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3. Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2021

Author

Barnes, P.W., Robson, T.M., Neale, P.J., Williamson, C.E., Zepp, R.G., Madronich, S., Wilson, S.R., Andrady, A.L., Heikkilä, A.M., Bernhard, G.H., Bais, A.F., Neale, R.E., Bornman, J.F., Jansen, M.A.K., Klekociuk, A.R., Martinez-Abaigar, J., Robinson, S.A., Wang, Q-W, Banaszak, A.T., Häder, D-P., Hylander, S., Rose, K.C., Wängberg, S-Å, Foereid, B., Hou, W-C, Ossola, R., Paul, N.D., Ukpebor, J.E., Andersen, M.P.S., Longstreth, J., Schikowski, T., Solomon, K.R., Sulzberger, B., Bruckman, L.S., Pandey, K.K., White, C.C., Zhu, L., Zhu, M., Aucamp, P.J., Liley, J.B., McKenzie, R.L., Berwick, M., Byrne, S.N., Hollestein, L.M., Lucas, R.M., Olsen, C.M., Rhodes, L.E., Yazar, S., Young, A.R., Barnes, P.W., Robson, T.M., Neale, P.J., Williamson, C.E., Zepp, R.G., Madronich, S., Wilson, S.R., Andrady, A.L., Heikkilä, A.M., Bernhard, G.H., Bais, A.F., Neale, R.E., Bornman, J.F., Jansen, M.A.K., Klekociuk, A.R., Martinez-Abaigar, J., Robinson, S.A., Wang, Q-W, Banaszak, A.T., Häder, D-P., Hylander, S., Rose, K.C., Wängberg, S-Å, Foereid, B., Hou, W-C, Ossola, R., Paul, N.D., Ukpebor, J.E., Andersen, M.P.S., Longstreth, J., Schikowski, T., Solomon, K.R., Sulzberger, B., Bruckman, L.S., Pandey, K.K., White, C.C., Zhu, L., Zhu, M., Aucamp, P.J., Liley, J.B., McKenzie, R.L., Berwick, M., Byrne, S.N., Hollestein, L.M., Lucas, R.M., Olsen, C.M., Rhodes, L.E., Yazar, S., and Young, A.R.

Abstract

The Environmental Effects Assessment Panel of the Montreal Protocol under the United Nations Environment Programme evaluates effects on the environment and human health that arise from changes in the stratospheric ozone layer and concomitant variations in ultraviolet (UV) radiation at the Earth’s surface. The current update is based on scientific advances that have accumulated since our last assessment (Photochem and Photobiol Sci 20(1):1–67, 2021). We also discuss how climate change affects stratospheric ozone depletion and ultraviolet radiation, and how stratospheric ozone depletion affects climate change. The resulting interlinking effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and climate change are assessed in terms of air quality, carbon sinks, ecosystems, human health, and natural and synthetic materials. We further highlight potential impacts on the biosphere from extreme climate events that are occurring with increasing frequency as a consequence of climate change. These and other interactive effects are examined with respect to the benefits that the Montreal Protocol and its Amendments are providing to life on Earth by controlling the production of various substances that contribute to both stratospheric ozone depletion and climate change.

Published
2022

4. Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2020

Author

Neale, R.E., Barnes, P.W., Robson, T.M., Neale, P.J., Williamson, C.E., Zepp, R.G., Wilson, S.R., Madronich, S., Andrady, A.L., Heikkilä, A.M., Bernhard, G.H., Bais, A.F., Aucamp, P.J., Banaszak, A.T., Bornman, J.F., Bruckman, L.S., Byrne, S.N., Foereid, B., Häder, D-P, Hollestein, L.M., Hou, W-C, Hylander, S., Jansen, M.A.K., Klekociuk, A.R., Liley, J.B., Longstreth, J., Lucas, R.M., Martinez-Abaigar, J., McNeill, K., Olsen, C.M., Pandey, K.K., Rhodes, L.E., Robinson, S.A., Rose, K.C., Schikowski, T., Solomon, K.R., Sulzberger, B., Ukpebor, J.E., Wang, Q-W, Wängberg, S-Å, White, C.C., Yazar, S., Young, A.R., Young, P.J., Zhu, L., Zhu, M., Neale, R.E., Barnes, P.W., Robson, T.M., Neale, P.J., Williamson, C.E., Zepp, R.G., Wilson, S.R., Madronich, S., Andrady, A.L., Heikkilä, A.M., Bernhard, G.H., Bais, A.F., Aucamp, P.J., Banaszak, A.T., Bornman, J.F., Bruckman, L.S., Byrne, S.N., Foereid, B., Häder, D-P, Hollestein, L.M., Hou, W-C, Hylander, S., Jansen, M.A.K., Klekociuk, A.R., Liley, J.B., Longstreth, J., Lucas, R.M., Martinez-Abaigar, J., McNeill, K., Olsen, C.M., Pandey, K.K., Rhodes, L.E., Robinson, S.A., Rose, K.C., Schikowski, T., Solomon, K.R., Sulzberger, B., Ukpebor, J.E., Wang, Q-W, Wängberg, S-Å, White, C.C., Yazar, S., Young, A.R., Young, P.J., Zhu, L., and Zhu, M.

