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Background: Glandular cell abnormalities may indicate the presence of pre-malignant or malignant lesions. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between atypical glandular cells (AGC) and patients' demographics, histopathological outcomes, Human Papillomavirus (HPV) test results. Material and Methods: Between January 2015 and December 2019, women with AGC on Pap tests were retrieved from the hospital electronic database. The patients with AGC on cervicovaginal smears who underwent further pathological, laboratory, and imaging diagnostic testing and who were followed up at least 1-year were included in the study, while those who had a history of cervical dysplasia or cancer, lost during follow-up, or had missing data were excluded. Results: Of 85,692 Pap smears, 114 (0.13%) were diagnosed with AGC, of those 88 cases were eligible for final analysis. Gynecological malignancies were detected in 13 (14.8%) patients; including 6 (6.8%) endometrioid endometrial cancers, 3 (3.4%) non-endometrioid endometrial cancers, 2 (2.3%) cervical adenocarcinomas, 1 (1.1%) cervical squamous cell carcinoma, and 1 (1.1%) high-grade tubal serous cancer. Multivariate analysis revealed that presence of concomitant abnormal squamous lesion (P = 0.002), being 50 years and older (P = 0.028), HPV positivity (P < 0.001), and menopause (P = 0.023) were risk factors for significant pathology. Conclusion: The diagnosis of AGC may be related to the preneoplastic/neoplastic processes. A further comprehensive histopathological examination is required in women with AGC, aged 50 years and older, postmenopausal, HPV-positivity and concomitant squamous cell abnormality Clinicians should consider ovarian pathologies when there is no pathological finding on endometrial or cervical histopathological examination.

Kader Ugur,1 Suleyman Aydin,2 Tuncay Kuloglu,3 Gokhan Artas,4 Mehmet Ali Kocdor,5 İbrahim Sahin,2,6 Meltem Yardim,2 İbrahim Hanefi Ozercan41Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Disease, School of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey; 2Department of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry (Firat Hormones Research group), Firat University Hospital, Elazig, Turkey; 3Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey; 4Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey; 5Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey; 6Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, Erzincan, TurkeyObjective: The incidence of thyroid cancer has been continuously increasing. The main objective of this study was to investigate irisin expression in various thyroid pathologies and to compare these expression patterns with irisin expression in healthy thyroid tissues.Methods: The study groups consisted of 20 cases each of control thyroid tissue, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, thyroid papillary carcinoma, oncocytic papillary carcinoma, follicular thyroid carcinoma, oncocytic follicular thyroid carcinoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma, anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Irisin expression was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Irisin levels in thyroid tissue supernatants were measured using ELISA.Results: Patients with HT showed increased irisin expression compared with controls (p

Suleyman Aydin,1 Kader Ugur,2 Suna Aydin,3 İbrahim Sahin,1,4 Meltem Yardim1 1Department of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry (Firat Hormones Research Group), Medical School, Firat University, Elazig 23119, Turkey; 2Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism Diseases), School of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig 23119, Turkey; 3Cardiovascular Surgery Department, Elazig Research and Education Hospital, Health Science University, Elazig 23119, Turkey; 4Department of Medical Biology, Medical School, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, Erzincan 24100, Turkey Purpose: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the most common cause of death in the world. Comprehensive risk assessment of patients presenting with chest pain and eliminating undesirable results should decrease morbidity and mortality rates, increase the quality of life of patients, and decrease health expenditure in many countries. In this study, the advantages and disadvantages of the enzymatic and nonenzymatic biomarkers used in the diagnosis of patients with AMI are given in historical sequence, and some candidate biomarkers – hFABP, GPBB, S100, PAPP-A, RP, TNF, IL6, IL18, CD40 ligand, MPO, MMP9, cell-adhesion molecules, oxidized LDL, glutathione, homocysteine, fibrinogen, and D-dimer procalcitonin – with a possible role in the diagnosis of AMI are discussed.Methods: The present study was carried out using