Search

The use of contrast agents has previously been proposed as a novel method to increase the activation close to the Bragg peak, aiming to improve the quality of proton range monitoring in vivo. In a recent work, we demonstrated the feasibility of $^{127}$I for online verification, thanks to its high cross-section (200 mbarn at 10 MeV) and low energy production threshold for $^{127m}$Xe. The spectroscopy-based method relies on identifying two specific delayed $\gamma$ lines (at 124.6 and 172.5 keV), which can be analyzed via single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). In this work, we present a proof-of-principle study to investigate proton activation in a commercial iodinated contrast media (ICM) for radiology. Five measurements were conducted at different proton energies (6-10 MeV), equivalent to the last millimeters of clinical proton range. Activation in the ICM was measured with four LaBr$_3$(Ce) scintillators. The contribution from iodine was separated from the activation of the solvent, yielding excellent agreement with previously reported data. These results demonstrate the potential of this technique and pave the way for further testing in clinically relevant scenarios.

Theoretical predictions for lepton-induced single-pion production (SPP) on $^{12}$C are revisited in order to assess the effect of different treatments of the current operator. On one hand we have the asymptotic approximation, which consists in replacing the particle four-vectors that enter in the operator by their asymptotic values, i.e., their values out of the nucleus. On the other hand we have the full calculation, which is a more accurate approach to the problem. We also compare with results in which the final nucleon is described by a relativistic plane wave, to rate the effect of the nucleon distortion. The study is performed for several lepton kinematics, reproducing inclusive and semi-inclusive cross sections belonging to the low-$Q^2$ region (between 0.05 and 1 GeV$^2$), which is of special interest in charged-current (CC) neutrino-nucleus 1$\pi$ production. Inclusive electron results are compared with experimental data. We find non-trivial corrections comparable in size with the effect of the nucleon distortion, namely, corrections up to 6\%, either increasing or diminishing the asymptotic prediction, and a shift of the distributions towards higher energy transfer. For the semi-inclusive cross sections, we observe the correction to be prominent mainly at low values of the outgoing nucleon kinetic energy. Finally, for CC neutrino-induced 1$\pi^+$ production, we find a reduction at low-$Q^2$ with respect to both the plane-wave approach and the asymptotic case.

We present a detailed study of the contribution from two-body currents to the one-nucleon knockout process induced by electromagnetic interaction. The framework is a relativistic mean-field model (RMF) in which bound and scattering nucleons are consistently described as solutions of Dirac equation with potentials. We show results obtained with the most general expression of the two-body operator, in which the intermediate nucleons are described by relativistic mean-field bound states; then, we propose two approximations consisting in describing the intermediate states as nucleons in a relativistic Fermi gas, preserving the complexity and consistency in the initial and final states. These approximations simplify the calculations considerably, allowing us to provide outcomes in a reasonable computational time. The results obtained under these approximations are validated by comparing with those from the full model. Additionally, the theoretical predictions are compared with experimental data of the longitudinal and transverse responses of carbon 12. The agreement with data is outstanding for the longitudinal response, where the contribution from the two-body operator is negligible. In the transverse sector, the two-body current increases the response from 30 to 15%, depending on the approximations and kinematics, in general, improving the agreement with data., Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures

miniBELEN-10A is a modular and transportable moderated neutron counter with a nearly flat detection efficiency up to 8 MeV. The detector was designed to carry out measurements of (alpha, n) reactions in the context of the Measurement of Alpha Neutron Yields (MANY) project. In this work we present the results of the commissioning of miniBELEN-10A using the relatively well-known thick-target neutron yields from 27Al(alpha, n)30P.

miniBELEN is a modular and transportable neutron moderated counter with a nearly flat neutron detection efficiency up to 10 MeV. Modularity implies that the moderator can be reassembled in different ways in order to obtain different types of response. The detector has been developed in the context of the Measurement of Alpha Neutron Yields (MANY) collaboration, which is a scientific effort aiming to carry out measurements of (alpha,n) production yields, reaction cross-sections and neutron energy spectra. In this work we present and discuss several configurations of the miniBELEN detector. The experimental validation of the efficiency calculations using 252Cf sources and the measurement of the 27Al(alpha,n)30P reaction is also presented., Comment: 15th International Conference on Nuclear Data for Science and Technology (ND2022)

