to wrinkles. An increase in soot (per 0.5 × 10(-5) per m) and particles from traffic (per 475 kg per year and square km) was associated with 20% more pigment spots on forehead and cheeks. Background particle pollution, which was measured in low residential areas of the cities without busy traffic and therefore is not directly attributable to traffic but rather to other sources of particles, was also positively correlated to pigment spots on face. These results indicate that particle pollution might influence skin aging as well.

BACKGROUND: Cross-sectional and ecological studies indicate that air pollution may be a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, but prospective data are lacking. OBJECTIVE: We examined the association between traffic-related air pollution and incident type 2 diabetes. DESIGN: Between 1985 and 1994, cross-sectional surveys were performed in the highly industrialized Ruhr district (West Germany); a follow-up investigation was conducted in 2006 using data from the Study on the Influence of Air Pollution on Lung, Inflammation and Aging (SALIA) cohort. PARTICIPANTS: 1,775 nondiabetic women who were 54-55 years old at baseline participated in both baseline and follow-up investigations and had complete information available. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using questionnaires, we assessed 16-year incidence (1990-2006) of type 2 diabetes and information about covariates. Complement factor C3c as marker for subclinical inflammation was measured at baseline. Individual exposure to traffic-related particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen dioxide was determined at different spatial scales. RESULTS: Between 1990 and 2006, 87 (10.5%) new cases of diabetes were reported among the SALIA cohort members. The hazards for diabetes were increased by 15-42% per interquartile range of PM or traffic-related exposure. The associations persisted when different spatial scales were used to assess exposure and remained robust after adjusting for age, body mass index, socioeconomic status, and exposure to several non-traffic-related sources of air pollution. C3c was associated with PM pollution at baseline and was a strong independent predictor of incident diabetes. Exploratory analyses indicated that women with high C3c blood levels were more susceptible for PM-related excess risk of diabetes than were women with low C3c levels. CONCLUSIONS: Traffic-related air pollution is associated with incident type 2 diabetes among elderly women. Subclinical inflammation may be a mechanism linking air pollution with t 2 diabetes.Relevance to clinical practice: Our study identifies traffic-related air pollution as a novel and potentially modifiable risk factor of type 2 diabetes

Prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) can affect neurobehavioral development of infants and children. This effect may be mediated through disruption of thyroid hormone homeostasis. However, epidemiological studies reveal no consistent influence of PCDD/Fs and PCBs on thyroid status and neurodevelopment at environmental background levels. The effects may resolve with time of further decreasing exposure to these compounds. The aim of this study was to find out if there are still effects related to prenatal PCDD/F and PCB observable at the meanwhile decreased levels of exposure by using the same methods which have been applied in similar studies during the last 10 years in Europe. The birth cohort study was initiated in the year 2000 in the industrialized city of Duisburg, Germany. 232 healthy mother-infant pairs were recruited between 2000 and 2002. Dioxins, dioxin-like PCBs and six indicator PCBs were analyzed in maternal blood during pregnancy and in maternal milk following extraction and sample clean-up by HRGC/HRMS. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), total thyroxine (T4), total triiodothyronine (T3), free thyroxine (FT4) and free triiodothyronine (FT3) were measured in serum samples of the pregnant women and in cord serum samples by chemiluminescent immunometric assay. Neurological examinations were performed at ages 2 weeks and 18 months using the neurological optimality score (NOS), mental and motor development were assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) at ages 12 and 24 months. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to describe the association of PCDD/F and PCB in maternal blood or milk with the outcome measurements after adjustment for confounding. Blood levels (n=182) of WHO 2005 toxic equivalents (TEQ) (PCDD/F+PCB) were in the range of 3.8-58.4 pg/glipid base (median: 19.3 pg/glipid base). The corresponding data for human milk (n=149) were 2.6-52.4 pg/glipid base (median: 19.7 pg/glipid base). Multiple regression analysis showed no decrease of thyroid hormones related to WHO 2005 TEQ in blood and milk of mothers and their newborns. Furthermore, no associations between exposure and neurological and developmental measures were observed. This study supports the view that the current decreased exposure to PCDD/Fs and PCBs does not impair thyroid function of newborns and neurodevelopment of infants until the age of 24 months.

Sunbeds have become very popular and, as a result, health effects of their use are of growing concern. In this regard, exposure to ultraviolet radiation from sunbeds may cause premature skin aging. Evidence for this assumption, however, has thus far been elusive. In this study, we assessed whether sunbed use induced the generation of a large-scale mitochondrial DNA mutation in human skin, the so-called Common Deletion, which is well known to be photoaging-associated. Fifty-nine individuals who voluntarily started to use sunbeds were observed over 3 months. Punch biopsies were taken from neck and buttock skin before the first and after their last sunbed visit. The Common Deletion content was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed for statistical analysis. Volunteers without previous sunbed use showed a 2.56-fold increase (95% CI: 0.97-6.78) of the Common Deletion in neck and a 3.58-fold increase (95% CI: 1.44-8.89) of the Common Deletion in buttock skin samples after sunbed use. Participants with previous sunbed use showed no increase. This study indicates that sunbed use may contribute to mtDNA deletion-associated skin photoaging. © 2007 The Society for Investigative Dermatology.

