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Scarce research has been performed on the role of power, affectivity, and suppression of emotional expression in the use of dating violence by adolescents and young men. This study aims to analyze a model of the associations between perceived power (control and dominance), affectivity (positive and negative affect), suppression of emotional expression and the frequency of use of male-to female dating violence. Participants in this cross-sectional and correlational study were 786 Spanish students aged between 13 and 25 years (M = 18.80; SD = 2.93) divided in two groups: 13–18 (316 adolescents, M = 15.58; SD = 1.02) and 18–25 (462 young men, M = 20.79; SD = 1.98) with 8 participants not stating their age. Different sequential mediation models confirmed that, only in young men, affectivity (negative and positive affect) and suppression of emotional expression mediate the relationship between power and the use of dating violence. Fostering equal relationships, associating them with positive emotional states, avoiding the frustration derived from low power perception, and providing young men with strategies for appropriately expressing their emotions may help decrease the use of dating violence., This work is supported by a grant awarded to the iR&D project PID2020-116658GB-I00PSI, financed by MCIN/ AEI/10.13039/501100011033/. This work is supported by a Ph.D development grant financed by the Junta de Castilla y León (Spain) regulated in ORDER EDU/556/2019, of June 5. Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature.

In the design of classification models, irrelevant or noisy features are often generated. In some cases, there may even be negative interactions among features. These weaknesses can degrade the performance of the models. Feature selection is a task that searches for a small subset of relevant features from the original set that generate the most efficient models possible. In addition to improving the efficiency of the models, feature selection confers other advantages, such as greater ease in the generation of the necessary data as well as clearer and more interpretable models. In the case of medical applications, feature selection may help to distinguish which characteristics, habits, and factors have the greatest impact on the onset of diseases. However, feature selection is a complex task due to the large number of possible solutions. In the last few years, methods based on different metaheuristic strategies, mainly evolutionary algorithms, have been proposed. The motivation of this work is to develop a method that outperforms previous methods, with the benefits that this implies especially in the medical field. More precisely, the present study proposes a simple method based on tabu search and multistart techniques. The proposed method was analyzed and compared to other methods by testing their performance on several medical databases. Specifically, eight databases belong to the well-known repository of the University of California in Irvine and one of our own design were used. In these computational tests, the proposed method outperformed other recent methods as gauged by various metrics and classifiers. The analyses were accompanied by statistical tests, the results of which showed that the superiority of our method is significant and therefore strengthened these conclusions. In short, the contribution of this work is the development of a method that, on the one hand, is based on different strategies than those used in recent methods, and on the other hand, im, The authors are grateful to the following entities and projects: The Spanish Research Agency (Projects PID2019-104263RB-C44 and PDC2021-121021-C22 and PID2022-139543OB-C44). The Regional Government of “Castilla y León” and FEDER funds (Project BU056P20).

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most frequent cause of dementia, linked to morbidity and mortality among elderly patients. Recently, several clinical studies suggested that depression is a potential risk factor for cognitive decline and AD. A review of meta-analyses was performed, calculating pooled odds ratios to estimate the risk of AD in people with a prior diagnosis (or clinically significant symptoms) of depression. A total of six meta-analyses which represented 28 individual studies were analyzed. A significant association between depression and AD was found (OR = 1.54, 95% CI [1.02–2.31]; p = 0.038). The results showed that heterogeneity across studies was substantial. We found a significant positive effect size for clinical measures of depression, but not for symptomatic rating scales, in the association of depression with risk of AD. The type of rating scale used to assess depression and the cut-off criteria selected also moderated the relationship between depression and AD risk. We found that studies that used clinically significant criteria for diagnosis of depression had more consistent and significant results than studies that used symptomatic scales., This study was supported by Grants from the Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Madrid, Spain (grants 94/1562, 97/1321E, 98/0103, 01/0255, 03/0815, 06/0617, 12/02254, 16/00896, PI/19/01874, G03/128) and from the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) of the European Union “Una manera de hacer Europa” (Project number PI16/00896) and Gobierno de Aragón (grant B15_17R). BO’s work is supported by the Miguel Servet program (CP20/00040), funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III and co-funded by the European Union (ERDF/ESF, “Investing in your future”). This study was partially supported by FEDER funds and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Projects ECO2016-76567-C4-2-R and PID2019-104263RB-C44), the Regional Government of “Castilla y León”, Spain (Project BU329U14 and BU071G19), the Regional Government of “Castilla y León”, and FEDER funds (Project BU062U16).