meta-analyses, reviews of clinical trials, evidence-based medicine, and guidelines indexed in PubMed and Web of Science.Results: These numerous AMI biomarkers guide clinical applications (diagnostic methods, risk stratification, and treatment). Today, however, TnI remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of AMI. Details in the text will be given of many biomarkers for the diagnosis of AMI.Conclusion: We evaluated the advantages and disadvantages of routine enzymatic and nonenzymatic biomarkers and the literature evidence of other candidate biomarkers in the diagnosis of AMI, and discuss challenges and constraints that limit translational use from bench to bedside. Keywords: acute myocardial infarction, cardiac protein, cardiac peptide

Counterterrorism strategies that mainly rely on hard power have long been used to defeat terrorism. In recent years, governments have begun incorporating soft power approaches not as a substitute, but as a complementary strategy to be applied alongside hard power approaches. Disengagement and deradicalization programs are important components of soft power approaches, and are regarded as significant contributors to traditional counterterrorism methods. In this paper, we analyze a locally developed counterterrorism program in Turkey, which resulted in the disengagement and deradicalization of hundreds of militants. In this paper we present an examination of a pilot program that focused on applying individual disengagement and deradicalization counterterrorism measures that was conducted by the Adana Police Department in Turkey between 2009 and 2015. This program was designed to reach out to the members of extremist groups and their families for the purpose of persuading them to disengage from their groups, change their radical mindsets, and help them reintegrate into society. We also discuss how the change in the government’s counterterrorism strategy from one which prioritizes the use of soft power approaches to another, which mostly utilizes the hard power approach, and almost completely discards the soft power method, influenced the implementation of the program.

Background: To evaluate the efficacy of the preoperative ultrasonographic sliding sign in predicting intra-abdominal adhesions. Methods: This was a single-center, double-blinded, prospective observational study undertaken from March and September 2021 on 110 patients with a history of previous abdominal surgery. All patients who were scheduled for laparoscopy underwent slide test in 5 zones of abdomen: right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant, previous operation site, vesicouterine pouch, and rectovaginal pouch. Adhesions were assessed by the same gynecologic surgeon using ultrasonography before the surgery and by gynecological surgeons during surgery, and by a third gynecologic surgeon to compare the preoperative slide test findings and laparoscopic findings after the surgery. Results: Seventy-three (66.4%) patients underwent laparoscopic surgery, and 37 (33.6%) patients underwent laparotomy. The mean age of patients was 46.9 ± 1.0 years. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of preoperative ultrasonography in predicting adhesions were 89.5%, 91.7%, 97.5%, and 71.0%, respectively. The accuracy of the slide test was calculated as 90.0%. It was found that as the total number of cesarean sections increased the estimates of vesicouterine adhesions and actual adhesions increased (P =.008). Also, the prediction of intra-abdominal adhesions and actual adhesions significantly increased as the total number of surgical operations increased (P =.002). Conclusions: Intra-abdominal adhesions can be detected with the slide test, which is a non-invasive and well-tolerated procedure. Slide test can guide the physician before the elective operation in patients with previous abdominal surgery and may assist in counseling patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: Cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs) remain an important public health issue due to the increasing number of deaths worldwide. Changes in the synthesis and release of peptides in CVDs may play an important role in elucidating the physiopathology of the disease. Therefore, this study was to investigate the fate of maresin-1 (MaR-1), subfatin (SUB), asprosin (ASP), and alamandine (ALA) levels in patients with cerebral infarction (CI), intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) evaluated within the scope of CVDs, and voluntary healthy controls. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study participants were divided into 4 groups: CI patients, ICH patients, SAH patients, and healthy volunteers. The diagnosis of CVDs was made based on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), Intracerebral Hemorrhage Score (ICHS), Botterel-Hunt-Hess Scale (BHHS), and cranial computed tomography (CT). The levels of MaR-1 (ng/mL), SUB (ng/mL), ASP (ng/mL), and ALA (pg/mL) in the blood samples collected from the participants were studied using the ELISA method. Other parameters included in the study were obtained from the patient records of our hospital. RESULTS: The comparison of MaR-1 [(control 1.38 ± 0.14), SAH (0.98 ± 0.087), CI (0.67 ± 0.04), ICH (0.51 ± 0.03)], SUB [(control (13.2 ± 1.4), SAH (10.1 ± 1.2), CI (7.9 ± 0.8), ICH (5.8 ± 0.5)], and ALA [(control (67.2 ± 7.9), SAH (58.2 ± 4.3), CI (42.1 ± 3.7), and ICH (34.2 ±3.9)] values revealed a significant decrease compared to the control values The comparison of the ASP values of SAH, CI, and ICH patients and control values (11.6 ± 1.2) showed significantly higher asprosin values in SAH (13.8 ± 1.1), CI (15.4 ± 1.2) and ICH (28.9 ± 2.8) patients. Similarly, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and glucose levels of CKD patients were also high. CONCLUSIONS: Decreased MaR-1, SUB, ALA and increased ASP compared to the control values may play a role in the physiopathology of these diseases. MaR-1, SUB, ALA, and ASP differences between SAH, CI and ICH patients may also guide clinicians along with SBP, DBP and glucose values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: Diabetes is an important endocrinological disease that has an increasing incidence in the world and affects all biological tissues including testicles. Therefore, this study aimed to reveal the histological and biochemical effects of vitamin D on irisin, apoptosis, total antioxidant status (TAS), and total oxidant status (TOS) in testicular tissues of rats with experimental diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 41 male Wistar rats, 8-10 weeks old, weighing between 200- 220 g, were included in the study as the following groups: control group (n=7; no treatment), sham group [only sodium citrate buffer (SCB)] [n=7; single dose 0.1 Molar (M) SCB given intraperitoneally (i.p)], vitamin D group (n=7; 50 IU/ day given orally), diabetes group [n=10; single dose 50 mg/kg Streptozotocin (STZ) dissolved in 0.1 M SCB and given i.p (tail vein blood glucose level above 250 mg/dl after 72 hours)] and diabetes+ vitamin D group [n=10, single dose 50 mg/ kg STZ, dissolved in 0.1 M SCB and given i.p (tail vein blood glucose level above 250 mg/dl after 72 hours) and when diabetes occurs, oral vitamin D administration of 50 IU/day)]. At the end of the 8 weeks experiment, blood was drawn from the tail vein of all rats, they were sacrificed and testicular tissues were taken. While the amount of irisin in the blood and testicular tissue supernatants was analyzed with the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method, TAS and TOS measurements were analyzed with the REL method, testicular tissues were analyzed histopathologically, immunohistochemically, and with the TUNEL method. RESULTS: When the diabetes group was compared with the control and sham groups, it was reported that the amounts of blood and tissue supernatant irisin and TAS significantly decreased and the TOS was significantly increased; a statistically significant increase in irisin and TAS of blood and tissue supernatants and a signifi- cant decrease in TOS were detected when diabetes+ vitamin D and diabetes groups were compared among themselves. Similar results were obtained in the immunohistochemical studies. Tissue expressions of irisin decreased in the diabetes group compared to the control and sham groups, while the application of vitamin D increased the tissue expressions of irisin. Additionally, when the numbers of apoptotic cells were compared, it was reported that apoptotic cells in the diabetes group increased significantly compared to the control and sham groups, and vitamin D administration significantly decreased the number of apoptotic cells. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, vitamin D administration to diabetic rats decreased the number of apoptotic cells and increased the amount of irisin. Vitamin D had an effective role in maintaining the physiological integrity of rat testicular tissues, so vitamin D may be a potent agent to be used in the treatment of diabetes in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a type of diabetes that affects from 3.8% to 6.9% of pregnancies worldwide, causing significant mortality and unfavorable obstetric outcomes, such as delivery trauma and macrosomia risk. The fundamental processes of this metabolic disorder that first appeared during pregnancy are still unknown. Tissue hormones, particularly adipokines, have aided in understanding the pathophysiology of numerous disorders in recent years. This study aims to determine if Apelin-13 (APLN-13), Apelin- 36 (APLN-36), Elabela (ELA), and nitric oxide (NO) molecules have all a part in the pathophysiology of GDM. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 30 pregnant control women and 30 pregnant women who had been diagnosed with GDM in the second trimester and whose body mass index and age were compatible with each other. Blood samples were collected from 60 participants during the second trimester (30 control pregnant women and 30 GDM pregnant women) and postpartum (17 controls vs. 14 GDM). In these blood samples, the amounts of APLN-13, APLN-36, ELA, and NO were studied using the ELISA method. In addition, the participants’ glucose, lipid profiles, and other parameters were obtained from the hospital record files. At postpartum, 29 pregnant women (13 control and 16 pregnant women with GDM) dropped out of the study without explanation. RESULTS: In the second trimester and postpartum plasma of mothers with GDM, APLN-13, APLN-36, NO, and ELA molecules were found to be significantly higher (< 0.05), compared to those of the control mothers, while APLN-13, APLN-36, NO values were significantly lower (0.05). While APLN-13, APLN-36, NO amounts in mothers with GDM were positively correlated with glucose amounts, they were negatively correlated with ELA amounts. Similarly, the triglyceride amounts in mothers with GDM were positively correlated with APLN-13, APLN-36 and NO, while they were negatively correlated with the ELA amounts. Due to gestational diabetes, APLN-13, APLN-36, NO, glucose, and triglyceride increased, and ELA decreased. CONCLUSIONS: It is predicted that the glucose increase in GDM is because Apelins reduce glucose transport to erythrocytes by inhibiting the sodium-dependent glucose transporter (SGLT) and that the increase in triglyceride and NO may be associated with high glucose levels in GDM. As a result, we believe that the above-mentioned chemicals may cause GDM Pathology by triggering one another. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: Obesity is a serious public health problem associated with excessive food intake. Regulation of food intake in highly organized organisms is under the control of a large number of orexigenic and anorexigenic molecules. Therefore, the main purpose of this study has been to determine the relationship between obesity and some of the circulating orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides that have a role in appetite control and to determine whether the concentrations of these molecules differ according to blood groups. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 400 individuals of whom 100 were obese women, 100 obese men, 100 healthy men and 100 healthy women. Obese women and men were divided into 4 groups, according to their blood groups. In the control group, healthy women and healthy men were similarly divided into 4 blood groups. Each blood group within the groups, therefore, had 25 participants. RESULTS: When leptin, nesfatin-1, obestatin and neuropeptide-Y, ghrelin and galanin levels of the control group and obese participants were compared, regardless of blood groups, leptin, nesfatin-1, obestatin and neuropeptide-Y were significantly higher, whereas only the ghrelin levels were significantly lower in obese patients. When the amounts of these hormones were measured according to gender, the situation was similar. When leptin, nesfatin-1, obestatin and neuropeptide-Y values of the control and obese participants' blood groups were compared with each other; these hormones were high in all blood groups; however, leptin levels in A blood group, nesfatin-1 levels in AB and O blood group, obestatin levels in AB blood group, neuropeptide-Y levels in A, B, AB blood groups were significantly higher. When the ghrelin levels of the blood groups in the control group and obese participants were compared, it was only significantly lower in the AB blood group. The ghrelin levels in the other blood groups of the obese individuals were again low, but not significantly so. When the distribution of hormones according to gender was evaluated, a situation parallel to the above results was recorded. CONCLUSIONS: Leptin, nesfatin-1, obestatin and neuropeptide-Y and galanin levels of obese individuals were significantly higher than the control values, whereas the ghrelin values were significantly lower regardless of blood groups. Also, these hormones in blood partly varied with ABO blood groups. These different concentrations of hormones in ABO blood groups might be related with stimulation or suppression of appetite in human. However, further studies in other ethnic groups are needed to confirm these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: Subfatin (Metrnl) and asprosin are associated with metabolic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes. Exercise is among the most important regulators of health in humans and has been previously demonstrated to regulate these parameters. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of different types of regular exercises on levels of subfatin, asprosin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), uric acid, and glucose. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 120 young and healthy males, who participated in the study voluntarily. These participants were randomly divided into four groups, such as control (C), aerobic exercise (AE), intermittent (HIIT), and resistance exercise (RE) groups. Additionally, all the groups had equal numbers of participants. First, the subjects in the exercise group were made familiar with the exercise regime for two weeks. Then, they performed regular exercises, three days a week for eight weeks. Blood samples were collected from the participants at the beginning and end of the study. Subfatin and asprosin levels were analyzed using the ELISA method. AST, ALT, uric acid, and glucose levels were analyzed using the AutoAnalyzer. RESULTS: No differences were observed in pretest values between the groups (p>0.05). Assessment of intragroup changes demonstrated no significant changes in the control group. In the comparisons, statistically significant changes were recorded in the levels of subfatin, asprosin, and glucose in all exercise groups. Particularly, differences were observed in the levels of AST and uric acid in the AE and HIIT groups while differences in ALT levels were observed only in the AE group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In the conclusion of the study, different types of exercises caused significant changes in subfatin and asprosin levels. Thus, these results suggested that the parameters associated with metabolic diseases could be controlled with the aid of regular exercises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and obesity are important public health problems associated with adipose tissue mass. Asprosin, visfatin, and subfatin are new members of which fate in MetS and obesity has not been fully revealed yet. Thus, this study was to investigate the association between asprosin, visfatin, subfatin, and biochemical values, demographic data, and body composition measurement values in MetS patients with and without obesity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Blood samples were taken from a total of 90 people, including 31 MetS patients with obesity, 29 MetS patients without obesity, and 30 healthy (control). Asprosin, visfatin, and subfatin were studied by the ELISA method. RESULTS: There was a negative correlation between asprosin and Body Mass Index (BMI) in the MetS + Obese group. The correlations between asprosin and urea and fasting insulin (FI) levels in the MetS group were positive and statistically significant (p < 0.05). While there was a statistically significant negative correlation (p < 0.05) between visfatin and BMI in the MetS + Obese group, the correlation with waist circumference in the MetS + Obese and MetS groups was statistically significant and negative (p < 0.05). There was a statistically significant negative relationship (p < 0.05) between aspartate aminotransferase value and visfatin. The results between visfatin values and asprosin and subfatin in all groups were significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There is a direct relationship between circulating amounts of asprosin, visfatin visfatin, and subfatin hormones and age, weight, height, diastolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, and creatinine. Therefore, asprosin, visfatin, and subfatin hormones are the new biomarkers of metabolic turbulence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: The melanocortin system is an important neural system underlying the control of body weight and food intake. This system has recently received great attention as a potential target for obesity treatment. Therefore, the objective of this study was to find out the leptin-melanocortin pathway before and after Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy (LSG) in obese patients PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study was carried out with a total of 144 individuals in 3 groups [control, obese group before LSG and obese group after LSG (who underwent LSG one year ago)]. The amount of leptin (LEP), leptin receptor (LEPR), tropomyosin receptor kinase receptor B (TrkB), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and melanocortin-4 receptors (MC4R) molecules were measured by using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference was found between the groups in terms of body mass index (BMI) values (p = 0.001). There was also statistically significant difference present between obese before LSG group and obese after LSG group regarding the levels of LEP, TrkB, BDNF and proteins (p < 0.05). A decline was determined in the LEP and BDNF levels one year follow-up after LSG. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence suggests that the leptin melanocortin pathway strictly regulates food intake and BMI before and after LSG surgery. This pathway should be kept under control for effectively reducing food intake and body weight in the treatment of obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renalase (RNLS) is synthesized mainly in renal tissues. The function of RNLS in cancerous renal tissues has not been investigated. We investigated the synthesis of RNLS in chromophobe renal cell carcinoma, papillary renal cell carcinoma and clear cell renal cell carcinoma with Fuhrman grades (FG): FG1, nucleoli are absent or inconspicuous and basophilic; FG2, nucleoli are conspicuous and eosinophilic and visible but not prominent; FG3, nucleoli are conspicuous and eosinophilic; FG4, extreme nuclear pleomorphism, multinucleate giant cells, and/or rhabdoid and/or sarcomatoid differentiation. We used 90 tissue samples including 15 healthy controls, 15 chromophobe renal cell carcinoma tissues and 10 papillary renal cell carcinoma renal tissues: 12 FG1, 14 FG 2, 14 FG 3 and 10 FG4. RNLS in the tissue samples was measured using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and immunostaining of RNLS in these tissues. RNLS was significantly greater in the chromophobe renal cell carcinoma and papillary renal cell carcinoma tissues than the control. The least amount of RNLS was found in the renal tissues of clear cell renal cell carcinoma FG1; the amount of RNLS increased as the FG grades increased. Because RNLS increased significantly in renal tissues due to cancer, except for clear cell renal cell carcinoma FG1, RNLS may be useful biomarker for distinguishing grades of renal cancer. Because RNLS increases cell survival, anti-RNLS preparations may be useful for treating cancer in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: The capability of drinks and foods to resist pH changes brought about by salivary buffering may play an important role in the dental erosion process in children. The aim of the present study was to test fruit yogurt, a popular snack for children, and the degrees of saturation (pK-pl) with respect to hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite to determine their erosive potential. METHOD AND MATERIALS: A variety of fruit yogurt was tested. To test the pH, 8 readings were taken with a pH electrode for each yogurt. Calcium content was detected by atomic absorption spectrophotometer, phosphorus by the inductively coupled plasma method, and fluoride content by ion chromatography. The degrees of saturation of hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite were calculated by use of a computer program. Statistical analysis was performed using 2-tailed analysis of variance (P < .05) and a post hoc test (Tukey) to determine differences between groups. RESULTS: The pH of each fruit concentrate was significantly different, except for banana yogurt. Except for the phosphorus content of raspberry yogurt, the calcium and phosphorus content for each fruit concentrate were significantly different. Fluoride levels were the same for all yogurts tested, and the degrees of saturation of hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite was positive, indicating supersaturation. CONCLUSION: It could be stated that fruit yogurt has no erosive potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite significant advances in medicine, mortality due to cardiovascular disease is not yet preventable. We investigated the amounts of elabela (ELA) and apelin, synthesized by cardiomyocytes, and changes of these compounds in cardiac tissue and circulation after administration of iloprost (ILO) and sildenafil (SIL) in rats with induced myocardial ischemia (MI). We also investigated a connection with circulating troponin-I, creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB) and nitric oxide (NO), and total anti-oxidant (TAS)/total oxidant status (TOS). We established eight study groups of five rats each. Group 1, sham, was given only physiologic serum; group 2, ILO; group 3, SIL; group 4, ILO + SIL; group 5, MI; group 6, MI + ILO; group 7, MI + SIL; group 8, MI + ILO + SIL. Troponin-I, CK, CK-MB and TAS-TOS were investigated using an autoanalyzer. NO, ELA and apelin were analyzed by ELISA. Tissue apelin and ELA expressions and localizations were determined by immunohistochemistry. The MI group compared to the control (sham) group showed that ELA, apelin, troponin-I, CK, CK-MB, NO and TOS levels were elevated significantly. Concentrations of these factors increased in MI, but decreased after ILO and SIL administration. The largest decrease of TOS was identified in the ILO + SIL group. ELA and apelin may be novel indicators of MI and administration of ILO and SIL, individually or together, may be useful for treating MI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]