We present a complete comparison of semi-inclusive $\nu_\mu$-$^{12}$C cross-section measurements by T2K and MINER$\nu$A collaborations with the predictions from the SuSAv2-MEC model implemented in the neutrino-nucleus event generator GENIE and an unfactorized approach based on the relativistic distorted wave impulse approximation (RDWIA). Results, that include cross sections as function of the final muon and proton kinematics and correlations between both, show that the agreement with data obtained by the RDWIA approach, that accounts for final-state interactions, matches or improves GENIE-SuSAv2 predictions for very forward angles where scaling violations are relevant.

Longitudinal ($R_L$) and transverse ($R_T$) responses from inclusive electron scattering from carbon 12 and calcium 40 nuclei are computed within a fully relativistic and unfactorized model for the initial and final states, and one- and two-body current operators leading to the one-particle one-hole responses. We find that the two-body contributions have no effect on $R_L$ but they increase $R_T$ by up to 30%, depending on the energy and momentum transfer. Inclusive cross sections have also been computed. In this case, the increase of $R_T$ due to two-body currents will translate into an increase in the cross-sections depending on the degree of transversity of each kinematic. The comparison with carbon data is good for the responses and the cross sections. In the case of calcium, while the model compares well with the cross section data, the agreement with the responses is generally poor. However, the inconsistencies between different data sets for the separate responses in this nucleus points to uncertainties underlying the procedure to extract the responses that are not considered (or largely underestimated) in the experimental error bars. Our calculation is fully relativistic and considers within the full quantum mechanical description both the initial and final nucleon states involved in the process. We also show that it is essential to go beyond the plane-wave approach, since incorporating the distortion of the nucleons while making the initial and final states orthogonal, allows to reproduce both the shape and magnitude of the cross section data and carbon responses. The good agreement with the electron scattering experimental data supports the use of this approach to describe the analogous neutrino-induced scattering reaction., Comment: 21 pages, 8 figures

Maximizing the discovery potential of increasingly precise neutrino experiments will require an improved theoretical understanding of neutrino-nucleus cross sections over a wide range of energies. Low-energy interactions are needed to reconstruct the energies of astrophysical neutrinos from supernovae bursts and search for new physics using increasingly precise measurement of coherent elastic neutrino scattering. Higher-energy interactions involve a variety of reaction mechanisms including quasi-elastic scattering, resonance production, and deep inelastic scattering that must all be included to reliably predict cross sections for energies relevant to DUNE and other accelerator neutrino experiments. This white paper discusses the theoretical status, challenges, required resources, and path forward for achieving precise predictions of neutrino-nucleus scattering and emphasizes the need for a coordinated theoretical effort involved lattice QCD, nuclear effective theories, phenomenological models of the transition region, and event generators., Comment: 81 pages, contribution to Snowmass 2021

A thorough understanding of neutrino-nucleus scattering physics is crucial for the successful execution of the entire US neutrino physics program. Neutrino-nucleus interaction constitutes one of the biggest systematic uncertainties in neutrino experiments - both at intermediate energies affecting long-baseline Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), as well as at low energies affecting coherent scattering neutrino program - and could well be the difference between achieving or missing discovery level precision. To this end, electron-nucleus scattering experiments provide vital information to test, assess and validate different nuclear models and event generators intended to be used in neutrino experiments. In this white paper, we highlight connections between electron- and neutrino-nucleus scattering physics at energies ranging from 10s of MeV to a few GeV, review the status of ongoing and planned electron scattering experiments, identify gaps, and layout a path forward that benefits the neutrino community. We also highlight the systemic challenges with respect to the divide between the nuclear and high-energy physics communities and funding that presents additional hurdle in mobilizing these connections to the benefit of neutrino programs., Comment: 37 pages, contribution to Snowmass 2021