Esta investigación profundiza en la relación entre la Actividad Física (AF), la Calidad de Vida (CV) y el Bienestar Subjetivo (BS) de las personas, entendidos ambos desde su perspectiva psicológica. Se han realizado dos estudios empíricos, uno con población general y otro con mujeres. Se aplica un cuestionario que evalúa la CV, el BS, la AF y aspectos como el autoconcepto. Los resultados más significativos indican que, en población general, la AF es predictora de la CV y esta relación está mediada por el BS. El estudio de mujeres apoya el enfoque multidimensional del autoconcepto y proporciona una visión más precisa de la relación entre la Percepción de Calidad de Vida (PCV), la AF y el autoconcepto. El autoconcepto físico es la principal variable predictora de la AF y ejerce un efecto mediador entre la AF y la PCV. En conclusión, la AF influye, directa o indirectamente, en la CV.

En los últimos años se han producido importantes avances en la investigación científica sobre la Enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA). En la sección 1 de esta tesis se ofrecen estimaciones específicas de los tamaños del efecto de la asociación entre diferentes factores de riesgo modificables y la EA mediante técnicas metaanalíticas. En la sección 2 se aborda la prevención secundaria dirigida al diagnóstico precoz de la EA. Para ello, se describe una metodología específica para desarrollar un sistema generador de modelos a partir de diagnósticos médicos establecidos en una base de datos. Resultados de la primera parte: Agrupando todos los efectos extraídos de los meta-análisis realizados con los diferentes factores de riesgo, los mayores tamaños de efecto son para: Depresión (OR = 2,46) e Ictus (OR = 2,27). Otro de los mayores tamaños del efecto se encuentra entre la asociación entre el tipo de colesterol LDL y la EA (OR = 2,55). Resultados de la segunda parte: la variable ictus fue la más relevante (predicción del 74,87%) en todos los clasificadores. La hipertensión arterial también constituyó una variable importante en el clasificador SVM. Además, los fármacos antiarrítmicos se consideraron un factor protector en todos los clasificadores. Por último, la variable tabaquismo genera controversia en los distintos modelos, ya que en algunos se clasifica como factor protector y en otros como factor de riesgo para la EA. En conclusión, esta tesis aplica diversas metodologías con diferentes muestras para demostrar la robustez predictiva de los factores de riesgo asociados al desarrollo de la EA., In recent years, there have been important advances in scientific research on AD. Section 1 of this thesis, specific estimates of the effect sizes of the association between different modifiable risk factors and AD are provided using meta-analytic techniques. Section 2 deals with secondary prevention aimed at the early diagnosis of AD. Therefore, a specific methodology is described to develop a model generator system from medical diagnoses established in a database. Results of the first part: Pooling all the effects extracted from the meta-analyses performed with the different risk factors, the largest effect sizes are for: Depression (OR = 2.46) and Stroke (OR = 2.27). Another of the highest effect sizes is found between the association between LDL cholesterol type and AD (OR = 2.55). Results of the second part: stroke variable was the most relevant variable (predict at 74.87%) in all classifiers. Arterial hypertension also constituted an important variable in the SVM classifier. Furthermore, antiarrhythmic drugs were considered a protective factor in all classifiers. Finally, the smoking variable generates controversy in the different models, since in some it is classified as a protective factor and in others as a risk factor for AD. To conclude, this thesis applies diverse methodologies with different samples to demonstrate the predictive robustness of risk factors associated with the development of AD.

187 p., El objetivo es analizar factores de riesgo y protectores relacionados con la Violencia en el Noviazgo o Dating Violence. Consta de 4 capítulos, uno meta analítico y tres estudios empíricos centrados en el estudio de la VN contra las mujeres. En el primero, se realiza una revisión meta analítica de los factores de riesgo asociados a experiencias de perpetración y victimización de VN en jóvenes. En el capítulo 2, se analiza la asimetría de poder en la relación de pareja (bajo poder en la relación v/s alto poder), las experiencias de VN en persona o interacción cara a cara y online o virtual a través de internet y las redes sociales en chicas de diferentes edades (N =1224) en España. Se estudia el efecto de un bajo poder en la relación de pareja en las experiencias de VN de acuerdo a la teoría de Pulerwitz (2000) y se valida una escala sobre poder en la relación. En el capítulo 3, se analizan experiencias de VN en persona y online y su efecto en el riesgo de suicidio en las jóvenes (Joinier & Van Orden, 2008), así como el rol protector del apego percibido de pares y padres. En el capítulo 4, se comparan dos muestras de mujeres jóvenes de Colombia (n = 461) y España (n= 755), se analizan el poder en la relación, la VN en persona y online junto con tres estrategias de afrontamiento y regulación emocional (Gross, 2015) en la VN (aislamiento social, rumiación e inhibición emocional) su eficacia y su influencia en el riesgo de suicidio.