Background Endocrine dysfunction related to the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) and/or the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis (HPG) is being discussed as underlying developmental adversity of polychlorinated dibenzo- p -dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). This study was done to evaluate effects related to the HPG axis. Methods A birth-cohort study was initiated in the year 2000. Healthy mother–infant pairs were recruited in the industrialized city of Duisburg, Germany. Dioxins, dioxin-like PCBs and six indicator PCBs were measured in maternal blood during pregnancy and in maternal milk. Testosterone and estradiol levels were measured in maternal and cord serum of 104 mother–infant pairs representing a subsample with a complete data set of the total basic sample of 232 participants. Linear regression analysis was used to describe the association of PCDD/Fs or PCB in maternal blood or milk with sex steroid concentrations after adjustment for confounding. Results Median concentrations for PCDD/Fs in maternal blood fat and milk fat in terms of WHO-TEq were 15.3 and 13.1 pg WHO-TEq/g, respectively, and for the sum of the indicator PCBs (#28, #52, #101, #138, #153, #180) 149 and 177 ng/g. The adjusted ratio of geometric means when doubling the concentration of PCDD/Fs in maternal blood fat was 0.86, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.72–1.03 for testosterone and 0.73 (0.61–0.87) for estradiol in cord serum. Typically, testosterone reduction was more pronounced in cord serum of female and estradiol reduction in that of male babies. Reduction of hormone levels was generally more pronounced for dioxins than for indicator PCBs. Conclusions The hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis of newborn babies is influenced by prenatal exposure to PCDD/Fs and PCBs in a manner suggestive of AhR-mediation. The clinical relevance of this finding remains to be established, however.

Background Epidemiological studies have shown effects of long-term exposure to air pollution on cardiovascular and respiratory health. However, studies investigating the effects of air pollution on cognition and brain function are limited. We investigated if neurocognitive functions are associated with air pollution exposure and whether apolipoprotein E (ApoE) alleles modify the association of air pollution exposure with cognition. Methods We investigated 789 women from the SALIA cohort during the 22-year follow-up examination (2008–2009). Exposure to particulate matter (PM) size fractions and nitrogen oxides (NOx) were assigned to home addresses. Traffic indicators were used to assess residential proximity to high traffic load. Level of cognitive performance was assessed using the CERAD-Plus test. Air pollution effects on cognitive functioning were estimated cross-sectionally using adjusted linear regression models. Results Air pollution was negatively associated with cognitive function and cognitive performance in the subtests for semantic memory and visuo-construction. Significant associations could be observed for figure copying with an interquartile range increase of NO2 (β=–0.28 (95%CI:–0.44;–0.12)), NOx (β=–0.25 (95%CI:–0.40;–0.09)), PM10 (β=–0.14 (95%CI:–0.26;–0.02)) and PM2.5 (β=–0.19 (95%CI:–0.36;–0.02)). The association with traffic load was significant in carriers of one or two ApoE ɛ4 risk alleles. Conclusion In this study of elderly women, markers of air pollution were associated with cognitive impairment in the visuospatial domain. The association of traffic exposure is significant in participants carrying the ApoE e4 risk allele.

The aim of the study was to investigate the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke of 6-year-old children and parental educational level in Germany under the changing socioeconomic conditions after reunification. Logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between tobacco smoke exposure of children (current environmental tobacco smoke, maternal smoking during pregnancy, environmental tobacco smoke during the first 3 years of the child’s life) and the determinants parental educational level, time and region. In Germany, the risk of environmental tobacco smoke exposure among 6-year-old children was strongly associated with parental educational level (odds ratio: ≥2 ‘low’/‘middle’ versus ‘high’ parental educational level). In West Germany, environmental tobacco smoke exposure generally exhibited a decreasing trend of about 20%. In contrast, in East Germany the environmental tobacco smoke exposure was only decreasing for children of parents with higher education. The gap between low and high parental educational level with respect to current children’s tobacco smoke exposure has increased from 1991 to 2000 in East Germany. A considerable fresh increase of maternal smoking during pregnancy could be observed around 1991 in both parts of Germany. In East Germany, the transition from a socialist economic system to a market economy after reunification might in part explain the increased gap of tobacco smoke exposure between children of parents with lower and higher educational levels.

As part of a project on environmental disasters in minority populations, this study aimed to evaluate differences in the sequence of N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) as a metabolic susceptibility gene in yet unexplored ethnicities. Eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the NAT2 coding region and a variant in the 3′ flanking region were analyzed in 290 unrelated Kyrgyz and 140 unrelated Romanians by SNP-specific PCR analysis. The variants 341C, 481T, and 803G were less and 857A more prevalent in Kyrgyz (P < 0.0001). The variant at site 857 indicates Asian descent. 282C>T and 590G>A showed no significant variation by ethnicity. 364G>A and 411A>T turned out to be monomorphic. Database comparisons of the NAT2 minor allele frequencies support that Romanians belong to Caucasians and Kyrgyz are in between Caucasians and East Asians. The distributions of predicted haplotypes differed significantly between the two ethnicities where the Kyrgyz showed a higher genetic diversity. The haplotype without mutations was more common in Kyrgyz (40.1% in Kyrgyz, 29.3% in Romanians). Accordingly, the imputed slow acetylator phenotype was less prevalent in Kyrgyz (35.2% versus 51.4% in Romanians). We found pronounced ethnic differences in NAT2 genotypes with yet unknown effect on the health risks for environmental or occupational exposures in minority populations. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;(15)1:138–41)