Abstract

This assessment by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) provides the latest scientific update since our most recent comprehensive assessment (Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences, 2019, 18, 595–828). The interactive effects between the stratospheric ozone layer, solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and climate change are presented within the framework of the Montreal Protocol and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. We address how these global environmental changes affect the atmosphere and air quality; human health; terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems; biogeochemical cycles; and materials used in outdoor construction, solar energy technologies, and fabrics. In many cases, there is a growing influence from changes in seasonality and extreme events due to climate change. Additionally, we assess the transmission and environmental effects of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, in the context of linkages with solar UV radiation and the Montreal Protocol.

Published
2021

5. Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and interactions with climate change:UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2020

Author

Neale, R.E., Barnes, P.W., Robson, T.M., Neale, P.J., Williamson, C.E., Zepp, R.G., Wilson, S.R., Madronich, S., Andrady, A.L., Heikkilä, A.M., Bernhard, G.H., Bais, A.F., Aucamp, P.J., Banaszak, A.T., Bornman, J.F., Bruckman, L.S., Byrne, S.N., Foereid, B., Häder, D.-P., Hollestein, L.M., Hou, W.-C., Hylander, S., Jansen, M.A.K., Klekociuk, A.R., Liley, J.B., Longstreth, J., Lucas, R.M., Martinez-Abaigar, J., McNeill, K., Olsen, C.M., Pandey, K.K., Rhodes, L.E., Robinson, S.A., Rose, K.C., Schikowski, T., Solomon, K.R., Sulzberger, B., Ukpebor, J.E., Wang, Q.-W., Wängberg, S.-Å., White, C.C., Yazar, S., Young, A.R., Young, P.J., Zhu, L., Zhu, M., Neale, R.E., Barnes, P.W., Robson, T.M., Neale, P.J., Williamson, C.E., Zepp, R.G., Wilson, S.R., Madronich, S., Andrady, A.L., Heikkilä, A.M., Bernhard, G.H., Bais, A.F., Aucamp, P.J., Banaszak, A.T., Bornman, J.F., Bruckman, L.S., Byrne, S.N., Foereid, B., Häder, D.-P., Hollestein, L.M., Hou, W.-C., Hylander, S., Jansen, M.A.K., Klekociuk, A.R., Liley, J.B., Longstreth, J., Lucas, R.M., Martinez-Abaigar, J., McNeill, K., Olsen, C.M., Pandey, K.K., Rhodes, L.E., Robinson, S.A., Rose, K.C., Schikowski, T., Solomon, K.R., Sulzberger, B., Ukpebor, J.E., Wang, Q.-W., Wängberg, S.-Å., White, C.C., Yazar, S., Young, A.R., Young, P.J., Zhu, L., and Zhu, M.

Abstract

This assessment by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) provides the latest scientific update since our most recent comprehensive assessment (Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences, 2019, 18, 595–828). The interactive effects between the stratospheric ozone layer, solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and climate change are presented within the framework of the Montreal Protocol and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. We address how these global environmental changes affect the atmosphere and air quality; human health; terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems; biogeochemical cycles; and materials used in outdoor construction, solar energy technologies, and fabrics. In many cases, there is a growing influence from changes in seasonality and extreme events due to climate change. Additionally, we assess the transmission and environmental effects of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, in the context of linkages with solar UV radiation and the Montreal Protocol.

Published
2021

6. Baseline, Spatial and Temporal Variation of Respirable [PM2.5] Particulate Matter in Isoko Land

Author

Aziakpono, Oke Michael, Ukpebor, E.E., and Ukpebor, J.E.

Subjects
Baseline, Cluster, Respirable particulate matter, Spatial, Temporal
Abstract

Airborne particles are the most obvious form of air pollutants in Nigeria; a link is now being established between the low life expectancy in Nigeria and the ubiquitous suspended particulate matter. This article quantified the baseline, spatial and temporal distributions of PM2.5 airborne particles in Isoko land with numerous oil wells and flow stations. It has been established that the health effects of atmospheric particulate matter are related to its ability to permeate the respiratory system. It has been generally recognized that, respiratory defense mechanisms have the ability to retain up to 99 percent of particles larger than 10µm from the inhaled air stream but the smaller particles (2.5µm and less) which are called respirable particles, are highly toxic because of their ability to penetrate deep into the respiratory tract and blood stream where they cause various forms of respiratory and pulmonary diseases. Airborne particulate matter quantification in this study was accomplished by using a Microdust Pro real time dust monitor (Casella CEL 176000A). Sampling was done for a year in the seventeen (17) sampling sites created in the study area. A baseline PM2.5 range of 4 – 310 µg/m3 was measured. There was uniformity in the distribution of respirable particles (PM2.5) at the sampling sites (ANOVA, P=0.6669, F=0.8156, df 16). The dry season PM2.5 values were statistically significantly higher (ANOVA, P= 2.377E-35, F=29.18, df 11) than the wet season levels. Quite worrisome, is the breach of the National Ambient Air Quality standard (NAAQS) 24 hours PM2.5 threshold of 65µg/m3 limit in all the sampling sites and this means that the quality of air breathe in by the people is poor and it is a pointer to quality of life in Isoko land. Violation of this limit is also suggestive of health and environmental concerns. The sources identified to contribute the highest values are vehicular traffic and re-suspended dust due to the condition of the roads and direct farming activities (anthropogenic particles).

Published
2013
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