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The fundamental indissolubility of valid and consummated Catholic marriage anticipated the contemporary professional (canon law) and lay view of Catholic or even mixed marriages. The author concentrated on the late medieval Hungarian or Slovak realities, which she looked at in her study through the selected case of the Huber couple from Pressburg, heard at all levels of the Hungarian ecclesiastical courts, beginning with the Metropolitan Court of the Archdiocese of Esztergom, located in Trnava at the beginning of the 19th century. It provided her with a (micro)probe method to present a more realistic picture of the emergence, resolution, gradation or, on the contrary, hibernation of marital conflicts, controversies and the very coexistence in the marital couple cohabitation of a man and a woman than the contemporary professional and scientific canonical and civilistic writings of the late modern period would have postulated in a somewhat idealistic canonical manner. However, the study begins by noting the post-Tridentine (post-Conciliar) legal basis for the separation of the spouses, which made it possible to address both the marital cause in question and its other legal and social implications (especially the property status of the separated spouses). The author has decided to bring the topic of matrimonial disputes into the scientific discourse by way of legal-historical research only to one of the institutes of the matrimonial personal law of the Catholic Church -- separation or also called separation from the table and bed, which, although it did not dissolve the marriage, but which allowed the spouses to separate temporarily or even permanently and to find a new modus vivendi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zacharias Theophilus Huszty (1754 - 1803), a prominent physician in Bratislava in the latter half of the 18th century, played a significant role in the Enlighten-ment movement through his professional publishing activities. His involvement spurred both cultural and economic growth, contributing significantly to the blossoming of scientific activity in Hungary. Over the course of the 18th century, as Brati-slava evolved into an economic, administrative, and cultural hub of Hungary, new booksellers, printers, and publishers emerged, enabling the works of significant Hungarian experts to be published locally. Prior to this, the pub li shing needs of Bratislava authors were predominantly met by German cities such as Wittenberg, Jena, Leipzig, Erfurt, and nearby Vienna. Given the ethnic composition of Bratislava's population, the majority of these works were published in German. The paper focuses on the life and work of the Bratislava physician Zacharias Theo-philus Huszty, whose medical publications could be published at the place of his work due to the favourable publishing environment. In the second half of the 18th century there were four important printing houses in Bratislava. The largest and most successful printing house of Jan Michal Landerer, founded in 1750, had the most stable position. František Augustín Patzko was granted permission to open a printing house in Bratislava in 1771. Twelve years later, in 1783, two printing houses were established in Bratislava, the printing houses of Anton Löwe and Simon Peter Weber. Since Zacharias Theophilus Huszty preferred the circle of acquaintances and collaborators around K. G. Windisch, who published his works and Ungrisches Magazin with A. Löwe and since Huszty's early publishing activities were connected with this periodical, he also published his most important works with A. Löwe. After the sale of Löwe's printing house, he used the services of his successor Jan Nepomuk Schauff. Zacharias Theophilus Huszty also published two smaller works at Simon Peter Weber's printing house. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The political and economic situation of Hungary was significantly burdened by the fact that the country had to face the onslaught of the Ottoman Empire for two centuries, which occupied one third territory of the kingdom. Although the country was able to maintain some independence, the important governing bodies of the state administration were located outside the country. After the end of the war period, Hungary, unable to take advantage of the 1848 revolutions, was still not strong enough to attain political and economic independence. The quasi-autonomous state formed only in 1867 as part of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise. The article describes the process of gaining economic independence of Hungary in the sphere of public finances and its significance for the development of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article aims at describing some of the particulars of the formation of national identities in the 19th century in the work of Ján Palárik (1822 - 1870) Inkognito ([Incognito], 1858) and Ján Kalinčiak (1822 - 1871) Reštavrácia ([County elections], 1860), Milkov hrob ([Milko's grave], 1845/1846), and Knieža liptovské ([Prince of Liptov], 1852). The article analyses these works through the prism of Ján Chalupka's (1791 - 1871) oeuvre which, with regards to identities, seeks a balance between national identities in the multilingual Hungary. Ján Palárik and Ján Kalinčiak strive for similar goals in these works. Key notions in this regard are future and progress which is connected with youth. Starting point in this respect is the self-reflective space of the fictitious town of Kocúrkovo as the space of a possible, projected change embodied in the character of the young teacher Svoboda. Attention is devoted to the hypothesised reasons underlying those