Search

Hyptiotes nonggang new species Figures 2–9 Type material: Holotype (HNU540): ♁ CHINA, Guangxi Autonomous Region, Chongzuo City, Longzhou County, Nonggang National Reserve, Xiangshui Protection Station, 22°26.13'N, 107°1.43'E, 262m, 1 XI, 2017, Ailan He, Keke Liu, Qu Cai, Jihe Liu, Jinxin Liu and Zongguang Huang leg. Paratypes: 1♀ (HNU541), the same collecting information as holotype; 3♁ 3♀ (HNU542–547) Nonggang National Reserve, Nonggang Protection Station, 22°27.84'N, 106°55.95'E, 228m, 26 X, 2017, collected by the same people as above. Etymology. The species epithet is derived from the type locality, Nonggang National Reserve, Guangxi, China. Diagnosis. The male of the new species resembles that of Hyptiotes dentatus Wunderlich 2008 in having two tegular apophyses, and a very long embolus circling around the bulb for more than one circle but can be distinguished from each other by different positions of origin of embolus and different shapes of tegular apophyses 2 (TE2) and terminal apophyses (TA): embolus approximately originated from the seven o’clock and so can be seen in the prolateral view of palpal organ in the new species (Figs 4A, 5A), while embolus approximately originated at the nine o’clock (the right palp described in Wunderlich, 2008) and can be seen in the prolateral view of palpal organ in H. dentatus (Wunderlich 2008: fig. 9); TE2 extended flat, extending transversely in the new species (Figs 4C, 5C), while TE2 slender, extending longitudinally in H. dentatus (Wunderlich 2008: figs 8, 9); TA highly sclerotized, like an macrosetae in the new species (Figs 4C, 5C), while TA wide and flat, membranous and translucent in H. dentatus (Wunderlich 2008: figs 8, 9). The male of the new species also resembles that of H. paradoxus but can be distinguished easily from each other by median apophysis (MA) and TE2: MA with a wide apical part in new species (Figs 4C, 5C), while with a narrow apical part in H. paradoxus (Figs 12C, 13C). TE2 with only one end in new species (Figs 4C, 5C), while with two ends in H. paradoxus (Figs 12C, 13C). The female of the new species resembles that of Hyptiotes gerhardti Wiehle 1929 in having similar receptacula (R), and long and twisted copulatory ducts (CD), but can be distinguished from each other by the number of loops of accessory glands (AG) and the developed degrees of median ridge (MR), AG twisted to form at least 7 regular loops around receptaculum in the new species (Figs 8B, 9B), while AG twisted, but not to form regular loops in H. gerhardti (Wunderlich 2017: fig. 14). MR weak in the new species (Fig. 8C), while MR developed in H. gerhardti (Wunderlich 2017: figs 13, 14). The obvious difference between the females of new species and H. paradoxus is that MR of the new species is inconspicuous (Fig. 8C), while that of the latter is distinct (Fig. 16C). Description. Male. Total length 2.83, carapace 1.08 long, 1.13 wide, abdomen 2.58 long, 2.04 wide. Carapace deep brown, nearly triangular, narrow anteriorly, and sparsely covered with plumose setae. Clypeus slightly light in color, with two brown longitudinal strips in front of ALE (The position pointed by the red arrows in Figs 2A, 3A). Eye area strongly elevated. Fovea wide and deep. Eight eyes are present, but ALE degenerated, only dark red marks remained. Posterior border of MOA about six times of the anterior border in width. Eye diameters: AME 0.06, PME 0.12, PLE 0.13, AME-AME 0.02, AME-PME 0.22, PME-PME 0.56, PME-PLE 0.31, PLE-PLE 0.91 (Figs 2A, C; 3A). Endite almost as