Low-level exposure to polychlorinated biphenyl-153 (PCB-153) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p-p′-DDE) can impair fetal growth; however, the exposure–response relationship and effect modifiers of such association are not well established. This study is an extension of an earlier European meta-analysis. Our aim was to explore exposure–response relationship between PCB-153 and p-p′-DDE and birth outcomes; to evaluate whether any no exposure–effect level and susceptible subgroups exist; and to assess the role of maternal gestational weight gain (GWG). We used a pooled dataset of 9377 mother–child pairs enrolled in 14 study populations from 11 European birth cohorts. General additive models were used to evaluate the shape of the relationships between organochlorine compounds and birth outcomes. We observed an inverse linear exposure–response relationship between prenatal exposure to PCB-153 and birth weight [decline of 194 g (95% CI −314, −74) per 1 μg/L increase in PCB-153]. We showed effects on birth weight over the entire exposure range, including at low levels. This reduction seems to be stronger among children of mothers who were non-Caucasian or had smoked during pregnancy. The most susceptible subgroup was girls whose mothers smoked during pregnancy. After adjusting for absolute GWG or estimated fat mass, a reduction in birth weight was still observed. This study suggests that the association between low-level exposure to PCB-153 and birth weight exists and follows an inverse linear exposure–response relationship with effects even at low levels, and that maternal smoking and ethnicity modify this association. Keywords: Biomarkers of exposure, Persistent organic pollutants, Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), Birth weight

Between 1991 and 2000, ambient air pollution in East Germany changed to resemble West German pollution levels: The concentration of total suspended particles (TSPs) decreased on a broad scale while traffic increased. During that time, we analyzed total lung capacity (TLC) and airway resistance (R(aw)) of East and West German children. We tested children 5-7 years of age (n = 2,574) with cooperation-independent body plethysmography in repeated cross sections. We used random-effect models to determine the mutually adjusted association between lung function and short-term and chronic particle exposure and its interaction with living near a busy road. Annual averages of TSPs declined from 77 to 44 microg/m2; averages on the day of investigation declined from 133 to 30 microg/m2. Differences in lung function between East and West German children vanished during the investigation time. The association of TSPs with R(aw) and TLC was stronger in children living > 50 m away from busy roads. East German children from this group had an R(aw) 2.5% higher [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.0-5.1%] per 40-microg/m2 increase of daily TSP averages. TLC decreased by 6.2% (95% CI, 0.04-11.6%) per 40-microg/m2 increase in annual mean TSPs, and this effect was equally pronounced in East and West Germany. TSP exposure decreased on a broad scale between 1991 and 2000. Lower concentrations of TSPs were associated with better measures of lung function in 6-year-old children. For children living near busy roads, this effect was diminished.

Objectives: Hormone-replacement therapy (HRT) is an established risk factor for breast cancer. HRT users are different from non-users with respect to socio-economic and other characteristics. There may be women where the HRT-related risk could be modulated by other factors. Methods: We conducted a population-based case–control study with 688 breast cancer cases and 724 controls to characterize HRT users and to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for HRT use and potentially risk modifying factors. Results: In women aged 50 years and older, 58% of controls and 61% of cases ever used HRT. Among women in natural menopause, HRT use for 10 years and more years was associated with an increased breast cancer risk (OR 1.79, 95% CI, 1.12–2.87), but not among women in surgical menopause (OR 0.61, 95% CI, 0.09–4.17). In the subgroup of women with a positive family history of breast cancer, each year of HRT use increased the risk by 1.22 (95% CI, 1.02–1.47). Another subgroup comprised women with at least 10 diagnostic mammograms (OR 4.04, 95% CI, 1.10–14.81 for using HRT 10 or more years). Conclusions: Long-term HRT use was associated with a breast cancer risk in women with natural menopause. Our findings suggest that this risk may be increased in women with a positive family history of breast cancer and in women who received frequent diagnostic mammographic screens.

House dust and airborne particles (PM) were sampled before (T1) and 1 day (T2), 4-6 months (T3) as well as 10-12 months (T4) after a pest control operation (PCO). Cyfluthrin was applied in 11, cypermethrin in 1, deltamethrin in three and permethrin in four interiors. The pyrethroid concentrations in house dust and PM were measured by GC/MS with a detection limit for all pyrethroids of 0.5 mg/kg house dust and of 1 ng/m3 PM for deltamethrin and permethrin and 3 ng/m3 PM for cyfluthrin and cypermethrin. A general background concentration of permethrin (95th percentile: 5.9 mg/kg) and cyfluthrin (95th percentile: 34.9 mg/kg) in house dust was found. In general, an appropriately performed PCO lead to an increase of pyrethroids in house dust as well as in PM, in some cases up to 1 year after application. One day after the application the cyfluthrin concentration increased significantly from 0.25 (T1) to 33.8 mg/kg house dust (T2) and up to 4.9 ng/m3 in PM. The permethrin concentration increased significantly from 4.3 to 70 mg/kg in house dust and up to 18.1 ng/m3 in PM, deltamethrin increased to 54.5 mg/kg and 20.8 ng/m3 and cypermethrin to 14 mg/kg and 45.7 ng/m3. Thereafter a continuous decrease could be observed during the time course of 1 year. After 1 year the permethrin concentration in house dust was still 1/5 of the T2 concentration, whereas for cypermethrin and cyfluthrin only 1/14 and 1/23 of the T2 concentration were found. Deltamethrin was not detected at all after T2. Moreover, the data of this study showed significant, positive correlations between pyrethroids in house dust and in airborne particles especially one day after PCO.

