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The Ewing sarcoma family of tumors (ESFT) stands for a group of rare and aggressive malignancies consisting of high grade poorly differentiated small round blue cells. In our case report, we aim to describe the clinical presentation, diagnosis and the treatment plan for our patient. A 16-year-old girl presented to the ENT outpatient department of the Mayo Hospital Lahore with the complaints of right nasal obstruction, epistaxis from right nose, swelling on the right cheek and headaches. Examination revealed a soft, tender swelling on her right cheek below the right eye. Imaging revealed a heterogeneous opacity in the right nose and right maxillary sinus with erosion of the sinus walls.Very few such cases have been reported in international literature. Being a rare case, our article will add insights to the literature regarding complex clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation and treatment of the sinonasal Ewing sarcoma.

The power electrical devices are being continuously trimmed down and must disperse a greater amount of heat flux, overheating has become a significant issue. Ferrofluids, also known as magnetic nanofluids, consist of solid magnetic nanoparticles that exhibit superior thermal conductivity compared to their underlying fluids, which can be either aqueous or oil based. This facilitates increased rates of convective heat transfer, but more importantly, it allows for external flow modification using a magnetic field. This work is unique in that it analyses hybridized ferrofluid flow over a shrinking/stretching surface with radiative magnetization and significant magnetic force. The governing equations were solved using the bvp4c function in MATLAB, after being transformed into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by using similarity transformations. The system acquires a bimodal solution, and stability analysis validates the physical and dynamic stability of the first solution. The local skin friction coefficient, the local Nusselt number, the temperature and velocity profiles, and the substantial influence of governing effects are all studied and graphically displayed. The key findings are the values of Nux1Rex are decreasing for both second and first solutions as values of φCoFe2O4 are increasing. An increasing trend for the values of RexCf is observed for both second and first solutions as values of φCoFe2O4 increases. The results compareded with the results reported in literature and found a significant agreement.

This study explores challenges faced by households in obtaining safe water in Karachi, Pakistan. Analyzing data from a stratified random sample of 990 households across Karachi's six districts in 2021 -2022, we uncover disparities in pipeline coverage, sewage mixing, and water supply. Pipeline coverage is the highest in high-income neighborhoods (99%) and the lowest in low-income areas (71%). Low-income households experience more sewage mixing (76%) than high-income households (55.38%). Overall, 60% of households report frequent sewage mixing, and 30% have had someone in their household contract a water-borne illness in the last 6 months. Approximately half of the households are dissatisfied with water service, with a median daily water supply of just 8 min (equivalent to 56 minutes per week). We find that households that received some water supply in the past month are 11% more likely to pay their bills. Overall, households demonstrate a substantial willingness to pay (WTP) for improvements in the piped water system. The median monthly WTP is PKR 500 for low-income households, PKR 1,000 for middle-income households, and PKR 1,700 for high-income households. Our analysis emphasizes the importance of income-sensitive interventions in urban water supply management in the Global South. HIGHLIGHTS There are stark income and spatial disparities in access to piped water. Pipeline coverage is the lowest in low-income neighborhoods (71%) and the highest in upper-income neighborhoods (99%).; Low-income households face higher sewage mixing (76%) than high-income households (55.38%).; Households receiving some supply of water are 11% more likely to pay their bills than those receiving no water supply over a month.;

Japanese plums have relatively high water requirements, which depend on supplementing rainfall volumes with accurately quantified irrigation water. There is a lack of knowledge on the seasonal water requirements of plum orchards. This gap in the literature poses an imminent threat to the long-term sustainability of the South African plum industry, which is particularly plagued by climate change and diminishing water resources. The systematic literature review conducted in this study aimed to provide a foundation for supporting water management in irrigated Japanese plum [Prunus salicina Lindl.] orchards. Seventeen peer-reviewed articles obtained from the literature were analyzed. Approximately 66% of the cultivars were cultivated under different regulated deficit irrigation regimes for water-saving purposes and to increase fruit quality. This review of our knowledge provided benchmark figures on the annual water requirements of Japanese plums. The full-year plum crop water requirements obtained from the literature ranged between 921 and 1211 mm a−1. Canopy growth, pruning and growing season length were the most common causes of differences in the water requirement estimates. Further research is required to measure the water requirement of plums from planting to full-bearing age and the response of plum trees to water stress, especially in the South African context.