We study neutrino-nucleus charged-current reactions on finite nuclei for the situation in which an outgoing muon and a proton are detected in coincidence, i.e., we focus on semi-inclusive cross sections. We limit our attention to one-body current interactions (quasielastic scattering) and assess the impact of different nuclear effects in the determination of the neutrino energy. We identify the regions in phase space where the neutrino energy can be reconstructed relatively well, and study whether the cross section in those regions is significant. Our results indicate that it is possible to filter more than 50% of all events according to the muon and proton kinematics, so that for the DUNE and T2K fluxes the neutrino energy can be determined with an uncertainty of less than 1% and 3%, respectively. Furthermore, we find that the reconstructed neutrino energy does not depend strongly on how one treats the final-state interactions and is not much affected by the description of the initial state. On the other hand, the estimations of the uncertainty on the neutrino energy show important sensitivity to the modeling of the initial state., Comment: 19 pages, 15 figures

The structure of the doubly magic $^{132}_{50}$Sn$_{82}$ has been investigated at the ISOLDE facility at CERN, populated both by the $\beta^-$decay of $^{132}$In and $\beta^-$-delayed neutron emission of $^{133}$In. The level scheme of $^{132}$Sn is greatly expanded with the addition of 68 $\gamma$-transitions and 17 levels observed for the first time in the $\beta$ decay. The information on the excited structure is completed by new $\gamma$-transitions and states populated in the $\beta$-n decay of $^{133}$In. Improved delayed neutron emission probabilities are obtained both for $^{132}$In and $^{133}$In. Level lifetimes are measured via the Advanced Time-Delayed $\beta\gamma\gamma$(t) fast-timing method. An interpretation of the level structure is given based on the experimental findings and the particle-hole configurations arising from core excitations both from the \textit{N} = 82 and \textit{Z} = 50 shells, leading to positive and negative parity particle-hole multiplets. The experimental information provides new data to challenge the theoretical description of $^{132}$Sn., Comment: 19 pages, 11 figures. Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. C

We show that the quasielastic (QE) response calculated with the SuSAv2 (superscaling approach) model, that relies on the scaling phenomenon observed in the analysis of (e,e') data and on the relativistic mean-field theory, is very similar to that from a relativistic distorted wave impulse approximation model when only the real part of the optical potentials is employed. The coincidence between the results from these two completely independent approaches, which satisfactorily agree with the inclusive data, reinforces the reliability of the quasielastic predictions stemming from both models and sets constraints for the QE response. We also study the low energy and momentum transfer region of the inclusive response by confronting the results of the relativistic mean-field model with those of the Hartree-Fock continuum random-phase approximation model, which accounts for nuclear long-range correlations. Finally, we present a comparison of our results with the recent JLab (e,e') data for argon, titanium and carbon, finding good agreement with the three data sets., Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures

Experimental cross sections for the $^4He(e,e'p)X$ reaction up to a missing momentum of 0.632 GeV/$c$ at $x_B=1.24$ and $Q^2$=2(GeV/$c$)$^2$ are reported. The data are compared to Relativistic Distorted Wave Impulse Approximation(RDWIA) calculations for $^4He(e,e'p)^3H$ channel. Significantly more events in the triton mass region are measured for $p_{m}$$>$0.45 GeV/$c$ than are predicted by the theoretical model, suggesting that the effects of initial-state multi-nucleon correlations are stronger than expected by the RDWIA model., Comment: Submitted to PRC

A detailed study of charged current quasielastic neutrino and antineutrino scattering cross sections on a $^{12}$C target with no pions in the final state is presented. The initial nucleus is described by means of a realistic spectral function $S(p,{\cal E})$ in which nucleon-nucleon correlations are implemented by using natural orbitals through the Jastrow method. The roles played by these correlations and by final-state interactions are analyzed and discussed. The model also includes the contribution of weak two-body currents in the two-particle two-hole sector, evaluated within a fully relativistic Fermi gas. The theoretical predictions are compared with a large set of experimental data for double-differential, single-differential and total integrated cross sections measured by the MiniBooNE, MINER$\nu$A and T2K experiments. Good agreement with experimental data is found over the whole range of neutrino energies. The results are also in global good agreement with the predictions of the superscaling approach, which is based on the analysis of electron-nucleus scattering data, with only a few differences seen at specific kinematics., Comment: 14 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in Physical Review C