attitudes that diverge from the notions established in (national) cultural memory (such as the problem of the relationship towards Hungarian literary tradition or interpretations of the past). The article mainly focuses on the elements reflecting the relationship towards the Hungarian context of the times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elections were a stable part of Hungarian political culture even before the eventful year of 1848. As such they were reflected in individual national literatures written in Hungary -- especially in the Hungarian and Slovak ones. The novel by Ján Kalinčiak (1822 - 1871) Reštavrácia ([County elections], 1860) was thus not the only literary text that portrayed these events. In 1842, the popular Hungarian playwright Ignác Nagy (1810 - 1854) published a comedy under the same title. The novel by Ján Kalinčiak, despite the fact that it was published later, is much less political in its nature than Nagy's play which in the context of county elections addressed such issues as the emancipation of women, the rights of Jews and the elimination of the political monopoly and tax advantages enjoyed by the gentry. Kalinčiak was primarily concerned with portraying a familial dispute between two gentry families in a fictitious county in northern Hungary. The dispute was resolved harmoniously and the national issues were addressed only marginally. Nevertheless, the novel and the play still have a lot in common. Besides the described social environment and the character of the main plot, these concern the frequent use of Latin expressions and dated language in general, the relatively realistic description of the events, frequent humorous motives, and the fact that the ending bears features of biedermeier style. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The oldest known Hungarian language monument called Funeral Sermon and Prayer (Halotti beszéd és könyörgés) has earned exceptional respect in the field of Hungarian culture and historiography, and a wider team of authors has sought to analyze and interpret it, however, the source bypassed the attention of the Slovak historical community. Funeral speeches in the European area at the time of the 12th century were still rare also in Latin, not only in the national languages. The central motif was based on the findings of Chapter 3 of the Book of Genesis, where God forbade Adam and Eve to eat the fruit of the tree in the middle of the garden. Because they broke their promise, they brought death to the human race. In addition to God, the Devil, Adam and Eve, the figures of the Virgin Mary, St. Peter, the Archangel Michael, the angels and Abraham, Isaac and Jacob were also mentioned. From the New Testament writings, there is also an allusion to the Gospel according to Matthew. The topic contains a transcript and a Slovak translation not only of the Hungarian version, but of the Latin original too, from which it follows that the original author also operated with references to the work of the Prophet Ezekiel or the work of St. Paul. The Funeral Sermon and Prayer is at least unique from the point of view of medieval Hungary, because expansion of funeral speeches and their publication was more common in the period from the 16th to the 18th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In contrast to the lands west of the Hungarian border, where constitutional care for orphans came about as a priority as part of the measures for elimination of street begging and support for factory production, in Hungary the reasons for establishing the first orphanages tended to be confessional. In a country where several Christian denominations existed legally alongside one another, institutional care for orphans became part of the confessional struggle. All four institutes, three private and one state, which were founded in Hungary in the second half of the eighteenth century, were designated for orphans who by means of constitutional care were to be strengthened in the Catholic faith or converted. Apart from orphans, children of living parents were accepted into Hungarian orphanages, particularly if they came from confessionally mixed marriages and who, against the law, had not been raised as Catholics. Orphanages specifically were tools for encouraging the Catholic raising of children in Kőszeg and Tomášikovo. The institution in Kőszeg, administered as of the year 1750 by members of the Society of Jesus, was primarily, according to the foundation document, designated for Protestant orphans or converts, in order to draw them away from their Protestant family environment and provide them with a Catholic upbringing. Protestant children of living parents, however, were also brought to the orphanage for various reasons up to the year 1763, with the goal of obtaining them for the Catholic confession. Poor orphaned converts in particular were to be accepted into the royal orphanage in Tomášikovo in accordance with the will of its founder. In reality, however, the majority of the children found their way into the institution due to their status as poor orphans, although there were also cases of voluntary or forced placement of children into constitutional care for religious reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of publishing titles in Bohemia and Moravia at the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, whose authors are personalities with their origin from the territory of today's Slovakia, can be observed from multiple aspects. The publication of the majority of these works is concentrated in Prague. The presented study is focused also on a smaller group of titles published outside of Prague, in other, smaller printing centres (in Brno, Olomouc, Litomyšl