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Copyright of Linguistika: Buletin Ilmiah Program Magister Linguistik Universitas Udayana is the property of Program Studi Magister Linguistik Program Pascasarjana Universitas Udayana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Current research on spoken corpora of French reveals that the beginning of sentences may take a variety of distinct forms, which we wish to review in our article. Since the concept of “sentence” is unanimously considered as highly unsatisfactory as far as spoken productions are concerned (Berrendonner 1990, Sabio 2006a), the notion of utterance will be preferred here (Pietrandrea et al., 2014 ; Sabio, 2017). Even though most linguists acknowledge the variable nature of utterances in spoken data, they often cling to a fundamental model of “basic sentences” canonically starting with the Subject constituent, possibly preceded by one or more Adverbial phrases (“compléments circonstanciels”, Riegel et al, 1999). Nevertheless, the survey of substantial quantities of spoken productions makes it clear that the “basic sentence” model is seldom observed in actual productions. Our article builds on the framework of spoken French description which was initially elaborated in the 1970’s by the Groupe Aixois de Recherches en Syntaxe. The syntactic analysis which we provided is based on the “pronominal approach” framework (Approche pronominale, Blanche-Benveniste et al., 1984), which was subsequently extended to the field of macrosyntax (Blanche-Benveniste et al., 1990).- The pronominal approach is basically a method for describing verbal construction-units which focuses on the matching between syntactic slots (Subjects, Objects, Adverbial phrases) and their pronominal counterparts. The model allows one to distinguish between elements which are governed by a verb (éléments régis) and elements who are linked to the utterance in merely discursive terms (éléments non régis, “ungoverned”).The original pronominal framework was later enriched by a macrosyntactic componant, which aims at describing the utterance-units by distinguishing the central and most informative part (the Nucleus, “le noyau”) and a number of peripheral elements (“satellites”), bearing no illocutionary value. (Berrendonner 1990, Deulofeu 2003, Groupe de Fribourg, 2012). Our article wishes to illustrate the fact that the beginning of utterance makes consistent use of some grammatical devices which are diversely exploited by speakers according to the text’s register and “genre”. To that end, we will provide a (non-exhaustive) list of some of the most frequent syntactic features of informal spoken French. Each of the following structures will be introduced throughout the 10 sections of the article: 1- The first pages introduce the general framework of sentence / utterance analysis, building on the macrosyntactic approach: the varying degrees of utterance “complexity” will be presented through a set of four “utterance configurations” (configurations d’énoncés). 2- The second section will argue that, although most grammar books usually assume that “in the beginning was the Subject”, Subjects do not always come first in spoken utterances. Some description is provided about subjects’ categories as well as a few distinctive characteristics regarding word-order in unplanned productions. 3- The third section focuses on the peripheral initial elements known as hanging topics, such as la maison (“the house”) in la maison tout est à refaire (“the house everything must be rebuilt”). After describing the most prototypical cases of hanging topics, we consider some more puzzling examples, like those in which the fronted NP is combined with a Subject pronoun (les étudiants ils étaient sympas, “the students they were nice”), and those appearing with verbs like aimer (“to like”) ou connaître (“to know”): Paris je connais pas (“Paris I don’t know”). 4- The fourth section is devoted to the so-called detached Subjects (Sujets disloqués) which are considered as typical of spoken informal language: le sanglier il se nourrit tout seul (“the boars they feed by themselves”). The frequency of the structures is discussed, as well as their grammatical status. 5- The cleft constructions are the topic of our fifth notice: c’est le contributable qui va payer (“it is the taxpayers who will pay”) (Scappini 2006, Rouquier 2018). We present the most frequent types of clefts found in spoken corpora. We then discuss some utterances in which the grammatical status is far less clear, highlighting the specific discursive status of some clefts-like utterances (Sabio 2010, Sabio & Roubaud 2018). 6- The sixth section discusses the forms and uses of pseudo-cleft constructions starting with ce que or ce qui such as (ce qui me plaît c’est la réception de la clientèle, ce que je trouve formidable dans votre livre c’est sa construction, “what pleases me is welcoming customers”, “what I find great about your book is its structure”) (Roubaud 2000, Apothéloz & Roubaud 2015). After a general description of such constructions and an illustration of the most common types, some specific structures are introduced, such as those in il y a, “there is” (ce qu’il y a c’est que le bureau est fermé, lit. “what there is is that the office is closed”) ou faire (“to do”, ce qu’on a fait c’est qu’on a transmis au directeur, “what we did is that we forwarded it to the director”). In our view, pseudo-clefts offer a good example of constructions having one foot in syntactic structure and one foot in discursive patterning. 7- The utterance starting by Si (“if”) and Quand (“when”) are the subject of the 7th section of our article (Benzitoun, 2013 ; Sabio, 2013): building on the opposition between the micro- and macro-syntactic level of description, various types are identified, such as “quasi-subjects” or correlative constructions. 8- The 8th section is about Objects which are placed before the verb, in the so-called “Object-fronting” constructions, like dix ans il avait à cette époque (“ten years old he was at that time”). 9- We then address the theme of sentences in which both sequential segments share a specificational – rather that attributive – semantic relationship. Such utterances usually make use of a colon in writing: le problème : il est pas venu (“the problem: he didn’t turn up”), and were consequently termed “colon-effect constructions” by Blanche-Benveniste, 2010. After offering some discussion of such patterns, we provide a tentative typology of the most prominent types in spoken French corpora. 10- Our final article questions why some extensively described structures are so seldom used in spoken productions and formulates a few hypotheses on this topic.