The associations between As levels in fingernails with both As concentrations in urine and environmental samples are reported. The participants (aged 20-80 years, mean 66 years) lived in the vicinity of a coal-burning power plant with high As emissions in the Prievidza District, Slovakia. Samples were taken in 1999 and 2000. The As levels in fingernails (n = 524) were measured after washing and digestion with microwave heating by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry. The spot urine samples (n = 436) were speciated for inorganic As (As(inorg)), monomethylarsonic (MMA) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) by hydride-cryogenic trap-atomic absorption spectrometry. The geometric mean As level in fingernails was 0.10 mug/g (range,0.01-2.94 microg/g). There was a clear association between As in fingernails and the distance of the home to the power plant (P0.001). Geometric mean As levels were: 0.17 microg/g distanceor = 5 km, 0.10 microg/g 6-10 km and 0.08 microg/g10 km. The association between the distance to the power plant and total urinary As (As(sum)) (n = 436, no fish consumption during the last 3 days before sample collection) was less pronounced (P = 0.018). The As levels in fingernails were positively correlated to As in soil (n = 207, r = 0.23, P0.001) and to As in house dust (n = 209, r = 0.30, P0.001). The associations between urinary As(sum) and As concentrations in soil (n = 159, r = 0.13, P0.105) and in house dust (n = 162, r = 0.14, P0.081) were quite similar. As levels in fingernails were associated with urinary As(sum) and with the different As species in urine. It is concluded that As levels in fingernails are a reliable marker of environmental As exposure, and that As concentrations in fingernails reflect the As exposure in a similar manner compared with urinary As(sum) and As species.

Following recommendations from literature, 22 diagnostic tests for the most frequent complaints of indoor air health problems were selected and assessed for their applicability in epidemiological studies. The tests were applied seven times during one year to 40 volunteers who to all appearances were not affected by indoor air health problems. Most psychophysical tests (e. g., Continuous Performance Test) turned out to be suitable, but physiological tests were either heavily disturbed by technical problems (e. g., portable electrogastrography), or biased by application techniques (e. g., acoustic rhinometry), or were simply too time-consuming (e. g., PC-based voice analysis). Hence, as standardized measurements and quantitative diagnostic tests in epidemiological indoor air health research may contribute to a better understanding of cause-effect relationships and yield new approaches for preventive and therapeutic strategies, more research is urgently needed to develop and evaluate suitable physiological tests and functional measurements.

Objectives: We examined which occupations and industries are currently at high risk for bladder cancer in men. Methods: We combined data from 11 case–control studies conducted between 1976–1996 in six European countries. The study comprised 3346 incident cases and 6840 controls, aged 30–79 years. Lifetime occupational and smoking histories were examined using common coding. Results: Odds ratios for eight a priori defined high-risk occupations were low, and with the exception of metal workers and machinists (OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.02–1.32), were not statistically significant. Higher risks were observed for specific categories of painters, metal, textile and electrical workers, for miners, transport operators, excavating-machine operators, and also for non-industrial workers such as concierges and janitors. Industries entailing a high risk included salt mining, manufacture of carpets, paints, plastics and industrial chemicals. An increased risk was found for exposure to PAHs (OR for highest exposure tertile = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.07–1.4). The risk attributable to occupation ranged from 4.2 to 7.4%, with an estimated 4.3% for exposure to PAHs. Conclusions: Metal workers, machinists, transport equipment operators and miners are among the major occupations contributing to occupational bladder cancer in men in Western Europe. In this population one in 10 to one in 20 cancers of the bladder can be attributed to occupation.

To assess the arsenic exposure of a population living in the vicinity of a coal-burning power plant with high arsenic emission in the Prievidza District, Slovakia, 548 spot urine samples were speciated for inorganic As (Asinorg), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), and their sum (Assum). The urine samples were collected from the population of a case-control study on nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC). A total of 411 samples with complete As speciations and sufficient urine quality and without fish consumption were used for statistical analysis. Although current environmental As exposure and urinary As concentrations were low (median As in soil within 5 km distance to the power plant, 41 micro g/g; median urinary Assum, 5.8 microg/L), there was a significant but weak association between As in soil and urinary Assum(r = 0.21, p < 0.01). We performed a multivariate regression analysis to calculate adjusted regression coefficients for environmental As exposure and other determinants of urinary As. Persons living in the vicinity of the plant had 27% higher Assum values (p < 0.01), based on elevated concentrations of the methylated species. A 32% increase of MMA occurred among subjects who consumed homegrown food (p < 0.001). NMSC cases had significantly higher levels of Assum, DMA, and Asinorg. The methylation index Asinorg/(MMA + DMA) was about 20% lower among cases (p < 0.05) and in men (p < 0.05) compared with controls and females, respectively.

A prospective epidemiological study with respect to pyrethroid exposure was carried out combining clinical examination, indoor monitoring and biological monitoring. The results of the biological monitoring are presented. Biological monitoring was performed in 57 persons before (T1) as well as 1 day (T2), 3 days (T3), 4-6 months (T4), and 10-12 months (T5) following a pest control operation (PCO) with pyrethroid containing products such as cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin or permethrin. Pyrethroids in blood were measured by GC-ECD. The respective metabolities cis- and trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (DCCA), cis-3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (DBCA), 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) and fluorophenoxybenzoic acid (FPBA) were measured in urine using GC/MS. For all cases the concentrations of pyrethroids in blood were found to be below the detection limit of 5 micrograms/l before and after the PCO. With a detection limit of 0.2 microgram/l of the investigated metabolites, the percentage of positive samples were 7% for cis-DCCA, 3.5% for trans-DCCA and 5.3% for 3-PBA before PCO. One day after PCO (T2) the percentage of positive samples increased remarkably for cis-DCCA (21.5%), trans-DCCA (32.1%) and 3-PBA (25%) showing significantly increased internal doses as compared to pre-existing values. This holds also true for T3, whereas at T4 and T5 the significant increase was no more present. FPBA and DBCA concentrations were below the respective detection limit before PCO and also in most cases after PCO. In 72% of the subjects the route of pyrethroid uptake (measured by determining the DCCA isomeric ratio) was oral/inhalative and in 28% it was dermal. Based on the biological monitoring data it could be shown that appropriately performed pest control operations lead to a significant increase of pyrethroid metabolite concentration in the early phase (1 and 3 days) after pyrethroid application as compared to the pre-exposure values. However, evaluated metabolite concentrations 4-6 months after PCO did not exceed values of published background levels.