This research aims to analysis the effectiveness of the allocation of Aceh’s special autonomy fund for development in the sectors of poverty alleviation, education, and health during the period of 2017 to 2022. The method used in this study is qualitative descriptive with the data collection techniques are interviews and documentation. Moreover, this research focus on the existence of Aceh as an asymmetric decentralization. The theory that used to strengthen the argument is public management theory and used the concept of effectiveness. The result showed that during the period of Irwandi Yusuf-Nova Iriansyah, the allocation of Aceh’s special autonomy fund has not been effective for development in Aceh, especially in the sector of poverty, improving the quality of education and health. It is because of the management of the special autonomy fund’s allocation is not optimal implemented since the planning to the controlling. It has the impact to the allocation of Aceh’s special autonomy fund which is not well-targeted to achieve the goals and to improve the society’s welfare.

Suspending particles of tiny solid in a fluid used to transport energy can enhance its thermal conductivity and heat transport properties. Our main goal of this examination is to study the radiative unsteady two-dimensional (2D) flow on a continuously diminishing, horizontal sheet. with suction for the hybrid water-based nanofluid and an aligned field of magnetic, including the combined suction, magnetic, and velocity slip conditions effect. The Tiwari & Das model of nanofluid equations is used, which takes into consideration the solid volume percentage. Equations of similarity are derived by employing the transformations of similarity, and the associated equations have been simplified numerically by employing the bvp4c method in MATLAB software for a variety of values of the nanoparticle volume fraction, the unsteadiness, and the wall mass suction in water. It is discovered that, within the given the unsteadiness parameter range, two solutions exist. Moreover, it is found that the fluid velocity slows down in 1st solution as volume fraction of copper nanoparticles rises but speeds up in the second solution at first before slowing down again. Using a temporal stability analysis, it is found that only one of the dual branches is stable over the long run, while the other is unstable.

Here in, heat transfer characteristics of a magnetized Casson sodium alginate-alumina/copper hybrid nanofluid flowing through the permeable moving plane are investigated considering the effects of thermal radiation and Joule heating with Tiwari and Das model. The primary objective of the present study is to investigate the influence of the velocity ratio parameter on the solid volume fraction and the Casson parameter. In addition, the velocity and temperature profiles used in the current study illustrate the effects of the velocity ratio parameter R, solid volume fraction, suction effect, magnetic field, Joule heating, and thermal radiation. To apply the three-stage Lobatto IIIa with boundary value problems (bvp4c) approach to implement the appropriate similarity variables to transform the partial differential equations (PDEs) into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). It has been determined that there are two branch solutions for the velocity ratio parameter against using the Casson parameter and copper volume fraction values. Non-unique branch at R Rci. As the Eckert number and radiation grew, the rate of heat transmission surged. The increase of Casson hybrid nanofluid parameter values caused to drop the skin friction in both upper and lower branch.