We have characterized in depth the time response of three detectors equipped with cylindrical LaBr$_{3}$ (Ce) crystals with dimensions of 1-in. in height and 1-in. in diameter, and having nominal Ce doping concentration of 5%, 8% and 10%. Measurements were performed at $^{60}$Co and $^{22}$Na {\gamma}-ray energies against a fast BaF$_{2}$ reference detector. The time resolution was optimized by the choice of the photomultiplier bias voltage and the fine tuning of the parameters of the constant fraction discriminator, namely the zero-crossing and the external delay. We report here on the optimal time resolution of the three crystals. It is observed that timing properties are influenced by the amount of Ce doping and the crystal homogeneity. For the crystal with 8% of Ce doping the use of the ORTEC 935 CFD at very shorts delays in addition to the Hamamatsu R9779 PMT has made it possible to improve the LaBr$_{3}$(Ce) time resolution from the best literature value at 60Co photon energies to below 100 ps., Comment: Article submitted to Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment

Neutral current quasielastic (anti)neutrino scattering cross sections on a $^{12}$C target are analyzed using a realistic spectral function $S(p,E)$ that gives a scaling function in accordance with the ($e,e'$) scattering data. The spectral function accounts for the nucleon-nucleon (NN) correlations by using natural orbitals (NOs) from the Jastrow correlation method and has a realistic energy dependence. The standard value of the axial mass $M_A= 1.032$ GeV is used in all calculations. The role of the final-state interaction (FSI) on the spectral and scaling functions, as well as on the cross sections is accounted for. A comparison of the calculations with the empirical data of the MiniBooNE and BNL experiments is performed. Our results are analyzed in comparison with those when NN correlations are not included, and also with results from other theoretical approaches, such as the relativistic Fermi gas (RFG), the relativistic mean field (RMF), the relativistic Green's function (RGF), as well as with the SuperScaling Approach (SuSA) based on the analysis of quasielastic electron scattering., Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures

Recent progresses on the relativistic modeling of neutrino-nucleus reactions are presented and the results are compared with high precision experimental data in a wide energy range., Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures, Proccedings of the 33rd International Workshop on Nuclear Theory, IWNT33-14, Rila Mountains, Bulgaria, June 22-28, 2014

We compare the charged-current quasielastic neutrino and antineutrino observables obtained in two different nuclear models, the phenomenological SuperScaling Approximation and the Relativistic Mean Field approach, with the recent data published by the MINERvA Collaboration. Both models provide a good description of the data without the need of an ad hoc increase in the mass parameter in the axial-vector dipole form factor. Comparisons are also made with the MiniBooNE results where different conclusions are reached., Comment: 6 pages, 7 figures, Accepted for publication in Physical Review D

Charge-current quasielastic (CCQE) (anti)neutrino scattering cross sections on a $^{12}$C target are analyzed using a spectral function $S(p,{\cal E})$ that gives a scaling function in accordance with the ($e,e'$) scattering data. The spectral function accounts for the nucleon-nucleon (NN) correlations, it has a realistic energy dependence and natural orbitals (NO's) from the Jastrow correlation method are used in its construction. In all calculations the standard value of the axial mass $M_A= 1.032$ GeV/c$^2$ is used. The results are compared with those when NN correlations are not included, as in the Relativistic Fermi Gas (RFG) model, or when harmonic-oscillator (HO) single-particle wave functions are used instead of NO's. The role of the final-state interactions (FSI) on the theoretical spectral and scaling functions, as well as on the cross sections is accounted for. A comparison of the results for the cases with and without FSI, as well as to results from the phenomenological scaling function obtained from the superscaling analysis (SuSA) is carried out. Our calculations based on the impulse approximation (IA) underpredict the MiniBooNE data, but agree with the data from the NOMAD experiment. The possible missing ingredients in the considered theoretical models are discussed., Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in Physical Review C