To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Activities Scale for Kids capability (ASKc) and ASK performance (ASKp) questionnaires. It includes an analysis of different types of reliability (internal consistency, test–retest, inter-rater, Rasch model) and validity (convergent and discriminant) values. The sample was recruited in schools, associations and one hospital in Spain.

Increased time spent together and the lockdown resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic may have created new scenarios for marital conflict. We analyzed how home confinement affects avoidantly attached individuals': (a) resolution strategies to cope with couple conflict, (b) perception of partner's resolution strategies, and (c) overall relationship satisfaction. The sample comprised 549 individuals, divided into two subsamples: (a) the confined group, individuals confined with their partners (n = 275); and (b) the comparison group, coupled individuals from a dataset collected before the pandemic (n = 274). Results indicate that the proposed model works in different contexts (non-confinement and confinement situations), but there are some significant differences in the magnitude of some of the relationships between the variables, being stronger in the confinement group than in the comparison group. In the confined group, in individuals with avoidant attachment, withdrawal was associated with lower relationship satisfaction and a higher demand partner perceived to a higher extent than in the comparison group. This might explain the lower satisfaction with the relationship of the confined group. The different conflict resolution strategies of the couple mediated between avoidant attachment and relationship satisfaction in both groups (confined and comparison). It is concluded that individuals' attachment orientation is a key factor in how individuals experienced their close relationships during the confinement.

Dating violence (DV) is a social problem with severe consequences for the victims. Studies in Colombia on the protective factors for DV against women are scarce. Therefore, this study examines the relationship between parental attachment and suicide risk (SR) and the mediating role of relationship power and DV in 210 Colombian female students (adolescents: 13-18 years; emerging adults: 19-24 years). The results show that 89.55 % of the girls had experienced DV, and 55.2 % had experienced suicidal ideation. Adolescent girls show greater power in the relationship, greater SR, and less parental attachment than those in the emerging adulthood stage. In all participants, a greater parental attachment was associated with lower SR. Serial mediation analysis found a significant indirect effect for parental attachment on SR through power and DV (B = -0.031, SE= 0.015, 95 % CI: -0.063/-0.005). A positive relationship with parents could enhance greater power for young women in their relationships, reducing the likelihood of suffering from DV and SR. This study highlights the importance of reinforcing the role of parents in promoting the empowerment of their daughters to reduce DV and its consequences on their mental health., La violencia en el noviazgo (VN) es un problema social con serias consecuencias en las víctimas. Los estudios sobre factores protectores de la VN contra las mujeres en Colombia son escasos. Por ello, este estudio examina la relación entre el apego parental y el riesgo de suicidio (RS), y el papel mediador del poder en la relación y la VN en 210 estudiantes colombianas (adolescentes: 13-18 años; adultas emergentes: 19-24 años). Los resultados evidencian que un 89,55% habían experimentado VN, y un 55,2% habían tenido ideas suicidas. Las adolescentes muestran mayor poder, mayor RS y menos apego parental que las adultas emergentes. En todas las participantes mayor apego parental se asocia con un menor RS. El análisis de mediación serial encuentra un efecto indirecto significativo para el apego parental sobre el RS a través del poder y la VN (B = -0,031, SE= 0,015, IC95 %: -0,063/-0,005). Una relación de calidad con los padres/madres podría derivar en un mayor poder de las jóvenes en sus relaciones de pareja, mermando la probabilidad de sufrir VN y RS. Por tanto, es importante reforzar el rol parental en la promoción del empoderamiento de sus hijas con el fin de disminuir la VN y sus consecuencias en la salud mental.