long as wide. Labium triangular. Sternum yellow, shield-shaped, with a posterior hump (Fig. 2B). Legs brown dorsally and yellowish ventrally, bearing many strong bristles (Fig. 2A, B). Femur III with a row of trichobothria dorsally and metatarsus IV with calamistrum dorsally (Fig. 3C, D). Leg formula 1423. Leg measurements: I 3.49 (1.18, 0.36, 0.81, 0.84, 0.3); II 2.44 (0.87, 0.31, 0.32, 0.67, 0.27); III 2.06 (0.67, 0.21, 0.31, 0.53, 0.34); IV 2.70 (0.83, 0.37, 0.55, 0.67, 0.28). Abdomen oval, light yellow, covered with short setae and plumose setae, and dorsally with irregular dark spots and two rows of white dots in the middle line; ventrally, anterior spinnerets much larger than others. Cribellum wide, close to spinnerets. (Figs 2B, C; 3B). Palp (Figs 4, 5). Terminal apophysis sclerotized and bending towards prolateral side. Median apophysis strong, highly sclerotized, with the apical part rolled towards both base and venter. Tegular apophysis 1 membranous, transversely extending and slightly twisting. Tegular apophysis 2 strong sclerotized, transversely extending, with a slender apical end bending towards base. Conductor consisting of two parts: one part with a strong sclerotized apical part; the other part membranous, gradually becoming narrow. Embolus extremely long, with the original point be seen in the prolateral side. Cymbium long and narrow, with numerous of long setae. Patella and tibia with a strong bristle each and tibia also with a tuft of neat and long setae. Female: Total length 3.25, carapace 1.14 long, 1.17 wide, abdomen 2.58 long, 2.04 wide. Carapace light brown. Eye diameters: AME 0.08, PME 0.13, PLE 0.2, AME-AME 0.05, AME-PME 0.21, PME-PME 0.76, PME-PLE 0.13, PLE-PLE 1.2 (Figs 1A, C; 2A). Leg measurements: I 3.49 (1.18, 0.36, 0.81, 0.84, 0.3); II 2.44 (0.87, 0.31, 0.32, 0.67, 0.27); III 2.06 (0.67, 0.21, 0.31, 0.53, 0.34); IV 2.70 (0.83, 0.37, 0.55, 0.67, 0.28). The other features of cephalothorax and legs resemble those of the male (Figs 6, 7A). Abdomen oval, with middle area projecting upwards (Fig. 6C). White patches covering throughout abdomen (Fig. 6). Anterior spinnerets much larger than others. Cribellum close to spinnerets and relatively larger than that of male (Figs 6B, 7B). Epigynum (Figs 8, 9): Epigynum posterior face plate lightly sclerotized with an inconspicuous median ridge (MR). Copulatory opening long and narrow. Copulatory duct sclerotized and twisted. Accessory glands twisting around the receptaculum to form seven loops. Receptaculum spherical. Distribution. China (Guangxi) (Fig. 18), Published as part of Huang, Zongguang, Yin, Haiqiang, Cai, Qu & Xu, Xiang, 2023, Two species of hackled-orb web spider genus Hyptiotes (Araneae, Uloboridae) from Guangxi, China, pp. 65-84 in Zootaxa 5311 (1) on pages 67-73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5311.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/8090355, {"references":["Wunderlich, J. (2008) Revision of the European species of the spider genus Hyptiotes Walckenaer 1837 (Araneae: Uloboridae). Beitrage zur Araneologie, 5, 676 - 684 + 800 + 867.","Wiehle, H. (1929) Weitere Beitrage zur Biologie der Araneen insbesondere zur Kenntnis der Radnetzbaues. Zeitschrift fur Morphologie und Okologie der Tiere, 15 (1 - 2), 262 - 308. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00403104","Wunderlich, J. (2017) Descriptions, notes and synonyms of some mainly Mediterranean and Macaronesian spiders (Araneae) of various families. Beitrage zur Araneologie, 10, 298 - 326 + 354."]}