The nucleosynthesis of elements beyond iron is dominated by neutron captures in the s and r processes. However, 32 stable, proton-rich isotopes cannot be formed during those processes, because they are shielded from the s-process flow and r-process beta-decay chains. These nuclei are attributed to the p and rp process. For all those processes, current research in nuclear astrophysics addresses the need for more precise reaction data involving radioactive isotopes. Depending on the particular reaction, direct or inverse kinematics, forward or time-reversed direction are investigated to determine or at least to constrain the desired reaction cross sections. The Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) will offer unique, unprecedented opportunities to investigate many of the important reactions. The high yield of radioactive isotopes, even far away from the valley of stability, allows the investigation of isotopes involved in processes as exotic as the r or rp processes., Comment: Invited Talk given at the Conference Nuclear Physice in Astrophysics VI (NPA6), Lisbon, Portugal, May 19-24 2013. To appear in the NPA6 Proceedings in Journal of Physics: Conference Series (JPCS)

The relativistic mean field (RMF) model is used to describe nucleons in the nucleus and thereby to evaluate the effects of having dynamically off-shell spinors. Compared with free, on-shell nucleons as employed in some other models, within the RMF nucleons are described by relativistic spinors with strongly enhanced lower components. In this work it is seen that for MiniBooNE kinematics, neutrino charged-current quasielastic cross sections show some sensitivity to these off-shell effects, while for the antineutrino-nucleus case the total cross sections are seen to be essentially independent of the enhancement of the lower components. As was found to be the case when comparing the RMF results with the neutrino-nucleus data, the present impulse approximation predictions within the RMF also fall short of the MiniBooNE antineutrino-nucleus data., Comment: 19 pages, 7 figures, submitted to Physics Letters B

The low energy structure of Fe-65 has been studied by means of gamma- and fast-timing spectroscopy. A level scheme of Fe-65 populated following the beta-decay of Mn-65 was established for the first time. It includes 41 levels and 85 transitions. The excitation energy of the beta-decaying isomer in Fe-65 has been precisely determined at 393.7(2) keV. The beta delayed neutron emission branch was measured as Pn = 7.9(12)%, which cannot be reconciled with the previously reported value of 21.0(5)%. Four gamma-rays and four excited states in Fe-64 were identified as being populated following the beta-n decay. Four lifetimes and five lifetime limits in the subnanosecond range have been measured using the Advanced Time-Delayed Method. The level scheme is compared with shell-model calculations. Tentative spin and parity assignments are proposed based on the observed transition rates, the calculations and the systematics of the region., Comment: Accepted in Physical Review C

We evaluate semi-inclusive neutral-current quasielastic differential neutrino and antineutrino cross sections within the framework of the relativistic impulse approximation. The results of the relativistic mean field and of the relativistic Green's function models are compared. The sensitivity to the strange-quark content of the nucleon form factor is also discussed. The results of the models are compared with the MiniBooNE experimental data for neutrino scattering. Numerical predictions for flux-averaged antineutrino scattering cross sections are also presented.

The superscaling approach (SuSA) to neutrino-nucleus scattering, based on the assumed universality of the scaling function for electromagnetic and weak interactions, is reviewed. The predictions of the SuSA model for bot CC and NC differential and total cross sections are presented and compared with the MiniBooNE data. The role of scaling violations, in particular the contribution of meson exchange currents in the two-particle two-hole sector, is explored., Comment: 5 pages, 6 figures, Proceedings of NUINT 2012, Rio de Janeiro, October 2012

We evaluate the neutral current quasi-elastic neutrino cross section within two nuclear models: the SuSA model, based on the superscaling behavior of electron scattering data, and the RMF model, based on relativistic mean field theory. We also estimate the ratio $(\nu p \to \nu p)/(\nu N \to \nu N)$ and compare with the MiniBooNE experimental data, performing a fit of the parameters $M_A$ and $g_A^{(s)}$ within the two models. Finally, we present our predictions for antineutrino scattering., Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures

Superscaling approximation (SuSA) predictions to neutrino-induced charged-current charged pion production in the \Delta-resonance region are explored under MiniBooNE experimental conditions. The results obtained within SuSA for the flux-averaged double-differential cross sections of the \pi+ production for the \nu_\mu+CH_2 reaction as a function of the muon kinetic energy and of the scattering angle, the cross sections averaged over the angle, the total cross section for the \pi+ production, as well as CC1\pi+ to CCQE cross section ratio are compared with the corresponding MiniBooNE experimental data. The SuSA predictions are in good agreement with data on neutrino flux average cross-sections, but a somewhat different dependence on the neutrino energy is predicted than the one resulting from the experimental analysis., Comment: 15 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in Physics Letters B

We illustrate and discuss the role of meson-exchange currents in quasielastic neutrino-nucleus scattering induced by charged currents, comparing the results with the recent MiniBooNE data for differential and integrated cross sections., Comment: 9 pages, 8 figures; Proceedings of the 30th International Workshop on Nuclear Theory IWNT30, Rila Mountains, Bulgaria, June 27 - July 2, 2011

Two relativistic approaches to charged-current quasielastic neutrino-nucleus scattering are illustrated and compared: one is phenomenological and based on the superscaling behavior of electron scattering data and the other relies on the microscopic description of nuclear dynamics in relativistic mean field theory. The role of meson exchange currents in the two-particle two-hole sector is explored. The predictions of the models for differential and total cross sections are presented and compared with the MiniBooNE data., Comment: 3 pages, 3 figures, Proceedings of PANIC 2011, MIT, Cambridge, MA, July 2011

The results of two relativistic models with different descriptions of the final-state interactions are compared with the MiniBooNE data of charged-current quasielastic cross sections. The relativistic mean field model uses the same potential for the bound and ejected nucleon wave functions. In the relativistic Green's function (RGF) model the final-state interactions are described in the inclusive scattering consistently with the exclusive scattering using the same complex optical potential. The RGF results describe the experimental data for total cross-sections without the need to modify the nucleon axial mass., Comment: 5 pages 3 figures

Two relativistic approaches are considered to evaluate the quasielastic double-differential and integrated neutrino-nucleus cross sections. One, based on the relativistic impulse approximation, relies on the microscopic description of nuclear dynamics using relativistic mean field theory, and incorporates a description of the final-state interactions. The second is based on the superscaling behavior exhibited by electron scattering data and its applicability, due to the universal character of the scaling function, to the analysis of neutrino scattering reactions. The role played by the vector meson-exchange currents in the two-particle two-hole sector is also incorporated and the results obtained are compared with the recent data for neutrinos measured by the MiniBooNE Collaboration., Comment: 17 page, 6 figures

The link between the scaling function extracted from the analysis of (e,e') cross sections and the spectral function/momentum distribution in nuclei is revisited. Several descriptions of the spectral function based on the independent particle model are employed, together with the inclusion of nucleon correlations, and effects of the energy dependence arising from the width of the hole states are investigated. Although some of these approaches provide rough overall agreement with data, they are not found to be capable of reproducing one of the distinctive features of the experimental scaling function, namely its asymmetry. However, the addition of final-state interactions, incorporated in the present study using either relativistic mean field theory or via a complex optical potential, does lead to asymmetric scaling functions in accordance with data. The present analysis seems to indicate that final-state interactions constitute an essential ingredient and are required to provide a proper description of the experimental scaling function., Comment: 29 pages, 13 figures, accepted for publication in Physical Review C

The analysis of the recent experimental data on charged-current neutrino-nucleus scattering cross sections measured at MiniBooNE requires fully relativistic theoretical descriptions also accounting for the role of final state interactions. In this work we evaluate inclusive quasielastic differential neutrino cross sections within the framework of the relativistic impulse approximation. Results based on the relativistic mean field potential are compared with the ones corresponding to the relativistic Green function approach. An analysis of scaling and superscaling properties provided by both models is also presented., Comment: 11 pages, 8 figures, version accepted for publication in Physical Review C