Dating cyber-violence (cyber-DV) affects men and women, albeit differently. Suffering cyber-DV can lead to employing coping strategies (CS) that increase suicide risk (SR). This study analyzes sex differences among young people in Colombia regarding the frequency of cyber-DV victimization and the use of CS (rumination and gratitude) to deal with couple conflicts, SR among cyber-DV victims, and predictor variables (cyber-DV, CS) of SR. A total of 482 university students (female:74.5 %) (Mage = 20.67, SD = 2.36; range: 18-26) in a heterosexual relationship participated. Results show that women report more frequency of cyber-DV than men, and within victims, they score higher than men in rumination use and SR. A higher frequency of suffered cyber-DV, higher rumination, and lower gratitude predict higher SR in women. The implementation of preventative interventions for DV is important for both sexes. However, this study suggests the need to apply programs specifically for women that show the impact of cyber-DV on SR, reduce the use of rumination and encourage gratitude to buffer the effects of cyber-DV suffered in all areas of a person’s development., La ciberviolencia en el noviazgo (ciber-VN) afecta a hombres y mujeres, aunque de manera diferente. Sufrir ciber-VN puede llevar a emplear estrategias de afrontamiento (EA) que incrementen el riesgo de suicidio (RS). Este estudio analiza diferencias de sexo entre jóvenes de Colombia en la frecuencia de victimización de ciber-VN y de uso de EA (rumiación y gratitud) ante los conflictos de pareja, el RS entre víctimas de ciber-VN, y variables predictoras (ciber-VN, EA) del RS. Participaron 482 estudiantes universitarios/as heterosexuales (mujeres: 74,5%) (Medad = 20,67, DT = 2,36; rango:18-26). Los resultados muestran que las mujeres reportan más frecuencia de ciber-VN que los hombres y, dentro de las víctimas, ellas puntúan más alto que los hombres en el uso de rumiación y en RS. Solo en mujeres, una mayor frecuencia de ciber-VN sufrida, un mayor uso de la rumiación y un menor uso de la gratitud predicen un mayor RS. Aunque las intervenciones preventivas de VN son importantes en ambos sexos, este estudio sugiere aplicar programas dirigidos especialmente a mujeres que muestren el impacto que tiene la ciber-VN en el RS, reduzcan el uso de la rumiación y fomenten el uso de la gratitud para amortiguar los efectos de la ciber-VN sufrida en todos los ámbitos de desarrollo de la persona.

[EN] The COVID-19 disease has caused thousands of deaths worldwide and required the rapid and drastic adoption of various protective measures as main resources in the fight to reduce the spread of the disease. In the present study we aimed to identify socio cognitive factors that may influence adherence to protective measures toward COVID-19 in a Spanish sample. This longitudinal study analyzes the predictive value of perceived severity and vulnerability of infection, self-efficacy, direct exposure to the virus, and instrumental focused coping style for adhering to infection protection behaviors during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic. It also tests sex and age differences in these factors and changes over time. A two-wave longitudinal study (N = 757) was conducted in March and April 2020 starting the day after a strict national lockdown was decreed in Spain. A path analysis was used to test direct and indirect effects between vulnerability and the adherence to protective behaviors. Results suggest that individuals’ perceived severity and vulnerability to COVID-19 and instrumental coping strategies are related to the use of more protective behaviors. This coping strategy mediates the effect of perceived vulnerability on engaging in protective behaviors, and this effect depends on direct exposure to COVID-19 and perceived self-efficacy moderators. Results suggest that recognizing one’s own abilities to engage in instrumental actions may facilitate adherence to protective measures in people who had not been directly exposed to COVID-19. Therefore, adopting instrumental coping strategies to manage an individual’s perceived vulnerability to infection may positively impact the adherence to protective behaviors, especially during the onset of an unexpected threat and when there is no prior direct experience with the situation.