Lead contents in hair, whole blood and saliva were determined for 245 healthy children (121 male, 124 female, age: 8-10 years) from three residential areas of Düsseldorf (North-Rhine-Westphalia, Germany) with different traffic densities. The geometric mean for the lead content in hair was found to be 0.87 microg/g (range: 0.2-9.9 microg/g) for the entire test group. While the levels of lead in hair in the suburban population were significantly lower than in the two city centre populations, no significant difference concerning the lead content in hair could be detected in the latter. The geometric mean for lead concentration in whole blood amounted to 25.0 microg/l (range: 8.0-154 microg/l). There was no significant difference between the sub-groups. The lead concentrations found in saliva were rather low (range:1.5-47.0 microg/l). Of the values, 89% were below the detection limit of 1.5 microg/l. Due to reduced levels of lead in fuel, the present study exposes that the amount of lead in the children examined has further decreased compared to preceding surveys. The correlation between the lead content in hair and the road traffic density was not corroborated by the findings with regard to amounts of lead found in blood, indicating that residual lead from fuel does not result in a substantial burden of lead found in the whole body. In contrast to levels of lead found in blood, levels of lead found in hair may be influenced more by environmental conditions. Saliva is not a suitable material for biological monitoring with respect to lead exposure in children.

Mercury levels measured in urine, hair, and saliva of 245 German children (8-10 years old) are reported. Mercury concentrations in urine ranged between

To investigate the risk of arsenic exposure from a coal-burning power plant in Slovakia on nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) development, a 1996-1999 population-based case-control study was conducted with 264 cases and 286 controls. Exposure assessment was based on residential history and annual emissions (Asres1, Asres2) and on nutritional habits and arsenic content in food (Asnut1, Asnut2). Asres1 was assessed as a function of the distance of places of residence to the plant. Asres2 additionally considered workplace locations. Asnut1 was used to calculate arsenic uptake by weighting food frequencies with arsenic concentrations and annual consumption of food items. Asnut2 additionally considered consumption of local products. Age- and gender-adjusted risk estimates for NMSC in the highest exposure category (90th vs. 30th percentile) were 1.90 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.39, 2.60) for Asres1, 1.90 (95% CI: 1.38, 2.62) for Asres2, 1.19 (95% CI: 0.64, 2.12) for Asnut1, and 1.83 (95% CI: 0.98, 3.43) for Asnut2. No interaction was found between arsenic exposure and dietary and residential data. Other plant emissions could have confounded the distance-based exposure variables. Consumption of contaminated vegetables and fruits could be confounded by the protective effects of such a diet. Nevertheless, the authors found an excess NMSC risk for environmental arsenic exposure.

Background This multicentre population-based case-control study was conducted to estimate the urothelial cancer risk for occupational exposure to aromatic amines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and chlorinated hydrocarbons besides other suspected risk factors. Methods In a population-based multicentre study, 1035 incident urothelial cancer cases and 4298 controls matched for region, sex, and age were interviewed between 1991 and 1995 for their occupational history and lifestyle habits. Exposure to the agents under study was self-assessed as well as expert-rated with two job-exposure matrices and a job task-exposure matrix. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate smoking adjusted odds ratios (OR) and to control for study centre and age. Results Urothelial cancer risk following exposure to aromatic amines was only slightly elevated. Among males, substantial exposures to PAH as well as to chlorinated solvents and their corresponding occupational settings were associated with significantly elevated risks after adjustment for smoking (PAH exposure, assessed with a job-exposure matrix: OR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1-2.3, exposure to chlorinated solvents, assessed with a job task-exposure matrix: OR = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.2-2.6). Metal degreasing showed an elevated urothelial cancer risk among males (OR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.4-3.8). In females also, exposure to chlorinated solvents indicated a urothelial cancer risk. Because of small numbers the risk evaluation for females should be treated with caution. Conclusions Occupational exposure to aromatic amines could not be shown to be as strong a risk factor for urothelial carcinomas as in the past. A possible explanation for this finding is the reduction in exposure over the last 50 years. Our results strengthen the evidence that PAH may have a carcinogenic potential for the urothelium. Furthermore, our results indicate a urothelial cancer risk for the use of chlorinated solvents.