Abstract Following to improved thermal impact of hybrid nanomaterials, wide range applications of such materials is observed in the thermal engineering, extrusion systems, solar energy, power generation, heat transfer devices etc. The hybrid nanofluid is a modified form of nanofluid which is beneficial for improving energy transfer efficiency. In current analysis, the solid nanoparticles aluminium ( $$\phi_{{{\text{Al}}_{2} {\text{O}}_{3} }}$$ ϕ Al 2 O 3 ) and copper ( $$\phi_{{{\text{Cu}}}}$$ ϕ Cu ) have been mixed with water to produce a new hybrid nanofluid. The investigation of a steady two-dimensional mixed convection boundary layer flow of the resultant hybrid nanofluid on a vertical exponential shrunk surface in the existence of porous, magnetic, thermal radiation, velocity, and thermal slip conditions is carried out. Exponential similarity variables are adopted to transform the nonlinear partial differential equation into a system of ordinary differential equations which has been then solved by employing the shooting method in Maple software. The obtained numerical results such as coefficient of skin friction $$f^{\prime \prime } \left( 0 \right)$$ f ″ 0 , heat transfer rate $$- \theta^{\prime } \left( 0 \right)$$ - θ ′ 0 , velocity $$f^{\prime } \left( \eta \right)$$ f ′ η and temperature $$\left( {\theta \left( \eta \right)} \right)$$ θ η distributions are presented in the form of different graphs. The results revealed that duality exists in solution when the suction parameter $$S \ge S_{ci}$$ S ≥ S ci in assisting flow case. Due to non-uniqueness of solutions, a temporal stability analysis needs to be performed and the result indicates that the upper branch is stable and realizable compared to the lower branch.

This has been always a problem faced by Software Manufacturers to deliver an application before time with satisfactory quality, high performance and productivity. Due to this problem, the time for development gets shortened and organizations focus more on quality of the product, resulting in more pressure on the development team. Organizations focus on rapid productivity rather than focusing on standard productivity. These problems lead many projects on referent point. In Pakistan, 85% IT companies face many difficulties and challenges to improve their processes due to numerous reasons. The purpose of this research is to identity these problems and difficulties so that these challenges may be addressed. This research is the survey based analysis of Process Improvement Challenges, which are faced by small and “medium size IT companies in Pakistan”.

Objective: To compare the effects of Mulligan manual traction and techniques in neural mobilization for managing pain in cervical radiculopathies. Methodology: It was a quasi-experimental study at physical therapy departments of Amin Welfare & Teaching Hospital and Allama Iqbal Memorial Teaching Hospital Sialkot for 6 months from December 2018 to May 2019 after Ethical approval. The sample of 34 participants was equally divided into group A & B. Patients were recruited on the basis of pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Group A was administered mulligan traction. Group B received neural mobilization of ulnar, median and radial nerve thrice a week. Hot pack and TENS were applied as baseline treatment to both the groups. Numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) and neck disability index (NDI) were used to measure the outcomes and data was recorded before 1st treatment session and after last treatment session. P value ≤ 0.005 was considered as significant. Results: Among the total of 34 sample size, 25 patients were females (73.52%) and 9 were males (26.47%). The mean Age±SD was 44.79±7.885 years. The mean NPRS score reduced from 8.18±0.809 to 3.12±1.269 (P=.000) in group A and from 7.47±1.007 to 2.76±1.147 (P=.004) in group B after treatment. Mean Score of NDI reduced to 4.78±1.23 from 16.00±1.71 (P=.000) in group A and 5.08±1.38 from 14.38±2.19 (P=.005). Conclusion: The study revealed that mulligan manual traction and neural mobilization were effective for the pain management and improvement of functional abilities in patients with cervical radiculopathies; but none of them is superior to other. Key words: Mulligan Manual Traction, Cervical Radiculopathy, neural mobilization, Numeric Pain Rating scale, Neck disability index.

The development of gold for the people of Aceh Jaya district has had a wide impact on the community around the mining area. Therefore, the Aceh Jaya district government has enacted regent regulation no 21 of 2011 regarding the arrangement of community mining, but the policy implementation has not been optimal. The research was peeled off using implementation models from Smith as well as Van Metter and Van Horn. This study aims to analyze the implementation of Aceh Jaya government policies in structuring community gold mining in Gunong Ujeun village, Krueng Sabee sub-district, Aceh Jaya district. This research uses a qualitative method, namely by interviewing informants. The results of the study illustrate that the implementation of the policy or regional regulation of Aceh Jaya district number 21 of 2011 has not been running optimally. This can be seen from the number of miners who do not know the existence of the regulations set by the government. In addition, the lack of monitoring on the part of the government has also resulted in community gold mining in Gunong Ujeun being continuously mining illegally by the community, either individually or through established cooperatives.