Huang, Zongguang, Yin, Haiqiang, Cai, Qu, Xu, Xiang (2023): Two species of hackled-orb web spider genus Hyptiotes (Araneae, Uloboridae) from Guangxi, China. Zootaxa 5311 (1): 65-84, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5311.1.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5311.1.3

Hyptiotes paradoxus (C. L. Koch, 1834) Figures 10–17 Material examined. All the following specimens were collected in CHINA, Guangxi Autonomous Region, Nanning City, Wuming County, Damingshan National Reserve by Ailan He, Keke Liu, Jihe Liu, Jinxin Liu, Zongguang Huang and Huijuan Sheng: 1♁ 1♀ (HNU548–549), Daxiagu Valley, 23°36.61'N, 108°22.19'E, 914m, 2 XI, 2018; 2♀ (HNU550–551), Xiyan Protection Station, 23°27.72'N, 108°30.22'E, 808m, 8 XI, 2018; 1♀ (HNU552), Sanbao Protection Station, 23°31.61'N, 108°22.19'E, 915m, 2 XI, 2018. Description. Male: Total length 3.56, carapace 1.86 long, 1.82 wide, abdomen 2.02 long, 1.42 wide. Carapace deep brown, sparsely covered with plumose setae. Eye area elevated. Fovea wide and deep. Eight eyes are present, but ALE degenerated, only with dark marks existed. Posterior eye row recurved. PLE situated on tubercles. Posterior border of MOA about six times anterior border in width. Eye diameters:AME 0.07, PME 0.14, PLE 0.18,AME-AME 0.03, AME-PME 0.41, PME-PME 0.85, PME-PLE 0.27, PLE-PLE 1.56 (Figs 10A, C; 11A). Endites almost as long as wide. Labium triangle. Sternum brown, shield-shaped, with a posterior hump (Fig. 10B). Legs brown dorsally and light brown ventrally, bearing many strong bristles. Leg formula 1423 (Fig. 10A, B). Leg measurements: I 5.10 (1.70, 0.53, 1.88, 0.6, 0.39); II 3.31 (1.13, 0.54, 0.61, 0.68, 0.35); III 2.95 (1.00, 0.42, 0.50, 0.70, 0.33); IV 3.69 (1.15, 0.54, 0.82, 0.89, 0.29). Abdomen oval, dark color, covered with thick and short setae, and sparse plumose setae. Yellowish-brown patches present both on the dorsum and venter. Anterior spinnerets much larger than others. Cribellum wide, close to spinnerets (Figs 10; 11B). Palp (Figs 12, 13). Terminal apophysis sclerotized, the base strong and the tip bending to prolateral of palp. Median apophysis sclerotized, with the apical end rolled to form a hook. Tegular apophyses sclerotized. TE1 long and thin and TE2 with the apical end divided into two small tips. Conductor consisting of two parts: one part long, with a membranous swelling and a strong sclerotized apical end; the other part membranous, gradually narrowed. Embolus extremely long and longitudinally circling around bulb for about one and a half loops. Cymbium long and narrow, with extremely long setae. Patella with a strong bristle. Female: Total length 3.97, carapace 1.47 long, 1.62 wide, abdomen 3.24 long, 2.08 wide. Carapace dark brown, with part of the posterior obscured by abdomen extending forward. Eye diameters: AME 0.08, PME 0.18, PLE 0.2, AME-AME 0.05, AME-PME 0.34, PME-PME 0.85, PME-PLE 0.21, PLE-PLE 1.51 (Figs 14A, C; 15A). Leg formula 1423. Leg measurements: 4.20 (1.41, 0.55, 0.86, 0.98, 0.40); II 3.59 (1.18, 0.48, 0.51, 0.79, 0.36); III 2.53 (0.76, 0.35, 0.46, 0.61, 0.35); IV 3.81 (1.26, 0.52, 0.81, 0.85, 0.37). The other features of cephalothorax and legs resemble those of the male (Figs 14, 15A). Abdomen yellowish, dorsally with a pair of large dark brown patches and three pair of small dark brown spots (Fig. 14). Abdomen extends a short distance after the spinnerets. Anterior spinnerets much larger than others. Cribellum isn’t in a normal condition and only its anterior rim is shown. Maybe the reason is that when the specimen was preserved, the muscles attached to cribellum contracted and pulled the cribellum towards the dorsum. (Fig. 15B). Epigynum (Figs 16, 17): Epigynum posterior face plate lightly sclerotized, with a distinct median ridge (MR). Copulatory opening long and narrow. Copulatory duct sclerotized and twisting. Receptaculum spherical, circled by accessory glands about four loops. Distribution. China (Guangxi, Anhui, Hunan, Sichuan, Zhejiang) Europe, Turkey, Caucasus (Fig. 18)., Published as part of Huang, Zongguang, Yin, Haiqiang, Cai, Qu & Xu, Xiang, 2023, Two species of hackled-orb web spider genus Hyptiotes (Araneae, Uloboridae) from Guangxi, China, pp. 65-84 in Zootaxa 5311 (1) on pages 73-77, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5311.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/8090355, {"references":["Koch, C. L. (1834) Arachniden. In: Herrich-Schaffer, G. A. W. (Ed.), Deutschlands Insecten. Heft 122 - 126. Friedrich Pustet, Regensburg. [unknown pagination] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 15007"]}

Babu, Nishi, Caleb, John T.D., Jani, Maitry, Uma, Divya, Prasad, G. (2022): On the taxonomy and distribution of the orb-weaving spider Philoponella feroka (Bradoo, 1979) n. comb. from India (Araneae, Uloboridae). Zootaxa 5087 (3): 497-500, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5087.3.8

Three species of the genus Miagrammopes O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1870 are described from China, including two new species, M. rutundus Liang & Xu, n. sp. from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and M. auriculatus Cai & Xu, n. sp. from Tibet Autonomous Region, and one known species, M. bifurcatus Dong, Yan, Zhu & Song, 2004. The female of M. bifurcatus is described for the first time. Both detailed illustration and a distribution map of the three species are provided.