and Hradec Králové). Their activity begins as early as the end of the 15th century and ends in 1621. We briefly note the authors and the works they published in Bohemia and Moravia, including the printers who printed these works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on surviving sources, the study analyses the development of the evan-gelical printing works project in the period between the years 1791 - 1818, ranging from the first ideas and the granting of the privilege in 1811 through to the attempts to realise the intention. The author perceives the hitherto nearly unnoticed typographic ambitions of Hungarian evangelicals in the context of typographic privileges and monopolies and in the context of the publishing efforts of members of the Evangelical Church during the Enlightenment. The sources also reveal the economic background of the typographic sphere at the beginning of the 19th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article concentrates on the image and reception of Slovak literature in specialised Hungarian-language texts from the period of Austro-Hungarian Compromise. In the history of Slovak-Hungarian relations, this period was one of the most complicated: the middle classes were being speedily assimilated and the Slovak culture was under intense pressure of the state and Hungarian culture. The first comprehensive publication on Slovak literature in this period was written by Imre Gáspár as early as 1879, but it remained without much feedback. Subsequent articles and encyclopaedic entries were penned by Slovak authors who either worked in Budapest as civil servants (Samo Czambel, Adolf Pechány) or were based directly in Martin, Slovakia (Jozef Škultéty). Škultéty was invited to write on Slovak literature by the Budapest-based professor Oszkár Asbóth who also authored a journal article on Svetozár Hurban Vajanský. Despite differences in authors' social and cultural backgrounds, the narrative texts share several similarities: in the introduction, they provide a general overview of the history of the Slovak language and literature and then deal with outer-literary aspects in the works of a few authors and look for similarities. The works of Ján Hollý and Andrej Sládkovič were held in especially high esteem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conferring sacred orders -- both the inferior (ostiary, lector, exorcist, acolyte) and the superior ones (subdeacon, deacon, priest) -- belonged to the sacral authority of bishop. The ordinations were of great importance for ecclesiastical administration of each diocese. In order to provide sufficient spiritual services for his diocese, every bishop had to timely replenish his clergy. Upon their ordination, the clerics would receive simply formulated certificates (littera formata/testimonialis) containing relevant data on their suitability; also, the date of their ordination, name of the ordaining bishop, information on the clerics' origin or home diocese -- and, in case of friars, the affiliation to religious order. For the superior sacred orders, there was also information provided on the resources of revenue (titulus ordinationis) and all ordinations the cleric received up to then. Unfortunately, no lists of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary ordination candidates have been preserved; therefore, we entirely depend on litterae formatae, litt. dimisoriales or copies of these documents in manuscripts, usually discovered in collateral researches. Among such manuscripts, there is a code with theological and medical texts belonging to bishop of Pécs, Vít Hündler (1447 -- 1469): in this code, he recorded the transcripts form litt. formatae from dioceses of Esztergom and Pécs. Based on original sources found on the territory of medieval Hungary, in the papal curia, as well as in the coeval canon law and liturgical manuals or synod dispositions, it is possible to delineate the criteria the ordination candidates had to meet, the dates on which the ordinations took place and the specific way they were conferred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our paper we deal with testaments of clergymen in the Kingdom of Hungary in the Middle Ages in relation with bishops and archbishops. As the highest ranked officials of the Church, bishops represented guarantees and protectors of testamentary law of clerics. Their episcopal power became a pledge for practical exercise of their testamentary law in the kingdom. They performed tasks as witnesses, executors or they provided confirmation of last wills in higher ranks of the hierarchy. At the same time they were recipients of various testamentary messages in material, financial or spiritual forms or they formed messages of such kinds. In our paper we also analyze personal testaments of bishops and archbishops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The study analyses the academic speech of the Košice local censor Ignác Gotzig and the preserved sources illuminating his censorship activities and conflicts arising with his superiors mainly due to his nonconformant teaching methods and alleged failure to fulfil his censorship duties. It shows that he used the formalised form of speech as a space for reflection on problematic topics and ideas. By doing so, he charged academic speech with a polemical, nearly leaflet-like, content, and thus allowed us to contemplate censors as an unstable element in the system of social control in the spreading of ideas. The author initiates reflections on the study of censor conflicts as a source of anthropology of the Enlightenment and as a space for the perception of the transfer of Enlightenment ideas and the secularisation of