Strengthening character education and positive politeness is an important pillar in selecting textbooks and teaching materials in global era. This study aimed to identify and describe the prophetic education values in Indonesian language textbooks for the VII grade junior high school in their relation to positive politeness to build students' character. The research question is “how are the values of prophetic education as a pillar of politeness and character education in textbooks?”. Descriptive qualitative method was employed as the main approach. Data were collected through documentation using read-marker and noting techniques, and analyzed using heuristic and Grice's means-end politeness methods. Furthermore, the data were analyzed using content and comparative document analysis and sharpened by referential pragmatic politeness analysis. The research findings showed several interrelated prophetic education values in relation with the pillars of positive politeness and character education. These values formed the self-sufficiency of students in the Indonesian language textbook of class VII junior high school. They were manifested in the reality oriented to humanization, liberation, and transcendence. Humanization was realized through social life based on the generosity, honesty, tolerance, and politeness values. Similarly, liberation was realized through the education, health, mutual help, and hard work values. Moreover, transcendent life was actualized according to the consistency (istiqamah) in worshipping Allah (swt), gratitude, and humility (tawadhu') values. This study recommends that prophetic values can be used as a pillar of politeness development and strengthening educational characters in global era.

Objective: To determine the thicknesses of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and macula by fourier-domain (FD) optical coherence tomography (OCT) in diabetic patients with end-stage renal failure (ESRF) undergoing hemodialysis. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Pakistan Naval Ship, Shifa Karachi, from Jan 2019 to Jul 2019 Methodology: Fifty four patients presenting to nephrology department who met the inclusion criteria were included in the study. Macular and retinal nerve fibre layer thicknesses were compared pre and post 30 minutes of hemodialysis and their correlation (r=-0.89) with age, duration of hemodialysis and gender was examined. Pre hemodialysis temporal, inferior, average retinal nerve fibre layer thicknesses were observed thinner than Post hemodialysis. Results: Pre-hemodialysis macular thicknesses were thinner than post hemodialysis. Thinning of Macular and RNFL showed a negative relationship with age and duration of hemodialysis (r=-0.89 & -0.76). Temporal, superior quadrants and average retinal nerve fiber layer thickness values were found statistically different in pre and post 30 minutes hemodialysis examination (p-value = 0.002, 0.001 & 0.0021) while, nasal and inferior quadrants were found statistically insignificant. Whereas in macula, temporal and superior quadrants were found statistically significant (p-value=0.005 & 0.002) and nasal, Inferior and average thickness were found statistically insignificant (p-value = 0.0641, 0.0594 & 0.083). Conclusion: Macular and retinal nerve fiber layer thicknesses of patients receiving hemodialysis were less than the normal population. Age has no effect on these thinning. The duration of hemodialysis effects more than gender. Hemodialysis session causes a consistent.............

Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors (mTOR-I) lacks nephrotoxicity, has antineoplastic effects, and reduces viral infections in kidney transplant recipients. Earlier studies reported a significant incidence of wound healing complications and lymphocele. This resulted in the uncomfortable willingness of transplant clinicians to use these agents in the immediate posttransplant period. As evidence and experience evolved over time, much useful information became available about the optimal use of these agents. Understandably, mTOR-I effects wound healing through their antiproliferative properties. However, there are a lot of other immunological and nonimmunological factors which can also contribute to wound healing complications. These risk factors include obesity, uremia, increasing age, diabetes, smoking, alcoholism, and protein-energy malnutrition. Except for age, the rest of all these risk factors are modifiable. At the same time, mycophenolic acid derivatives, steroids, and antithymocyte globulin (ATG) have also been implicated in wound healing complications. A lot has been learnt about the optimal dose of mTOR-I and their trough levels, its combinations with other immunosuppressive medications, and patients’ profile, enabling clinicians to use these agents appropriately for maximum benefits. Recent randomized control trials have further increased the confidence of clinicians to use these agents in immediate posttransplant periods.