Philoponella feroka (Bradoo, 1979) new combination Figs 1–8 Uloborus ferokus Bradoo, 1979: 354, figs 1–8 (holotype female and paratypes deposited at Department of Zoology, University Centre, Calicut, not traceable and may be lost (personal communication through Dr. Shibu Vardhan, Head of the Department of Zoology, Calicut University), not examined. Type material. Holotype female from INDIA: Kerala: Calicut, Feroke (11.1735°N, 75.8352°E), 12.xi.1968, B.L. Bradoo. Paratypes: 17 males and 23 females. Other material examined: INDIA: Kerala: 2 ♂♂ & 2 ♀♀ (KUDZEN) from Alappuzha, Kuttanad, Edthuva (9.36128°N, 76.45049°E), N. Babu leg., 15.i.2021; Andhra Pradesh: 1♂ and 1♀ (APU) from Chittoor, Madanpalle (13.629749ºN, 78.451408ºE), M. Jani & D. Uma leg., 15.ii.2020; 1♂ & 1♀ (APU) from Chittoor, Kuppam (12.75885ºN, 78.342094ºE), M. Jani leg., 12.ii.2020; Gujarat: 4 ♂♂ and 5♀♀ (APU) from Anand District (22.517676º N, 72.961858º E), M, Jani leg., 14.ix.2020; Karnataka: 3♂♂ & 2♀♀ (APU) from Bangalore (12.729833º N, 77.629219º E), M. Jani & D. Uma leg., 26.i.2020. Diagnosis. The species resembles Philoponella nasuta (Thorell, 1895), but can be distinguished by the broad region of anterio-basal protrusion of median apophysis spur (slightly tapering in P. nasuta) and thinner median hematodocha (broader in P. nasuta); the females can be easily distinguished by the long, thin copulatory ducts (spiral in P. nasuta) (cf. Figs 3–5, 6–7 with figs 3–11 in Zhou et al., 2020). Description. For detailed description, see Bradoo (1979). Supplementary description. Male (Figs 1, 2–5). Total length 3.86. Prosoma 1.73 long, 1.63 wide; opisthosoma 2.13 long, 1.72 wide. Eye size and interdistances: AME 0.06; ALE 0.07; PME 0.06; PLE 0.03; AME-AME 0.07; AME-ALE 0.12; ALE-PLE 0.15; PME-PME 0.06; PME-PLE 0.10. Clypeus height 0.21. Carapace slightly convex. Legs pale orange, with annular distal dark bands. Measurement of palp and legs: palp 1.96 (0.82, 0.22, 0.28, 0.64), leg I 3.33 (1.01, 0.20, 0.80, 0.90, 0.42); II 1.96 (0.65, 0.12, 0.51, 0.37, 0.31), III 1.38 (0.50, 0.14, 0.22, 0.25, 0.27); IV 2.0 (0.80, 0.20, 0.39, 0.33, 0.28). Leg formula 1423. Opisthosoma longer than wide, dorsal surface orange-brown with three pairs of pale white dots; ventrally blackish. Palp with retrolateral femoral apophysis; median apophysis bulb swollen; embolus filiform and coiled around median apophysis bulb; conductor spike beak-like (Figs 3–5). Female (Figs 2, 6–7). Total length 4.27. Prosoma 1.47 long, 1.2 wide; abdomen 2.80 long, 2.13 wide. Carapace greyish and slightly convex. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.05; ALE 0.09; PME 0.06; PLE 0.03; AME-AME 0.08, AME-ALE 0.14, ALE-PLE 0.15, PME-PME 0.06, PME-PLE 0.10. Clypeus 0.08 high. Sternum light brown, and longer than wide. Legs slender, with dark annular bands. Measurement of palp and legs: palp 1.81 (0.71, 0.29, 0.35, 0.46), leg I 3.17 (1.15, 0.16, 1.12, 0.90, 0.38); II 2.49 (0.85, 0.11, 0.80, 0.39, 0.34); III 1.71 (0.72, 0.13, 0.30, 0.29, 0.27); IV 2.63 (1.12, 0.14, 0.71, 0.37, 0.29). Opisthosoma slightly broad in front and arched in the middle region, with three pairs of white spots. Epigynum with large atrium, slightly triangular anteriorly; copulatory openings present along the posterior margin on either sides of atrium; copulatory ducts long, convoluted and meandering; spermathecae small and globular (Figs 6–7). Natural history. One to several individuals of Philoponella feroka were found on the webs of the social spider Stegodyphus sarasinorum. Sometimes they were also seen on their own webs built in the gaps of S. sarasinorum webs. Individuals were seen capturing and consuming small prey that were trapped on the webs of S. sarasinorum. Adult males, females and juveniles of P. feroka were seen on S. sarasinorum webs in different habitats including paddy fields, fences, and shrubs found next to the highway in Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat (Fig. 8). Distribution. Previously known only from Kerala State, India. The present study reveals its presence in three more Indian States (Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and Karnataka) (Fig. 8) and may perhaps occur throughout the Deccan peninsula. Justification for transfer. The species has the following characters of the genus Philoponella: males with oval carapace, enlarged cephalic region (Fig. 1), transverse thoracic groove and well-developed conductor spike (Figs 4–5); females with epigynal atrium (Fig. 6).

Behavior is often phylogenetically informative and detailed descriptions of behavior have been used to support taxonomic relationships in several groups, such as birds, lizards, and arthropods. Web building behavior has provided informative traits to several spider families, but observations are lacking for other families, such as wall spiders Oecobiidae. Recent phylogenetic hypotheses based on molecular traits placed oecobiids either close to cribellate orb weavers (Uloboridae) or to long- spinneret spiders (Hersiliidae). Here, we describe for first time the web construction behavior and details of the web design in the oecobiid Oecobius concinnus Simon 1893 (Oecobiidae). We compare them with uloborid and araneoid orb weavers. If Oecobiidae and Uloboridae are closely related, we expect that O. concinnus share some web construction behaviors with these orb weavers. Video recordings and analyses of web structures suggest the sequence of web construction (radii, then sticky spiral construction) and the arrangement of cribellate threads are possible homologies between Oecobiidae and orb weavers, supporting a close relationship of Oecobiidae with Uloboridae. Universidad de Costa Rica/[111-C0-252]/UCR/Costa Rica UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro de Investigación en Estructuras Microscópicas (CIEMIC) UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Básicas::Facultad de Ciencias::Escuela de Biología