The Relativistic Distorted-Wave Impulse Approximation is used to describe the $^3$He($e,e^\prime p$)$^2$H process. We describe the $^3$He nucleus within the adiabatic hyperspherical expansion method with realistic nucleon-nucleon interactions. The overlap between the $^3$He and the deuteron wave functions can be accurately computed from a three-body calculation. The nucleons are described by solutions of the Dirac equation with scalar and vector (S-V) potentials. The wave function of the outgoing proton is obtained by solving the Dirac equation with a S-V optical potential fitted to elastic proton scattering data on the residual nucleus. Within this theoretical framework, we compute the cross section of the reaction and other observables like the transverse-longitudinal asymmetry, and compare them with the available experimental data measured at JLab., Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures. Proceedings of the 21st European Few Body Conference held in Salamanca (Spain) in August-September 2010

The electric form factor of the neutron was determined from studies of the reaction He3(e,e'n)pp in quasi-elastic kinematics in Hall A at Jefferson Lab. Longitudinally polarized electrons were scattered off a polarized target in which the nuclear polarization was oriented perpendicular to the momentum transfer. The scattered electrons were detected in a magnetic spectrometer in coincidence with neutrons that were registered in a large-solid-angle detector. More than doubling the Q2-range over which it is known, we find GEn = 0.0225 +/- 0.0017 (stat) +/- 0.0024 (syst), 0.0200 +/- 0.0023 +/- 0.0018, and 0.0142 +/- 0.0019 +/- 0.0013 for Q2 = 1.72, 2.48, and 3.41 GeV2, respectively., Comment: submitted to PRL

Proton recoil polarization was measured in the quasielastic 4He(e,e'p)3H reaction at Q^2 = 0.8 (GeV/c)^2 and 1.3 (GeV/c)^2 with unprecedented precision. The polarization-transfer coefficients are found to differ from those of the 1H(e,e' p) reaction, contradicting a relativistic distorted-wave approximation, and favoring either the inclusion of medium-modified proton form factors predicted by the quark-meson coupling model or a spin-dependent charge-exchange final-state interaction. For the first time, the polarization-transfer ratio is studied as a function of the virtuality of the proton.

The Coulomb sum rule for inclusive quasielastic electron scattering in $^{12}$C, $^{40}$Ca and $^{56}$Fe is analyzed based on scaling and superscaling properties. Results obtained in the relativistic impulse approximation with various descriptions of the final state interactions are shown. A comparison with experimental data measured at Bates and Saclay is provided. The theoretical description based on strong scalar and vector terms present in the relativistic mean field, which has been shown to reproduce the experimental asymmetric superscaling function, leads to results that are in fair agreement with Bates data while it sizeably overestimates Saclay data. We find that the Coulomb sum rule for a momentum transfer $q\geq 500$ $MeV/c$ saturates to a value close to 0.9, being very similar for the three nuclear systems considered. This is in accordance with Bates data, which indicates that these show no significative quenching in the longitudinal response., Comment: 22 pages, 6 figures. To be published in Phys. Lett. B

Relativistic models developed for the exclusive and inclusive quasielastic (QE) electron scattering have been extended to charged-current (CC) and neutral-current (NC) neutrino-nucleus scattering. Different descriptions of final-state interactions (FSI) are compared. For the inclusive electron scattering the relativistic Green's function approach is compared with calculations based on the use of relativistic purely real mean field potentials in the final state. Both approaches lead to a redistribution of the strength but conserving the total flux. Results for the differential cross section at different energies are presented. Scaling properties are also analyzed and discussed., Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, talk given at the XXVIII International Workshop on Nuclear Theory, Rila Mountains, Bulgaria June 21-27 2009

We suggest that superscaling in electroweak interactions with nuclei, namely the observation that the reduced electron-nucleus cross sections are to a large degree independent of the momentum transfer and of the nuclear species, can be used as a tool to obtain precise predictions for neutrino-nucleus cross sections in both charged and neutral current-induced processes., Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures, proceedings of NUINT09, 6th International Workshop of Neutrino-Nucleus Interactions in the Few-Gev Region, Sitges (Spain), May 18-22, 2009

