Search

It is conceivable that not immunizing a child endangers both the child and others. If an outbreak occurs, the unvaccinated child is at risk. Smallpox, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, yellow fever, measles, and polio are some diseases that have been successfully controlled through vaccines. Vaccines have also played a crucial role in avoiding several illnesses. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have recommended and demonstrated the safety and efficacy of these vaccinations. The number of doses required to provide optimal vaccination protection is a crucial component in determining the efficacy of a vaccine. Vaccines against infectious diseases have been shown to be successful throughout history, and several studies have demonstrated their safety and efficacy. However, the number of children who do not get vaccines is increasing. There are several reasons why parents choose not to vaccinate their children, including health concerns, financial restrictions, religious convictions, and a lack of faith in science and immunizations. This review begins with the methodology of conducting a literature search to obtain relevant data for the study. Google Scholar, PubMed, CINAHL, ScienceDirect, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) were used as search databases. The entire review has three parts, such as vaccines from the past to the present, reasons for avoiding vaccines, and the problem of non-vaccination. An organized search strategy was employed to collect literature from PubMed, CINAHL, and Google Scholar. Boolean operators (AND/OR) were used to extract relevant publications. Publications were retrieved after applying certain filters, such as a time frame of ten years, full text availability, English language, and studies involving human subjects. For theoretical literature, the PMC library and Pakinet were searched. Subsequently, some studies were excluded based on irrelevance after reading the abstract and full article and checking for duplication. Most of the studies included in the review were conducted in Western countries, with a few from Asia and one from Pakistan. The literature search utilized the MESH typology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A photovoltaic system generates energy that depends on the environmental conditions such as temperature, irradiance and the variations in the load connected to it. To adapt to the consistently increasing interest of energy, the photovoltaic (PV) system must operate at maximum power point (MPP), however, it has the issue of low efficiency because of the varying climatic conditions. To increase its efficiency, a maximum power point technique is required to extract maximum power from the PV system. In this paper, a nonlinear fast and efficient maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique is developed based on the robust integral backstepping (RIB) approach to harvest maximum power from a PV array using non-inverting DC-DC buck-boost converter. The study uses a NeuroFuzzy network to generate the reference voltage for MPPT. Asymptotic stability of the whole system is verified using Lyapunov stability criteria. The MATLAB/Simulink platform is used to test the proposed controller performance under varying meteorological conditions. The simulation results validate that the proposed controller effectively improves the MPPT in terms of tracking speed and efficiency. For further validation of the proposed controller performance, a comparative study is presented with backstepping controller, integral backstepping, robust backstepping and conventional MPPT algorithms (PID and P&O) under rapidly varying environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) is caused by congenital insufficiency of the enzyme 21 - hydroxylase (21-OHD) in the cortisol synthesis pathway. Because of the virilizing effects of androgens over-production, affected girls develop clitoral hypertrophy. Three patients with CAH are discussed below along with their surgical management and follow-up.