Background: In studies in men, risk estimates on occupation and bladder cancer are distorted by about 10% when not adjusting for smoking. We examined the degree to which occupational risk estimates for bladder cancer in women are confounded by smoking, and the degree of residual confounding by inadequate control of this effect. Methods: Primary data of 11 case-control studies on occupation and bladder cancer from Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, and Spain were pooled. Information for smoking and lifetime occupational history for 700 female cases and 2,425 female controls ages 30–79 was abstracted and recoded. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) by occupation, applying five models which differed in their degree of adjustment for smoking. Results: In major occupational groups, risk estimates were distorted by less than 10% when not adjusting for smoking. A statistically significant excess risk for bladder cancer was found in 13 specific occupations and industries. In most occupations, adjustment for smoking led the ORs towards the null value, but all statistically significant associations were maintained after adjustment. In three occupations (lathe operators, field crop workers, and wood manufacturers), a statistically significant excess risk was masked when not adjusting for smoking. In six occupations, estimates were distorted by more than 10% (−22% up to +40%). In occupations where smoking acted as a positive confounder, the proportion of confounding removed using a dichotomous smoking variable (ever/never) was around 60%. In one occupation (buyers), controlling for smoking status (ever, never) led to over-adjustment, because the percentage of smokers was high but the quantity smoked was low. Conclusions: Tobacco smoking was not found to be a major confounder for the association between occupation and bladder cancer in women. Most of this confounding effect could be removed by adjustment by smoking status (ever/never), without consideration of amount or duration of smoking. Am. J. Ind. Med. 36:75–82, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Objectives: We examined the importance of occupational exposures for bladder cancer in women. Methods: We combined data from 11 case-control studies conducted between 1976 and 1996 in six European countries. The pooled data comprised 700 incident female cases and 2425 population or hospital controls, aged 3079 years. Lifetime occupational and smoking history were examined using common coding. Results: Excess risks were found in only a few of the occupations previously identified at high risk for bladder cancer. Statistically significant excess risks were observed for metal workers, particularly blacksmiths, toolmakers and machine tool operators (OR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.1-3.6), tobacco workers (OR: 3.1, 95% CI: 1.1-9.3), field crop and vegetable farm workers (OR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.0-3.1), tailors and dress makers (OR: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.0-2.1), saleswomen (OR: 2.6, 95% CI: 1.0-6.9), and mail sorting clerks (OR: 4.4, 95% CI: 1.0-19.5). About 8% (95% CI: 3.1-19.9) of all bladder cancers in women could be attributed to occupation after adjusting for smoking. The attributable risk was higher in women aged less than 65 years (12%), compared to older women (4%). Conclusions: The calculation of the attributable risk on the basis of results from this analysis may have caused some overestimation of the proportion of occupational bladder cancer in women. A significant proportion, however, of bladder cancer cases among European women less than 65 years is likely to be attributed to occupation. This link between bladder cancer in women and occupational factors has received little recognition, probably because studies addressing these issues have predominantly been done in men.

Background: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation phototherapy has been used for decades in the management of common skin diseases. On the other hand, UV radiation is a complete carcinogen and as a consequence, UV phototherapy is usually not used for the long-term management of children and young adults and in combination with topical or systemic immunosuppressants. Purpose: The therapeutic effectiveness of a new UV-free irradiation device in the treatment of patients with atopic hand and/or foot eczema was studied. Methods: In a single-blinded trial 10 patients with atopic hand and/or foot eczema were treated with a sham irradiation device and with the new developed UV-free irradiation device DermoDyne® during the following 4 weeks. All irradiation's lasted 30 min per treatment three times weekly. Results: UV-free irradiation was found to induce a significant clinical improvement of atopic hand and foot eczema (P=0.0001) in marked contrast to the sham-irradiation (P=0.39). Conclusion: Our studies demonstrate that visible light can be successfully used for the treatment of patients with atopic eczema.

Background: Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants that have been characterized as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Objectives: Within the Duisburg birth cohort study, we studied associations of prenatal exposure to PCDD/Fs and PCBs with parent-reported sexually dimorphic behavior in children. Methods: We measured lipid-based and WHO2005-TEQ (toxic equivalents established in 2005 by the World Health Organization)–standardized PCDD/Fs and PCBs in maternal blood samples and in early breast milk using gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry. At the child’s age of 6–8 years, parents (mostly mothers) reported sex-typical characteristics, preferred toys, and play activities using the Pre-School Activities Inventory (PSAI), which was used to derive feminine, masculine, and difference (feminine – masculine) scores. We estimated exposure–outcome associations using multivariate linear regression. A total of 91–109 children were included in this follow-up. Results: Mean blood levels of summed WHO2005-TEQ–standardized dioxins (ΣPCDD/Fs) were 14.5 ± 6.4 pg/g blood lipids, and ΣPCBs were 6.9 ± 3.8 pg/g blood lipids, with similar values for milk lipids. Regression analyses revealed some highly significant interactions between sex and exposure—such as for ΣPCBs in milk, pronounced positive (boys: β = 3.24; CI = 1.35, 5.14) or negative (girls: β = –3.59; CI = –1.10, –6.08) associations with reported femininity. Less pronounced and mostly insignificant but consistent associations were found for the masculinity score, positive for boys and negative for girls. Conclusions: Given our results and the findings of previous studies, we conclude that there is sufficient evidence that these EDCs modify behavioral sexual dimorphism in children, presumably by interacting with the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis. Citation: Winneke G, Ranft U, Wittsiepe J, Kasper-Sonnenberg M, Fürst P, Krämer U, Seitner G, Wilhelm M. 2014. Behavioral sexual dimorphism in school-age children and early developmental exposure to dioxins and PCBs: a follow-up study of the Duisburg Cohort. Environ Health Perspect 122:292–298; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1306533