We review the general interplay between Nuclear Physics and neutrino-nucleus cross sections at intermediate and high energies. The effects of different reaction mechanisms over the neutrino observables are illustrated with examples in calculations using several nuclear models and ingredients., Comment: To appear in the proceedings of 6th International Workshop on Neutrino-Nucleus Interactions in the Few-GeV Region (NuInt09), Sitges, Spain, 18 - 22 May 2009

Relativistic models developed for the exclusive and inclusive quasielastic (QE) electron scattering have been extended to charged-current (CC) and neutral-current (NC) neutrino-nucleus scattering. Different descriptions of final-state interactions (FSI) are compared. For the inclusive electron scattering the relativistic Green's function approach is compared with calculations based on the use of relativistic purely real mean field potentials in the final state. Both approaches lead to a redistribution of the strength but conserving the total flux. Results for the differential cross section at different energies are presented. Scaling properties are also analyzed and discussed, Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures, Contribution to the proceedings of NUINT2009 (6th International Workshop on Neutrino-Nucleus Interactions in the Few-GeV Region), May 18-22, 2009, Sitges, Barcelona, Spain

The effects of meson-exchange currents (MEC) are computed for the one-particle one-hole transverse response function for finite nuclei at high momentum transfers $q$ in the region of the quasielastic peak. A semi-relativistic shell model is used for the one-particle-emission $(e,e')$ reaction. Relativistic effects are included using relativistic kinematics, performing a semi-relativistic expansion of the current operators and using the Dirac-equation-based (DEB) form of the relativistic mean field potential for the final states. It is found that final-state interactions (FSI) produce an important enhancement of the MEC in the high-energy tail of the response function for $q\geq 1$ GeV/c. The combined effect of MEC and FSI goes away when other models of the FSI, not based on the DEB potential, are employed., Comment: 4 pages, 5 figures

An analysis of inclusive quasielastic electron scattering is presented using different descriptions of the final state interactions within the framework of the relativistic impulse approximation. The relativistic Green's function approach is compared with calculations based on the use of relativistic purely real mean field potentials in the final state. Both approaches lead to a redistribution of the strength but conserving the total flux. Results for the differential cross section at different energies are presented. Scaling properties are also analyzed and discussed., Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures

The influence of nuclear isospin mixing on parity-violating elastic electron scattering is studied for the even-even, N=Z nuclei 12C, 24Mg, 28Si, and 32S. Their ground-state wave functions have been obtained using a self-consistent axially-symmetric mean-field approximation with density-dependent effective two-body Skyrme interactions. Some differences from previous shell-model calculations appear for the isovector Coulomb form factors which play a role in determining the parity-violating asymmetry. To gain an understanding of how these differences arise, the results have been expanded in a spherical harmonic oscillator basis. Results are obtained not only within the plane-wave Born approximation, but also using the distorted-wave Born approximation for comparison with potential future experimental studies of parity-violating electron scattering. To this end, for each nucleus the focus is placed on kinematic ranges where the signal (isospin-mixing effects on the parity-violating asymmetry) and the experimental figure-of-merit are maximized. Strangeness contributions to the asymmetry are also briefly discussed, since they and the isospin mixing contributions may play comparable roles for the nuclei being studied at the low momentum transfers of interest in the present work., Comment: 25 pages, 9 figures

We present an optimization scheme that employs a Genetic Algorithm (GA) to determine the properties of low-lying nucleon excitations within a realistic photo-pion production model based upon an effective Lagrangian. We show that with this modern optimization technique it is possible to reliably assess the parameters of the resonances and the associated error bars as well as to identify weaknesses in the models. To illustrate the problems the optimization process may encounter, we provide results obtained for the nucleon resonances $\Delta$(1230) and $\Delta$(1700). The former can be easily isolated and thus has been studied in depth, while the latter is not as well known experimentally., Comment: 12 pages, 10 figures, 3 tables. Minor corrections