Genus Miagrammopes O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1870 Type species. Miagrammopes thwaitesii O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1870 from Sri Lanka. Diagnosis. The genus Miagrammopes differs from the other genera of Uloboridae by the following aspects: body slightly long and slender (Fig. 1A); carapace quadrangle, flat and thin (Fig. 1D); the anterior margin of abdomen and the posterior margin of carapace almost fused (Fig. 4B, E); anterior eyes row absent, and posterior eyes row straight or slightly recurved (Fig. 4D); sternum divided into two or three unequal parts (Figs 4E, 7E); leg I robust and much longer than other legs (Fig. 4C, F) (Cambridge 1870: figs 1–3; Tikader 1971: figs 1–10; Opell 1984: figs 11–16; Sen et al. 2013: fig. 10A; Rajoria 2015: figs 1, 2). Miagrammopes is similar to Hyptiotes Walckenaer, 1837 in the following characteristics: posterior lateral eyes (PLMs) located on tubercles (Fig. 4D); calamistrum occupied about three-fourths as long as metatarsus IV (Fig. 4G); ventral comb macrosetae extending two-thirds rather than one-third the length of metatarsus IV (Fig. 4G), but can be distinguished from the latter by short embolus largely wrapped by radix (Figs 8, 9) (embolus long, forming 1.5 times loop in Hyptiotes) (Zhu & Yoshida, 2005: figs 7, 8) and short and simple copulatory ducts (Figs 2, 3) (long and complex copulatory ducts in Hyptiotes) (Zhu & Yoshida, 2005: figs 3, 6) (beside different characteristics from all other genera mentioned in the previous paragraph) (Zhu & Yoshida, 2005: figs 3, 6–8, 11–13; Sen et al. 2013: figs 9D, 10C; Rajoria 2015: figs 3–5)., Published as part of Liang, Yun, Cai, Qu, Liu, Jinxin, Yin, Haiqiang & Xu, Xiang, 2021, Three species of hackled-orb web spider genus Miagrammopes from China (Araneae, Uloboridae), pp. 564-576 in Zootaxa 5004 (4) on page 565, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5004.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/5140829, {"references":["Tikader, B. K. (1971) Descriptions of some little known spiders from India of the genus Miagrammopes Cambridge (Uloboridae). Journal of the Asiatic Society, Calcutta, 13, 172 - 177.","Opell, B. D. (1984) Phylogenetic review of the genus Miagrammopes (sensu lato) (Araneae, Uloboridae). Journal of Arachnology, 12, 229 - 240.","Sen, S., Saha, S., Raychaudhuri, D. (2013) A new species of the genus Miagrammopes O. P. Cambridge, 1870 (Araneae: Uloboridae) from India. Munis Entomology and Zoology, 8 (1), 42 - 45.","Rajoria, A. (2015) A new species of the genus Migrammopes [sic] (Arachnida: Araneae: Uloboridae) from India. Indian Journal of Arachnology, 4 (2), 48 - 51."]}