187 p., El objetivo es analizar factores de riesgo y protectores relacionados con la Violencia en el Noviazgo o Dating Violence. Consta de 4 capítulos, uno meta analítico y tres estudios empíricos centrados en el estudio de la VN contra las mujeres. En el primero, se realiza una revisión meta analítica de los factores de riesgo asociados a experiencias de perpetración y victimización de VN en jóvenes. En el capítulo 2, se analiza la asimetría de poder en la relación de pareja (bajo poder en la relación v/s alto poder), las experiencias de VN en persona o interacción cara a cara y online o virtual a través de internet y las redes sociales en chicas de diferentes edades (N =1224) en España. Se estudia el efecto de un bajo poder en la relación de pareja en las experiencias de VN de acuerdo a la teoría de Pulerwitz (2000) y se valida una escala sobre poder en la relación. En el capítulo 3, se analizan experiencias de VN en persona y online y su efecto en el riesgo de suicidio en las jóvenes (Joinier & Van Orden, 2008), así como el rol protector del apego percibido de pares y padres. En el capítulo 4, se comparan dos muestras de mujeres jóvenes de Colombia (n = 461) y España (n= 755), se analizan el poder en la relación, la VN en persona y online junto con tres estrategias de afrontamiento y regulación emocional (Gross, 2015) en la VN (aislamiento social, rumiación e inhibición emocional) su eficacia y su influencia en el riesgo de suicidio.

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common subtype of dementia. In the last ten years, the relationship between cholesterol and AD has been investigated. Evidence suggests that cholesterol is associated with AD and represents promising targets for intervention. However, the causality of these associations is unclear. Therefore, we sought to conduct a meta-meta-analysis to determine the effect of cholesterol on the development AD. Then, we assessed the effect of serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG), on AD risk. Methods: A systematic search of meta-analyses was conducted. Scopus, Web of Science, Science direct, PubMed and Google academic system databases were reviewed. Results: We found 100 primary studies and five meta-analyses to analyze the relationships between cholesterol and AD. The total effect of cholesterol on risk of AD was significant and heterogeneous. Subgroup analysis shows that LDL-C levels influence the development of AD. However, non-significant effects of HDL-C, TC and TG levels on AD were found. Conclusions: These results strengthen the evidence that LDL-C cholesterol levels increase risk for AD. More initiatives to investigate the relationship between cholesterol and AD are needed.

Dating violence (DV) is a public health problem among young people, especially women. It involves violent acts towards one’s partner and occurs face-to-face (offline) or through the Internet (online). Offline DV is linked to suicidal ideation and attachment to parents and peers. Fewer studies analyze the psychological and social consequences of online DV. This study tests the link between young women’s DV victimization (off- and online), suicide risk (SR), and parent and peer support in a sample of young Spanish females (N = 1227) (Mage=19, SD = 2.82; range = 13–28). Results confirm that compared to non-victims off- and online DV increase suicidal thoughts and attempts. This effect is stronger for victims of both types of DV (thoughts: OR offline DV = 3.11; CI95% 2.06, 4.69; OR online DV = 2.37; CI95% 1.69, 3.32; OR off-online DV = 4.19 CI95% 2.44, 7.17) (attempts: OR offline DV = 4.02; CI95% 1.83, 8.81; OR online DV = 3.69; CI95% 1.96, 7.01; OR off-online DV = 10.55 CI95% 2.56, 44.43). Mediation and moderation models were used to assess the effect of perceived attachment of parents and friends in DV victims and SR. Mediation analyses indicated that perceived attachment and proximity to parents and peers reduces the impact of DV on SR. Moderation analyses showed that a high level of perceived peer attachment reduces the effect of offline DV on SR. Regarding off-online DV, a high level of perceived parent attachment mitigates suicide risk. Loneliness, lack of care from loved ones, and thwarted belongingness increase suicidal thoughts in DV victims. Peers and parents’ proximity may prevent risk behaviors in DV victims.

La tesis consta de 3 bloques con 6 :estudios. El primer bloque pretende validar tres escalas de sexismo al Euskera (N=2.919 adolescentes). El segundo bloque estudia la relación de factores sociales y cognitivos con la violencia en parejas heterosexuales (agresor y víctima) (N=339 adolescentes). El último bloque trata de: analizar la influencia del sexismo en la eficacia de los programas de Educación Sexual (N=293 estudiantes) y examinar si la influencia negativa del sexismo en la eficacia de los programas disminuía, al introducir una sesión dirigida a reducir el sexismo (N=340 adolescentes). Las escalas ofrecían garantías psicométricas. Las cogniciones sexistas median entre los aspectos sociales y la violencia en parejas adolescentes. El sexismo interfiere en la eficacia de los programas y la inclusión de una sesión de intervención reduce el sexismo y aumenta la eficacia de dichos programas. Como propuesta se presenta un modelo de programa de educación sexual feminista.