In 1999-2000 an epidemiological study was carried out to investigate arsenic exposure and risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer in the population around a power station in Slovakia. As part of the exposure assessment for that study, markers of physiological exposure to arsenic (urinary arsenic and nail arsenic) and measures of environmental arsenic were taken. Residential history and arsenic emissions were combined in a measure used to classify the study population's exposure. Here, we take a model designed to estimate the daily arsenic absorption and urinary arsenic excretion developed by the US EPA and compare its output to the values for measured urinary arsenic, measured environmental arsenic and modelled food arsenic used in the previous study. We found that the US EPA model underestimated arsenic exposure in this population. Potential misclassification compared to the exposure used previously was also quantified, with poor agreement between a measured biomarker of current arsenic exposure and modelled estimates of arsenic uptake and excretion. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Residual tumor resection (RTR) after chemotherapy in patients with advanced germ cell tumors (GCT) is an important part of the multimodal treatment. To provide a complete resection of residual tumor, additional surgical procedures are sometimes necessary. In particular, additional vascular interventions are high-risk procedures that require multidisciplinary planning and adequate resources to optimize outcome.The aim was to identify parameters that predict additional vascular procedures during RTR in GCT patients.A retrospective analysis was performed in 402 GCT patients who underwent 414 RTRs in 9 German Testicular Cancer Study Group (GTCSG) centers. Overall, 339 of 414 RTRs were evaluable with complete perioperative data sets.The RTR database was queried for additional vascular procedures (inferior vena cava [IVC] interventions, aortic prosthesis) and correlated to International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group (IGCCCG) classification and residual tumor volume.In 40 RTRs, major vascular procedures (23 IVC resections with or without prosthesis, 11 partial IVC resections, and 6 aortic prostheses) were performed. In univariate analysis, the necessity of IVC intervention was significantly correlated with IGCCCG (14.1% intermediate/poor vs 4.8% good; p=0.0047) and residual tumor size (3.7% size5 cm vs 17.9% size ≥ 5 cm; p0.0001). In multivariate analysis, IVC intervention was significantly associated with residual tumor size ≥ 5 cm (odds ratio [OR]: 4.61; p=0.0007). In a predictive model combining residual tumor size and IGCCCG classification, every fifth patient (20.4%) with a residual tumor size ≥ 5 cm and intermediate or poor prognosis needed an IVC intervention during RTR. The need for an aortic prosthesis showed no correlation to either IGCCCG (p=0.1811) or tumor size (p=0.0651).The necessity for IVC intervention during RTR is correlated to residual tumor size and initial IGCCCG classification. Patients with high-volume residual tumors and intermediate or poor risk features must initially be identified as high-risk patients for vascular procedures and therefore should be referred to specialized surgical centers with the ad hoc possibility of vascular interventions.

Background and aims: PCDD/F and PCBs have been described to interfere with the endocrine system. We examine if the prenatal exposure to these chemicals will influence the development of children du...

Advanced age and female sex are associated with increased myocardial stiffness, even in the absence of cardiovascular disease. Left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and left atrial (LA) enlargement are typical findings in patients with LV diastolic dysfunction (DD). Because DD has been described in asymptomatic subjects, its clinical impact remains controversial. It has previously been hypothesized that mild DD has no clinical impact when natriuretic peptide levels are normal. The present study aimed to determine the impact of LA volume and LV mass on DD in elderly women.A cross-sectional survey was used to investigate a cohort of 311 randomly selected, nonhospitalized elderly women (mean [± SD] age 74.3±2.9 years). Examination comprised quality of life, measurement of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels and echocardiography. The prevalences of different degrees of DD were as follows: mild 47.9% (n=149), moderate 36.7% (n=114) and severe 4.8% (n=15). Compared with normal diastolic function, moderate and severe DD were associated with higher BNP levels (P=0.038 and P0.001, respectively) and elevated indexes of LA volume (LAVI) (P=0.007 and P0.001, respectively) and LV mass (LVMI) (P=0.074 and P=0.017, respectively). Participants with normal diastolic function and mild DD had no significant differences in quality of life, BNP levels, LAVI or LVMI.Mild DD is common in elderly women and is not associated with increased BNP levels or poor quality of life. Compared with individuals with moderate and severe DD, LAVI and LVMI are normal in patients with mild DD.

Malaria belongs to the infectious diseases with the highest morbidity and mortality worldwide. As a vector-borne disease malaria distribution is strongly influenced by environmental factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between malaria risk and different land cover classes by using high-resolution multispectral Ikonos images and Poisson regression analyses. The association of malaria incidence with land cover around 12 villages in the Ashanti Region, Ghana, was assessed in 1,988 children

Background and objective: Nickel is one of the most prevalent causes of contact allergy in the general population. This study focuses on human exposure to airborne nickel and its potential to induce allergic sensitization. Materials and methods: The study group consisted of 309 children at school-starter age living in the West of Germany in the vicinity of two industrial sources and in a rural town without nearby point sources of nickel. An exposure assessment of nickel in ambient air was available for children in the Ruhr district using routinely monitored ambient air quality data and dispersion modelling. Internal nickel exposure was assessed by nickel concentrations in morning urine samples of the children. Results: The observed nickel sensitization prevalence rates varied between 12.6% and 30.7%. Statistically significant associations were showed between exposure to nickel in ambient air and urinary nickel concentration as well as between urinary nickel concentration and nickel sensitization. Furthermore, an elevated prevalence of nickel sensitization was associated with exposure to increased nickel concentrations in ambient air. Conclusion: The observed associations support the assumption that inhaled nickel in ambient air might be a risk factor for nickel sensitization; further studies in larger collectives are necessary.