Miagrammopes bifurcatus Dong, Yan, Zhu & Song, 2004 Figures 7–12 Miagrammopes bifurcatus Dong et al. 2004: 66, fig. 2A–C (specimen not examined). Material examined. 3♂ 1♀ (Ulob-0003–0006- HNU) CHINA, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Chongzuo City, Jiangzhou District, Zuozhou Town, Guanghe Village, Nongheng, 22°34.74'N, 107°24.92'E, 271 m, 29 VIII, 2015, Bing Zhou, Wang Liu, Qu Cai and Jihe Liu leg. Diagnosis. The male of this species resembles that of M. scoparius Simon, 1892 in having the similar tibial extend and terminal apophysis (Figs 8B, 9B; Chickering, 1968: fig. 36), but can be distinguished by relative narrow and long cymbium with a small hook-shaped apophysis (Figs 8B, 9B), while cymbium relative wide and short and without a hook-shaped apophysis in M. scoparius (Chickering, 1968: fig. 36). The female of this is similar to that of M. auriculatus n. sp. in having similar spermathecae including prolateral bursae, retrolateral bursae and connecting tubes between them both, but can be distinguished by the presence of conspicuous copulatory openings, and longitudinal and almost straight copulatory ducts (Figs 11, 12), while copulatory openings inconspicuous and copulatory ducts strongly curved to form a half loop in M. auriculatus n. sp. (Figs 5, 6). Description. Male (Ulob-0006-HNU). Total length 4.16, carapace 1.28 long, 0.96 wide, abdomen 2.88 long, 0.55 wide. Carapace (Fig. 7A, D) deep brown, approximately oblong, with yellowish longitudinal stripes medially. Anterior eye row absent and posterior eye row straight or slightly recurved. Eye diameters: PME 0.10; PLE 0.10. PME-PME 0.38; PME-PLE 0.26. Chelicerae (Fig. 7D) yellowish, without teeth, and with tubercular apophyses and bristles along margins of fang groove. Endite (Fig. 7E) pale yellowish, drop-shaped. Labium (Fig. 7E) yellowish, lanceolate apically, fused with sternum in the base. Sternum (Fig. 7E) yellow brown, divided into two unequal parts, with a black longitudinal stripe medially. Leg measurements: I 5.08 (1.80, 0.51, 0.38, 1.84, 0.55); II 2.64 (1.05, 0.26, 0.47, 0.51, 0.35); III 1.63 (0.39, 0.21, 0.46, 0.37, 0.20); IV 3.40 (1.17, 0.33, 1.11, 0.53, 0.26). Leg formula 1423. Leg I (Fig. 7F) brown, extremely long and strong, with several longitudinal stripes on dorsal sides. Legs –II (Fig. 7A–C) thin and gray, with some brown patches. Tibia of Leg II bearing a few macrosetae dorsally.Abdomen brown, long, with four pairs of grayish spots dorsally. Palp (Figs 8, 9). Tibia with terminal extremely developed and extended (tibial extend, TE), equal to cymbium in length, with several some setae dorsally. Cymbium relative narrow and long, with some hairs distally. Tegulum membranous. Sperm duct conspicuous. Embolus transparent, wrapped by radix except distal end. Radix sclerotized, broad at the base and narrow at the distal end. Terminal apophysis divided into two parts, primary terminal apophysis (namely terminal apophysis 1 in Logunov 2018) and secondary terminal apophysis (namely terminal apophysis 2 in Logunov 2018). Terminal apophysis 1 horizontally extended, long and slender, but terminal apophysis 2 longitudinally extended, short and strong. Female (Ulob-0003-HNU). Total length 5.54, carapace 1.61 long, 1.38 wide, abdomen 3.93 long, 0.99 wide. Eye diameters: PME 0.11; PLE 0.14. PME-PME 0.72; PME-PLE 0.12. Leg I: 10.04 (3.40, 0.82, 2.48, 2.77, 0.57); leg II: 4.46 (1.53, 0.52, 0.90, 1.11, 0.40); leg III: 2.6 (0.68, 0.33, 0.53, 0.67, 0.39); leg IV: 6.02 (1.83, 0.55, 1.80, 1.37, 0.47). Leg formula 1423. General characters as in male, but slightly larger in size and lighter in color. Epigynum (Figs 11, 12). Two copulatory openings conspicuous, situated near the posterior margin of epigynum. Retrolateral bursa (RB) pear-shaped, almost circled by connecting tube. Prolateral bursa (PB) roughly globular, almost as large as RB. Connecting tube (CT) long, strongly bent at the position connecting RB. Copulatory ducts longitudinal, almost parallel to each other, much shorter than CT. Fertilization ducts small, membranous, and with the distal ends slightly far from each other. Distribution. China (Hainan, Guangxi) (Fig. 13)., Published as part of Liang, Yun, Cai, Qu, Liu, Jinxin, Yin, Haiqiang & Xu, Xiang, 2021, Three species of hackled-orb web spider genus Miagrammopes from China (Araneae, Uloboridae), pp. 564-576 in Zootaxa 5004 (4) on pages 570-574, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5004.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/5140829, {"references":["Dong, S. J., Yan, P., Zhu, M. S. & Song, D. X. (2004) Three new species of the genus Miagrammopes from China (Araneae: Uloboridae). Acta Arachnologica Sinica 13, 65 - 70.","Chickering, A. M. (1968) The genus Miagrammopes (Araneae, Uloboridae) in Panama and the West Indies. Breviora, 289, 1 - 28.","Logunov, D. V. (2018) Three new spider species of the genus Miagrammopes O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1870 (Aranei, Uloboridae) from Southeast Asia. Euroasian Entomological Journal, 17 (4), 280 - 289. https: // doi. org / 10.15298 / euroasentj. 17.4.07"]}