Nanoparticles have presented various hurdles to the scientific community during the past decade. The nanoparticles dispersed in diverse base fluids can alter the properties of fluid flow and heat transmission. In the current examination, a mathematical model for the 2D magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Darcy–Forchheimer nanofluid flow across an exponentially contracting sheet is presented. In this mathematical model, the effects of viscous dissipation, joule heating, first-order velocity, and thermal slip conditions are also examined. Using similarity transformations, a system of partial differential equations (PDEs) is converted into a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The problem is quantitatively solved using the three-step Lobatto-three formula. This research studied the effects of the dimensionlessness, magnetic field, ratio of rates, porosity, Eckert number, Prandtl number, and coefficient of inertia characteristics on fluid flow. Multiple solutions were observed. In the first solution, the increased magnetic field, porosity parameter, slip effect, and volume percentage of the copper parameters reduce the velocity field along the η-direction. In the second solution, the magnetic field, porosity parameter, slip effect, and volume percentage of the copper parameters increase the η-direction velocity field. For engineering purposes, the graphs show the impacts of factors on the Nusselt number and skin friction. Finally, the stability analysis was performed to determine which solution was the more stable of the two.

This paper presents a dataset that contains 100 high quality fundus images which are acquired from Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology (AFIO), Rawalpindi Pakistan. The dataset has been marked by four expert ophthalmologists to aid clinicians and researchers in screening hypertensive retinopathy, diabetic retinopathy and papilledema cases. Moreover, it contains highly detailed annotations for retinal blood vascular patterns, arteries and veins to calculate arteriovenous ratio (AVR), optic nerve head (ONH) region and other retinal anomalies such as hard exudates and cotton wool spots etc. The dataset is extremely useful for the researchers who are working in the ophthalmic image analysis. Keywords: Fundus images, Optic nerve head, Cotton wool spots, Hard exudates, Vessels segmentation

A modified 3-point Adams block method of order six (3ABM6)to solve neutral delay differential equations (NDDEs) using variable step size strategy is developed. The approximate solution of the retarded and the neutral terms of the neutral delay differential equations at the grid points is obtained using the Newton divided difference interpolation technique. The proposed method will approximate the solution in each step using the three-points concurrently. To determine the performance of the proposed method, the maximum errors (MAXERR) and total number of function calls (FNC) will be compared with the method of 2-point order six predictor-corrector. The numerical results show that the 3ABM6 reduces the number of function calls and better accuracy in term of MAXERR.

Latest advancements in online video databases have caused a huge violation of copyright material misuse. Usually a video clip having a proper copyright is available in online video databases like YouTube without permission of the owner. It remains available until the owner takes a notice and requests to the website manager to remove copyright material. The problem with this approach is that usually the copyright material is downloaded and watched illegally during the period of upload and subsequent removal on request of the owner. This study aims at presenting an automatic content based system to detect any copyright violation in online video clips. In this technique, a video clip is needed from original video that is used to query from online video to find out shot similarity based on high level objects like shapes.