Aims The application of tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) as an additional echocardiographic tool to analyse right ventricular (RV) systolic function has been recently established and two-dimensional-guided M-mode measurements of systolic long axis function of the RV are simple, repeatable, and highly reproducible. However, rare data are available on normal values. We aimed to analyse normal values in healthy women >70 years of age. Methods and results In a cross-sectional survey, we investigated a cohort of randomly selected, non-hospitalized women >70 years of age. History of myocardial infarction, valvular heart disease, and diastolic dysfunction were exclusion criteria. In order to rule out left ventricular or RV dysfunction, a normal left ventricular ejection fraction and normal values of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) were necessary prior to study inclusion. A detailed echocardiographic examination was performed. A total of 80 participants were included (mean age 75 ± 2.6 years). Mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 63.8 ± 5.7%. Tissue Doppler derived mean E / E ′ ratio was 10 ± 2.3. Mean right atrial diameter was 31.3 ± 4.7 mm. Mean values for RV outflow tract and RV dimension were 27.3 ± 3.6 and 28.8 ± 3.7 mm, respectively. Mean TAPSE was 23.7 ± 3.5 mm. Mean value of BNP was normal (42.5 ± 35.7 pg/mL). Conclusion In women >70 years of age without heart failure, structural heart disease, and neurohormonal activation, normal TAPSE values are ∼24 mm.

Background While adverse effects of exposure to air pollutants on respiratory health are well studied, little is known about the effect of a reduction in air pollutants on chronic respiratory symptoms and diseases. We investigated whether different declines in air pollution levels in industrialised and rural areas in Germany were associated with changes in respiratory health over a period of about 20 years. Methods We used data from the SALIA cohort study in Germany (Study on the influence of Air pollution on Lung function, Inflammation and Aging) to assess the association between the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic respiratory symptoms and the decline in air pollution exposure. In 1985-1994, 4874 women aged 55-years took part in the baseline investigation. Of these, 2116 participated in a questionnaire follow-up in 2006 and in a subgroup of 402 women lung function was tested in 2008-2009. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) models were used to estimate the effect of a reduction in air pollution on respiratory symptoms and diseases. Results Ambient air concentrations of particulate matter with aerodynamic size < 10 μm (PM10) declined in average by 20 μg/m3. Prevalence of chronic cough with phlegm production and mild COPD at baseline investigation compared to follow-up was 9.5% vs. 13.3% and 8.6% vs. 18.2%, respectively. A steeper decline of PM10 was observed in the industrialized areas in comparison to the rural area, this was associated with a weaker increase in prevalence of respiratory symptoms and COPD. Among women who never smoked, the prevalence of chronic cough with phlegm and mild COPD was estimated at 21.4% and 39.5%, respectively, if no air pollution reduction was assumed, and at 13.3% and 17.5%, respectively, if air pollution reduction was assumed. Conclusion We concluded that parallel to the decline of ambient air pollution over the last 20 years in the Ruhr area the age-related increase in chronic respiratory diseases and symptoms appears to attenuate in the population of elderly women.

Background At the time of the German reunification in 1990, manifestations of most allergic diseases were less prevalent in East than in West Germany. It was hypothesized that these East-West differences would diminish with lifestyle and pollution changes in East Germany. Objective To investigate whether changes in the prevalence of asthma, hayfever, eczema or allergic sensitization in East Germany approached the levels seen in West Germany and to identify possible lifestyle or environmental factors that may influence this. Methods Between 1991 and 2000, 6-year-old children from four areas in East Germany participated in an annual survey. Every 3rd year, a parallel survey was performed in four areas of West Germany. In total, 31 903 children were included. Parents completed a questionnaire regarding lifestyle factors and diagnoses and symptoms of asthma, hayfever and eczema. In sub-areas, eczema was clinically assessed by a dermatologist. Specific IgE sensitization was determined for 6121 children. Logistic regression was used to analyse differences in time trends and the influence of lifestyle and pollution changes. Results Lifestyle and pollution changed significantly differently between East and West Germany. The trends in hayfever and in strong (specific IgE >3.5) sensitization against pollen, and particularly birch pollen, were steeper in East than in West Germany. The trend towards marked pollen sensitization was four times stronger (95% confidence interval 1.2-13.9) in East than in West Germany. Increasing numbers of only children, less single-room heating with fossil fuels and increasing importance of traffic-related pollution in East Germany partly explained these differences in time trends. Conclusions Hayfever and sensitization against pollen were the most sensitive allergic manifestations to changes experienced specifically in East Germany. Influences of lifestyle (single-room heating, living as a single child) were important in explaining different trend developments.

Recently, it has become clear that the complexity of environmental health issues requires an approach that takes into account the complexities, interdependencies and uncertainties of the real world. An urgent issue that has surfaced is the need for accurate tools to better describe exposure characterization to environmental chemicals. By including human biomonitoring (HBM) data, a greater precision in exposure and associated risk estimates and more accurate doseresponse relationships may be achieved. A restricting issue still is the availability of reliable and comparable HBM data. The aim of the current study was twofold: (1) to find out whether it is practically feasible to collect raw, individual HBM data across Europe; and (2) to evaluate the comparability and use of these HBM data for environmental health impact assessment at a European scale. Blood-lead (B-Pb) was selected as the chemical of choice because of its long history as an environmental pollutant in HBM programs and its known public health relevance. Through literature search and identification of HBM experts across Europe, HBM programs that measured B-Pb were identified and asked to share individual data on age, gender and B-Pb levels. Following this request, more than 20,000 individual data points from 8 European countries were collected. Analysing these data made clear that it is difficult to use disparate data collections because of the inherent variability with respect to the gender and age of participants and calendar-years sampled. When these confounders were taken however, there was no additional variability in B-Pb distributions among different countries. It was concluded that while it is possible to collect HBM data from different sources across Europe, the need to get data from comparable (sub-)populations is essential for appropriate use and interpretation of HBM data for environmental health impact assessment.