Miagrammopes rutundus Liang & Xu new species Figures 4–6 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 15E8F802-2653-4076-8098-4FF8A72C2399 Type material. Holotype (Ulob-0001- HNU): ♀ CHINA, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Chongzuo City, Longzhou County, Nonggang National Reserve, Nonggang Protection Station, 22°27.87'N, 106°55.42'E, 188 m, 28 X, 2017, Ailan He, Keke Liu, Qu Cai, Jihe Liu, Jinxin Liu, Zongguang Huang leg. Etymology. The specific name is derived from the Latin “rutundus”, meaning “round”, referring to the shape of retrolateral bursa, and is an adjective. Diagnosis. The female of the new species resembles that of Miagrammopes lehtineni (Wunderlich, 1976) in having similar vulva but can be distinguished by different shapes and relative sizes of prolateral bursae (PB): prolateral bursae slightly horizontal oval, and almost as large as retrolateral bursae in this species (Figs 5, 6), while prolateral bursae absolutely longitudinal oval, and much larger than retrolateral bursa in M. lehtineni (Wunderlich 1976: fig. 8). Description. Female (holotype; Ulob-0001-HNU): Total length 7.66, carapace 1.24 long, 1.04 wide, 0.53 high, abdomen 2.99 long, 1.22 wide. Carapace (Fig. 4A, D) dark, with a pair of spots located on both sides of anterior part, and an irregular pattern between PMEs. Eye diameters: PME 0.12; PLE 0.12; PME-PME 0.51; PME-PLE 0.27. Chelicerae (Fig. 4D) pale, without teeth, and with tubercular apophyses and bristles along margins of fang groove. Endite (Fig. 4E) pale, longer than wide, poster-medially fused with labium, with some hairs. Labium (Fig. 4E) dropshaped, and light color in the terminus. Sternum (Fig. 4E) yellowish, divided into three unequal parts, bearing a few hairs. Leg measurements I 2.58 (1.57, 0.52, 0.93, 1.16, 0.4); II 2.31 (0.69, 0.38, 0.49, 0.46, 0.29); III 1.94 (0.62, 0.21, 0.40, 0.41, 0.30); IV 4.15 (1.09, 0.36, 1.08, 0.65, 0.32). Leg formula 1423. Legs (Fig. 4A–C, F) yellowish, and metatarsus of leg IV bearing calamistrum and macrosetae. Abdomen deep brown, with three pairs of greyish white patches in dorsal view (Fig. 4A), and with a pair of greyish white in front of spinnerets and a large greyish white pattern behind spinnerets in ventral view (Fig. 4B). Epigynum (Figs 5, 6). Atrium and copulatory opening inconspicuous. Prolateral bursae (PB) oval, slightly slanting towards lateral sides. Retrolateral bursae (RB) spherical, far from each other and almost as large as PB. Copulatory ducts (CD) straight, long and slender. Connecting tube (CT) short, slightly curved, and almost as large as CD in size of tube diameter. Fertilization ducts small, membranous and far from each other. Male. Unknown. Distribution. Only the type locality, China (Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region) (Fig. 13)., Published as part of Liang, Yun, Cai, Qu, Liu, Jinxin, Yin, Haiqiang & Xu, Xiang, 2021, Three species of hackled-orb web spider genus Miagrammopes from China (Araneae, Uloboridae), pp. 564-576 in Zootaxa 5004 (4) on pages 568-569, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5004.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/5140829, {"references":["Wunderlich, J. (1976) Spinnen aus Australien. 1. Uloboridae, Theridiosomatidae und Symphytognathidae (Arachnida: Araneida). Senckenbergiana Biologica, 57, 113 - 124."]}

Spiders belong to the order Araneae which is the largest order among the class Arachnida. Spiders are considered as indicators of overall species richness and the health of terrestrial communities. The village with different plantations harbors a good number of spiders. The survey was carried out from February 2018 to January 2019 by using active searching, beating, leaf sampling and net sweeping techniques. During the study, a total number of 51 species belonging to 42 genera of 16 families were documented. In the present study it was found that the family Araneidae was dominated by having 14 species followed by the family Salticidae having 12 species and the least were from Clubionidae, Corinnidae, Eresidae, Gnaphosidae, Hersiliidae, Linyphiidae, Sparassidae, Theridiidae and Uloboridae with a single species from each family.

The family Uloboridae is represented by 19 genera and 287 species, with a wide distribution throughout the tropical and subtropical regions. From South Africa 4 genera and 9 species are known but none of them have been revised. Seven of the species have a wide distribution and are listed as Least Concern only two species are Data Deficient. Keys to the subfamilies and Miagrammopes species are provided.

Orb-weaving spiders have two main methods of prey capture: cribellate spiders use dry, sticky capture threads, and ecribellate spiders use viscid glue droplets. Predation behaviour is a major evolutionary driving force, and it is important on spider phylogeny whether the cribellate and ecribellate spiders each evolved the orb architecture independently or both strategies were derived from an ancient orb web. These hypotheses have been discussed based on behavioural and morphological characteristics, with little discussion on this subject from the perspective of molecular materials of orb web, since there is little information about cribellate spider-associated spidroin genes. Here, we present in detail a spidroin catalogue of six uloborid species of cribellate orb-weaving spiders, including cribellate and pseudoflagelliform spidroins, with transcriptome assembly complemented with long read sequencing, where silk composition is confirmed by proteomics. Comparative analysis across families (Araneidae and Uloboridae) shows that the gene architecture, repetitive domains, and amino acid frequencies of the orb web constituting silk proteins are similar among orb-weaving spiders regardless of the prey capture strategy. Notably, the fact that there is a difference only in the prey capture thread proteins strongly supports the monophyletic origin of the orb web.