society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Drafting and adopting the Hungarian Civil Code was the greatest challenge in the so-called Transleithanian area during the existence of the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy. Despite the dilligent work of the main government body involved in the legislative works, the Ministry of Justice, the draft of the Civil Code (1900) was only brought for public discussion until the end of the 19th century. In the centre of the author's attention is a brief insight into the commencement of the codification process during the dualist era which started right after the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, by the decision of the Ministry of Justice to swiftly initiate the civil substantial law codification in 1869. The readers will get acquainted with the historical and processual side of the works on the Civil Code Draft of 1900 which, even after hundred years, is still an interesting object of studies for its originality, legal creativity, and European nature which reflected the fact that the Hungarian civilists and lawmakers were well-established in the European community of lawyers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The study deals with the property culture of the inhabitants of Rožumberok in the 16th and the 17th century. The main aim of the analysis was to find as many findings as possible, analyse them and create a comprehensive view upon the problematics of the material culture of the inhabitants of Ružomberok in the 16th and the 17th century. Since there are any no everyday objects nor burgher houses which would survive, it was necessary to use sources from the archive. It is possible to say that I created a relatively complex picture of property culture of the inhabitants of Ružomberok in the Early Modern Period. The research showed that prevailing wood city houses were not as good as wood constructions in comparison to other Hungarian cities. The prevailing means of subsistence through arable farming and handcrat was visible in the property culture of the inhabitants of the residence. The mentions about luxurious objects in the sources about houses in Ružomberok are missing. In the end, the given research demonstrates the potential of the research of the property culture in even smaller towns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Road toll research is one of the marginal topics of Slovak historiography. Toll fees included both a „dry“ toll paid for roads and a bridge („water“) toll paid next to fords, on the bridges, ferries and in the ports. Fees were originally part of the Royal Regal Right. This paper deals with the issue of road tolls collected in the southwestern Slovakia, were several important roads were situated in the Middle Ages. Based on the preserved written sources, the author managed to document a dense network of toll stations in the examined area. Most of them are documented in written sources only in the 14th and 15th century. One can assume that some of them existed in the older period. The amount of the fee is mentioned only in few cases. Several major toll stations (e.g. in Starý Tekov) were claimed by several owners and the documents testify long-standing disputes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Constantine's Letters / Konštantínove Listy is the property of Institute for Research of Constantine & Methodius's Cultural Heritage and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Constantine's Letters / Konštantínove Listy is the property of Institute for Research of Constantine & Methodius's Cultural Heritage and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archaeologia Historica is the property of Masaryk University, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study describes the history of lottery and lottery tickets in Austria and Hungary in the period until 1918. It presents the most important legal rules and orders which regulated running of lotteries, and names the best known types. It informs about the way of printing the tickets as securities, and also deals with their formal side what data they contain and what graphic design they have. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The archival collection of Bratislava City Archive includes amanuscript draft providing documentary evidence of the first attempt to found a medical society in Bratislava. The manuscript dated in 1764 was written by Bratislava's municipal physician and well-known author of pharmacopoeial literature Jan Justus Torkoš (1699 - 1770). One of his main professional aims was to improve quality of provided health care in that time capital of Hungary as well as in the whole country. This manuscript represents an important record documenting the first known attempt to constitute a body directly regulating activities of physicians working in Hungary. The study also contains the first complete transcript and translation of the document. The authors put it into the context of Torkoš's work and emphasize its importance in the field of development of medical care in the second half of the 18th century in Hungary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The study surveys the content and European context of the INDED project. It is a methodological probe to the issue of learning, understanding and possibly re- constructing the communication networks of the modern times. In accordance with her focus on the history of censorship and communication in the second half of the 18th century, the author points out methodological limitations of correspondence in this intention and draws attention to some so far insufficiently exploited sources. The study reflects the present state of knowledge about transfers of European