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Three-dimensional configuration of the scoliotic spine was mathematically expressed by a spatial curve passing through each vertebral centroid ('vertebral body line'). Three-dimensional location of the vertebral centroid was determined from digitization on the frontal and sagittal roentgenograms. Cobb angle, which is clinically used for measuring scoliosis curvature, was calculated in space to evaluate scoliosis deformity three-dimensionally. In forty-five scoliotic spines, regardless of curvature and curve patterns, the spinal configurations were excellently approximated by vertebral body lines. Vertebral body lines swerved from the sagittal plane at the end vertebrae, but aligned on a certain plane within the scoliosis region. Three-dimensional Cobb angle, which was larger than that in the frontal plane, can be utilized to evaluate the scoliosis deformity.

Background and Objective: Dental calculus is a mineralized deposit attached to the tooth surface. We have shown that cellular uptake of dental calculus triggers nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain‐like receptor family pyrin domain‐containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation, leading to the processing of the interleukin‐1β precursor into its mature form in mouse and human phagocytes. The activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome also induced a lytic form of programmed cell death, pyroptosis, in these cells. However, the effects of dental calculus on other cell types in periodontal tissue have not been investigated. The aim of this study was to determine whether dental calculus can induce cell death in oral epithelial cells. Material and Methods: HSC‐2 human oral squamous carcinoma cells, HOMK107 human primary oral epithelial cells and immortalized mouse macrophages were exposed to dental calculus or 1 of its components, hydroxyapatite crystals. For inhibition assays, the cells were exposed to dental calculus in the presence or absence of cytochalasin D (endocytosis inhibitor), z‐YVAD‐fmk (caspase‐1 inhibitor) or glyburide (NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor). Cytotoxicity was determined by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and staining with propidium iodide. Tumor necrosis factor‐α production was quantified by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Oral epithelial barrier function was examined by permeability assay. Results: Dental calculus induced cell death in HSC‐2 cells, as judged by LDH release and propidium iodide staining. Dental calculus also induced LDH release from HOMK107 cells. Following heat treatment, dental calculus lost its capacity to induce tumor necrosis factor‐α in mouse macrophages, but could induce LDH release in HSC‐2 cells, indicating a major role of inorganic components in cell death. Hydroxyapatite crystals also induced cell death in both HSC‐2 and HOMK107 cells, as judged by LDH release, indicating the capacity of crystal particles to induce cell death. Cell death induced by dental calculus was significantly inhibited by cytochalasin D, z‐YVAD‐fmk and glyburide, indicating NLRP3 inflammasome involvement. In permeability assays, dental calculus attenuated the barrier function of HSC‐2 cell monolayers. Conclusion: Dental calculus induces pyroptotic cell death in human oral epithelial cells and the crystalline structure plays a major role in this process. Oral epithelial cell death induced by dental calculus might be important for the etiology of periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formulates the approximate d bands for the ordered Ni[sub2]Al crystal. Analysis of the electronic energies of the crystal; Anisotropy constant of potassium[sub1]; Temperature dependence of potassium[sub1].

Presents information on a study which examined the anisotropy energies of Y[sub2]Fe[sub14]B, Y[sub2]Co[sub14-x]B, and La[sub2]Co[sub14]B with reference to the band model. Equation for the calculation of the ferromagnetic anisotropy energy; Experimental results.

Presents a study that calculated the electronic energies for the noncollinear y-iron (Fe)[sub70]-manganese(Mn)[sub30] alloy and determined its anisotropy energy. Magnetic structure of other noncollinear y-FeMn alloys; Spin configuration in the unit cell of collinear y-FeMn alloy.

Presents a study that examined the energy decrease due to the magnetization of the spin in ferromagnetic substances and the formation of antiferromagnetic disposition in antiferromagnetic substances. Formulation of approximate energy bands for three dimensional transition metals in the tight-binding approximation; Data on the calculated energy decrease by the magnetic field for gold[sub5], gold[sub4] and gold[sub3]-vanadium[sub2].

Presents a study that examined the anisotropy constants for the intermetallic compounds yttrium (Y)-cobalt (Co) [sub5], rare earth (R)-cobalt[sub5], yttrium[sub2]-cobalt[sub17] and rare earth[sub2]-cobalt[sub17]. Crystal structures of YCo[sub5] and RCo[sub5]; Calculation of energy differences among electronic energies.

Presents a study which calculated the anisotropy energies for yttrium[sub 2]iron[sub 14]boron and neodymium[sub 2]iron[sub 14]boron magnetic materials. Anisotropy energy and crystal structure of the compounds; Calculation of the magnetic moments for iron at each compounds; Calculation of electronic energies.