Hyptiotes flavidus (Blackwall, 1862) CH: VS: Pfynwald südlich der Rhone zwischen Sierre und Leuk, genauer Fundort nicht bekannt. WGS84 46.30394°N, 7.59064°E (± 3 km), 530–560 m, Bemerkung im Fundprotokoll: "Partie ouest de la pinède, … orientation sud", von Juniperus geklopft. 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀, 9. Sep. 1971, NMB-ARAN 28749. Bestimmung. Wunderlich (2017), Le Peru (2011), Oger (2020), Wiehle (1929) Die Tiere sind sehr stark ausgebleicht, dennoch aufgrund der Grösse, der Strukturen des Tasters und der Kleinheit der Rezaptakel in der Vulva eindeutig dieser Hyptiotes -Art zuzuordnen (Abb. 6). Bei diesem Nachweis handelt es sich um den ersten Nachweis für die Schweiz. Zusammen mit den Follatères weiter westlich im Wallis ist der Pfynwald als ausserordentlich xerothermer Standort bekannt. Beide Standorte beherbergen viele Arten, welche sonst nur südlich der Alpen bekannt sind (Delarze & Hänggi 1996, Hänggi et al. 1996, Maurer & Walter 1980, 1984). Während bei den Funden von Hyptiotes flavidus in Deutschland aus der Nähe von Heidelberg aus den Jahren 2015 und 2016 (Wunderlich 2017) Verschleppung als mögliche Ursache für das isolierte Vorkommen vermutet wurde, dürfte es sich hier bei diesen Funden um Vertreter einer natürlichen Population handeln. Älteste Nachweise für die Schweiz Die folgenden Arten sind zwar schon für die Schweiz gemeldet worden, wären aber Erstnachweise gewesen, wenn CEK seine Funde publiziert hätte., Published as part of Hänggi, Ambros & Gloor, Daniel, 2020, Vom Wert alter Amateursammlungen - vier Spinnenarten neu für die Schweiz in der Sammlung Ketterer, pp. 88-96 in Arachnology Letters 59 on pages 90-91, DOI: 10.30963/aramit5911, http://zenodo.org/record/3754516, {"references":["Pickard-Cambridge O 1873 Descriptions of twenty-four new species of Erigone. - Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 40 (3, 1872): 747 - 769, pl. 65 - 66 - doi: 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1872. tb 00496. x","Simon E 1884 Les arachnides de France. Tome cinquieme, deuxieme et troisieme partie. - Roret, Paris. S. 180 - 885","Wiehle H 1956 Spinnentiere oder Arachnoidea (Araneae). 28. Familie Linyphiidae - Baldachinspinnen. - Die Tierwelt Deutschlands 44: 1 - 337","Wunderlich J 2017 Descriptions, notes and synonyms of some mainly Mediterranean and Macaronesian spiders (Araneae) of various families. - Beitrage zur Araneologie 10: 298 - 326","Le Peru B 2011 The spiders of Europe, a synthesis of data: Volume 1 Atypidae to Theridiidae. - Memoires de la Societe Linneenne de Lyon 2: 1 - 522","Oger P 2020 Les araignees de Belgique et de France. - Internet: https: // arachno. piwigo. com (25. Feb. 2020)","Wiehle H 1929 Weitere Beitrage zur Biologie der Araneen insbesondere zur Kenntnis des Radnetzbaues. - Zeitschrift fur Morphologie und Okologie der Tiere 15: 262 - 308 - doi: 10.1007 / BF 00403104","Delarze R & Hanggi A 1996 Etude zoologiques des Follateres (Objet CPN 3. 57; Fully et Dorenaz-Suisse). VIII: Les arachnides. Preferences microclimatiques et distribution spatiale. - Bulletin de la Murithienne 114: 89 - 102","Hanggi A, Delarze R & Blick T 1996 Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Spinnenfauna des Kanton Wallis. - Mitteilungen der schweizerischen entomologischen Gesellschaft 69: 189 - 194 - doi: 10.5169 / seals- 402628","Maurer R & Walter JE 1980 Fur die Schweiz neue und bemerkenswerte Spinnen (Araneae). - Mitteilungen der schweizerischen entomologischen Gesellschaft 57: 157 - 162 - doi: 10.5169 / seals- 401953","Maurer R & Walter JE 1984 Fur die Schweiz neue und bemerkenswerte Spinnen (Araneae) II. - Mitteilungen der schweizerischen entomologischen Gesellschaft 57: 65 - 73 - doi: 10.5169 / seals- 402099"]}

Females of the feather-legged spider Uloborus plumipes invade, and compete for, each other's orb webs. In the context of these competitive interactions the question arose how the spiders communicate. Since substrate-borne vibrations are the most important component of the sensory environment of web-building spiders, we investigated vibratory movements that might serve as signals of communication. Three behaviors were found to be associated with female–female contests and to cause propagating vibrations in the spider webs: thread pulling, abdominal trembling, and web shaking. While thread pulling and abdominal trembling were also observed when prey insects were caught in the webs, web shaking occurred only in response to the presence of a competing conspecific. Caused by flexing of the first legs and a vigorous rotary movement of the opisthosoma, web shaking creates a short burst of strong oscillations of the orb web. This behavior always elicited a behavioral reaction by the competitor and may serve as an intraspecific signal in the mutual assessment of competing spiders. We suggest that web shaking communicates resource holding potential in U. plumipes.