philoso- phy to the Slovak environment within Hungary and highlights the cultural and evolutionary perception of this issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pharmaceutical work „Taxa Pharmaceutica Posoniensis, Cum Instruc- tionibus Pharmacopoeorum, Chirurgorum & Obstetricum” prepared since 1743 and published in 1745 in Pressburg/Posonium (today's Bratislava in Slovakia), was the first official pharmaceutical taxa (rate book) of the former Hungarian Kingdom. These taxa were obligatory until 1799. The Hungarian Royal Governor's Council commissioned Ján Justus Torkoš (1699 - 1770), a physician from Pressburg, to edit this work. It inclu- des the list and pricing of the simplicia and composita used in the Central Europe in the 18th century. Catalogus et Taxa Medicamentorum Officinalium is quadrilingual (La- tin, Hungarian, German and Slovac). The aim of this work was the introduction and translation of the guidelines for pharmacists published in this work. The original Latin texts were used from the facsimile printed in the Archbishop Library of Kalocsa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Main focus of this paper is set to the analysis of the Hungarian literature in the Árpadian era in order to find the information about the unusual and luxurious goods that the nobility used in their everyday life or as the means of representation. Connected to this is the lifestyle, marked by the social prestige or noblesness. This mentality is based on the ownership of these various luxurious commodities, either movable or real, or it could be vice-versa, meaning that the ownership of these luxurious goods affected and formed the mentality and the social status of the aristocracy. People could value the luxurious goods either for their high price and artwork or either for their symbolic value. And the symbolic value of the object was given to it by the literature. The goods in the literary works, such as hagiographic legends, chronicles or deeds, were influenced by the real-world goods, as well as the real-world goods were influenced by the symbolic value that literature gave them. That is the power of the literature and its author: it can affect its reader or listener in the way he desire, and the whole society with it. This paper will try to provide some new view on the narrative sources, when identifying the luxurious objects and their role in medieval culture and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Božie súdy,resp.ordálie, patriamedzi výrazne špecifické praktiky stredovekej spoločnosti, ktorých výnimočnosť vždy predstavovala interpretačný problém. So zohĺadnením náboženského, sociálneho a právne-historického pozadia sa sformovalo veĺa odlišných prístupov k otázke, čo viedlo ĺudí, abysav snahe dokázať svoju pravdu vystavili veĺkej fyzickej bolesti. Spoločnou črtou týchto interpretácií bol však súhlas s prítomnosťou viery na imanentnú spravodlivosť, ktorej pôvodcom v stredovekej Európe bol jedine Boh. On stál v centre celého diania a zúčastnené strany, prisluhujúci a predstavitelia svetskej spravodlivosti očakávali jeho nespochybniteĺný rozsudok. Preto sa príspevok vo svojom obsahu zaoberá videním Boha v ordále ako aktívneho sudcu a prezentuje výsledok skúšky ako odraz jeho dvoch hlavných vlastností - spravodlivosti a milosrdenstva. Tento zámer sa momentálne prezentuje na príklade prameňov stredovekého Uhorska a pokúša sa priblížiť myšlienkové ponímanie božích súdov aj v týchto odĺahlejších častiach stredovekej kresťanskej Európy. Hlavnou postavou v článku je Boh. Jeho vnímanie je popisované tak, ako o tom informujú pramene. Najčastejšie teda ako vševediaceho sudcu, ktorý napravuje chybný ĺudský súd, a ktorého rozsudku sa sporné strany plne odovzdávali. Jeho zásah však nesmel byť ničím narušený, žiadnou mágiou, ochrannými bylinami, liečením popálenín, či dokonca predchádzajúcimi skúsenosťami bojovníkov v súboji. Druhá časť príspevku sa zamýšĺa nad možnými vysvetleniami výsledkov ordálií, ktoré šli proti najzreteĺnejším príkazom všeobecného zmýšĺania. Z obsahu prameňov je zrejmé, že rovnako, ako bolo vzhliadané k neomylnej Božej spravodlivosti, tak sa zo zreteĺa nevytrácala ani myšlienka na jeho milosrdenstvo. To bolo vzývané ešte pred začiatkom božieho súdu a taktiež aj výsledok bol vysvetĺovaný ako dôsledok jeho prejavu. Stále viac prevládajúcou odpoveďou na diskutabilný výsledok ordálu bolo presvedčenie o vôli Boha dať previnilcovi druhú šancu, a opačne, nevinný z konkrétneho prečinu bol odsúdený z úplne iného dôvodu. Boží súd preto nemusel byť nutne vnímaný ako rozhodnutie v konkrétnej veci, ale aj ako súd nad celým bytím zainteresovaných. Zámerom tohto krátkeho príspevku je skôr diskutovať na túto tému a prezentovať ju ako možný pohĺad na problematiku stredovekých ordálií. Z tohto dôvodu ďalšia diskusia ohĺadne interpretácie božích súdov nemôže pokračovať bez zohĺadnenia náboženského života stredovekej spoločnosti. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The author of the paper attempts to clarify one of the still unclear issues of the early modern Hungarian church history. In the modern history of Hungary, most instrumental in the institute of oaths were Nikolaus Olahus, Archbishop of Esztergom, and Ferenc Forgách, Bishop of Nitra. The former began to use them in a large scale thanks to which they became a custom. The latter issued a practical "handbook" on them in the form of statute by which he unified their form and content. Thinking about the oath in the church in general, one must take into consideration two periods, with the Council of Trent as a turning point. After the latter the pledging was changed into the general profession of faith. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]