Abstract Background Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices during the first two years of life are important for the growth and development of a child. The aim of this study was to assess IYCF practices and its associated factors in two rural districts of Pakistan. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in two rural districts of Sindh province, Pakistan as part of a stunting prevention project between May and August 2014. A standard questionnaire on IYCF practices recommended by World Health Organization was used to collect information from 2013 mothers who had a child aged between 0 and 23 months. Results Only 49% of mothers initiated breastfeeding within one hour of birth. Thirty-seven percent of mothers exclusively breastfed their infants for six months. Seventy-percent mothers introduced complementary feeding at 6–8 months of age. Eighty-two percent of mothers continued breastfeeding for at least one year and 75% for at least two years of age. IYCF practices were not significantly different for boys and girls in the study area. Being an employed mother (AOR 2.14; 95% CI 1.02, 4.51) was positively associated with the early initiation of breastfeeding. Children who were born at a health facility (AOR 0.65; 95% CI 0.50, 0.84) and were aged six to eleven months (AOR 0.70; 95% CI 0.54, 0.90) were less likely to be have an early initiation of breastfeeding. Mothers aged 25 to 29 years (AOR 1.83; 95% CI 1.05, 3.18), being literate (AOR 1.79; 95% CI 1.15, 2.78), and higher income (AOR 10.6; 95% CI 4.40, 25.30) were more likely to have an improved dietary diversity. Being an employed mother (AOR 2.18; 95% CI 1.77, 4.03) and higher income were more likely to have minimum acceptable diet (AOR 9.7; 95% CI 4.33, 21.71). Conclusion IYCF practices were below the acceptable level and associated with maternal age, maternal illiteracy, unemployment, and poor household wealth status. Emphasis should be given to improve maternal literacy and reduction in poverty to improve IYCF practices.

A vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) serves as an application of the intelligent transportation system that improves traffic safety as well as efficiency. Vehicles in a VANET broadcast traffic and safety-related information used by road safety applications, such as an emergency electronic brake light. The broadcast of these messages in an open-access environment makes security and privacy critical and challenging issues in the VANET. A misuse of this information may lead to a traffic accident and loss of human lives at worse and, therefore, vehicle authentication is a necessary requirement. During authentication, a vehicle's privacy-related data, such as identity and location information, must be kept private. This paper presents an approach for privacy-preserving authentication in a VANET. Our hybrid approach combines the useful features of both the pseudonym-based approaches and the group signature-based approaches to preclude their respective drawbacks. The proposed approach neither requires a vehicle to manage a certificate revocation list, nor indulges vehicles in any group management. The proposed approach utilizes efficient and lightweight pseudonyms that are not only used for message authentication, but also serve as a trapdoor in order to provide conditional anonymity. We present various attack scenarios that show the resilience of the proposed approach against various security and privacy threats. We also provide analysis of computational and communication overhead to show the efficiency of the proposed technique. In addition, we carry out extensive simulations in order to present a detailed network performance analysis. The results show the feasibility of our proposed approach in terms of end-to-end delay and packet delivery ratio.

This article is devoted to analysis of historical practice of parliamentary democracy in Indonesia. The country as the former of the Netherlands's colony has applied political system of Western countries (parliamentary democracy). The failure of consolidation of parliamentary democracy has leaded the country to Sukarno's political rule of authoritarian “guided democracy” and power transition to military authoritarian regime of Suharto.

In a profile matchmaking application of mobile social networks, users need to reveal their interests to each other in order to find the common interests. A malicious user may harm a user by knowing his personal information. Therefore, mutual interests need to be found in a privacy preserving manner. In this paper, we propose an efficient privacy protection and interests sharing protocol referred to as PRivacy-aware Interest Sharing and Matching (PRISM). PRISM enables users to discover mutual interests without revealing their interests. Unlike existing approaches, PRISM does not require revealing the interests to a trusted server. Moreover, the protocol considers attacking scenarios that have not been addressed previously and provides an efficient solution. The inherent mechanism reveals any cheating attempt by a malicious user. PRISM also proposes the procedure to eliminate Sybil attacks. We analyze the security of PRISM against both passive and active attacks. Through implementation, we also present a detailed analysis of the performance of PRISM and compare it with existing approaches. The results show the effectiveness of PRISM without any significant performance degradation.

Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a technology that enables smart vehicles to communicate with each other and form a mobile network. VANET facilitates users with improved traffic efficiency and safety. Authenticated communication becomes one of the prime requirements of VANET. However, authentication may reveal a user's personal information such as identity or location, and therefore, the privacy of an honest user must be protected. This paper proposes an efficient and practical pseudonymous authentication protocol with conditional privacy preservation. Our protocol proposes a hierarchy of pseudonyms based on the time period of their usage. We propose the idea of primary pseudonyms with relatively longer time periods that are used to communicate with semi-trusted authorities and secondary pseudonyms with a smaller life time that are used to communicate with other vehicles. Most of the current pseudonym-based approaches are based on certificate revocation list (CRL) that causes significant communication and storage overhead or group-based approaches that are computationally expensive and suffer from group-management issues. These schemes also suffer from trust issues related to certification authority. Our protocol only expects an honest-but-curious behavior from otherwise fully trusted authorities. Our proposed protocol protects a user's privacy until the user honestly follows the protocol. In case of a malicious activity, the true identity of the user is revealed to the appropriate authorities. Our protocol does not require maintaining a CRL and the inherent mechanism assures the receiver that the message and corresponding pseudonym are safe and authentic. We thoroughly examined our protocol to show its resilience against various attacks and provide computational as well as communicational overhead analysis to show its efficiency and robustness. Furthermore, we simulated our protocol in order to analyze the network performance and the results show the feasibility of our proposed protocol in terms of end-to-end delay and packet delivery ratio.

Abstract. Jakarta Kota Freemasonry in the novel The Secret Jacatra Ridyasmara Rizki Karya. This study discusses the Jakarta city of Freemasonry in the novel The Secret Jacatra Ridyasmara Rizki work. Based on the identification of problems, this study answers questions about a passage Jakarta Freemasonry city depicted in the novel The Secret Jacatra. This study uses a new theory of Historicism to open discourse Freemasonry city Jakarta in the 2000s. The research found discourse Freemasonry is constructed in two forms of colonialism and development that can be seen through the matching symbol of Freemasonry. Later it was discovered similarities narrative patterns seen in a genre of conspiracy thiller, pengaluran shape and form of the assertion that the description contained in the narrative is a fact.

This paper explains that the agreement is basically contained the principle of freedom of contract should not be restricted by anyone even including legislation. But subsequent developments, the Indonesian legal practice, the agreement is based on this principle in the form of their failure to intervene parliament through legislation on freedom of contract. While in Islamic law, the principle of freedom of contract is not absolute, but limited. In principle, not much different from the limitations under positive law. In the Islamic Shari'a law are the principles of the agreement are divided into several basic principles, namely the principle of tawhid, the permissibility, freedom of contract, justice, equality, honesty, trust, benefit and welfare, konsensualisme, binding promise, achievement of balance, legal certainty, and personality.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the age at which testosterone starts decreasing in male subjects. Methodology: This comparative study was conducted on two groups; group 1 included male subjects with 18–21 years of age and group 2 included male subjects with 22–25 years of age. Subjects having history of hypogonadism,hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, mental illness like depression were all excluded. Serum testosterone was analyzed by Radio-Immuno Assay method on gamma counter in Institute of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine (IRNUM), Peshawar.The serum testosterone levels of the two groups were compared for a significant difference by using student-t test. Results: Group 1 included 80 subjects and group 2 had 75 patients. In group 1, testosterone level was >12 ng/ml in 22.5% (n=18/80), 7-12ng/ml in 58.75% (47/80) and 12 ng/ml in 8% (n=6/75), 7-12ng/ml in 54.6% (n=41/75) and

Foreign bodies left accidentally during a surgical procedure are rare. In spite of careful intra-operative precautions andgauze counts mistake still occurs. Many of these cases present with sepsis, the foreign body may erode hollow viscerawith and without signs of peritonitis and discovered on laparatomy. These foreign bodies may remain silent for years.We are reporting an interesting case ofan11 years old girl who presents with gauze piece coming out ofher urethra 4years after cystolithotomy and right ureterolithotomy. Such cases of intraluminal migration and spontaneous expulsionof foreign body are rarely reported.