Language is a tool for conveying messages, whether spoken or written. It can be done by revealing written utterances. Thus, this study aims to describe the variation of netizens’ utterances expression in tweet #Bjorka according to language function. This study's methodology uses descriptive qualitative and obtains data by observing and noting. The result of the study found there are 4 language functions in Netizens’ tweets, expression function; information function; persuasion function; and entertainment function. Based on the four language functions, several expressions were found resulting from #Bjorka's tweets. The most dominant is the expression of anger and disappointment. Then there is also the feeling of curiosity, the feeling of pride, the feeling of admiration, and also the feeling of happiness. The use of emojis and the content of the hashtag supports that feeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research is using pragmatic study to observe the types of negative impoliteness based on the talk show "Ellen DeGeneres" hosted by Ellen DeGeneres. The function of this research was to find out the types of negative impoliteness that occurred in the talk show. Then, the utterances were discovered and collected by taking the theory of Culpeper (2011) to the data source. The object for this research was the negative impoliteness. The data source uttered by both speaker and hearer from the talk show "Ellen DeGeneres". To provide the research aftermath, the research design used was the descriptive qualitative. The method of collecting data technique was using the nonparticipator observation Sugiyono (2010). Why technic of collecting data in this research as follow. Firstly, the researchers watched the interview on the "Ellen DeGeneres" talk show. Secondly, the researchers read the transcript and search the context for analysis. Finally, the researchers found out all the issues related to the impoliteness from the negative politeness in the "Ellen DeGeneres" talk show. The method of analysis the data was categorization proposed by Sugiyono (2010) method was completed by analyzing "Ellen DeGeneres" talk show. There were 20 negative impoliteness utterances uttered by both speaker and hearer in the talk show and the researchers analyzed it all. The types of negative impoliteness uttered by both speaker and hearer were 5 affective, 3 coercive, and 12 entertaining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L'action des soignants en santé mentale porte sur la pensée du patient et notre principal accès, à ces pensées, est l'écoute des paroles du patient. Il est important de distinguer, dans cette parole, la dimension de l'énoncé de celle de l'énonciation. Ceci est également valable pour la prescription des psychotropes. Cet article a pour objectif de repositionner la question des discours au centre des préoccupations en santé mentale et d'attirer l'attention des psychiatres et des autres soignants, sur le concept d'énonciation, que ce soit pour la question de la psychothérapie, mais aussi pour celle de la prescription de psychotropes. L'article opère un détour par la linguistique en retraçant son évolution : de l'associationnisme et des aires cérébrales des idées à la linguistique structurale et, plus récemment, à l'émergence de la distinction entre énoncé et énonciation. Cette distinction vient ébranler la discipline en y introduisant les questions du sujet et de la vérité. L'article mentionne ensuite l'influence de la linguistique en psychiatrie et rappelle que la question de l'énonciation était déjà présente dans les travaux de Jacques Schotte et de Jacques Lacan. La tradition psychiatrique n'a pas assez pris en compte cette question de l'énonciation. La sémiologie psychiatrique s'est principalement limitée aux énoncés et aux comportements des patients. Schotte, et surtout Lacan, ont tenté de formaliser l'énonciation et ont traité les questions consubstantielles : le sujet et la vérité. Comment la psychiatrie pourrait-elle intégrer la question de l'énonciation dans sa sémiologie ? Une typologie des discours permet-elle d'établir une sémiologie de l'énonciation ? Les soins (thérapie, psychotropes...) portent-ils d'avantage sur l'énoncé ou sur l'énonciation ? Les psychotropes ne constituent pas, en soi, le traitement d'une maladie mentale. Leur effet se marque sur l'énonciation de la personne et, éventuellement, sur ses énoncés. C'est une écoute précise de ce discours qui doit permettre de moduler la durée et la dose des psychotropes. Ces derniers peuvent agir sur les possibilités de discours ; ils doivent libérer la parole de telle sorte qu'une pensée (délirante, obsessionnelle, mélancolique ou autre) cesse d'être gênante ou envahissante. Caregivers in the mental health field deal mainly with patients' thoughts; their primary access to these thoughts is listening to what the patient says. It is important to distinguish the dimension of utterance from that of enunciation. This also applies to the prescription of psychotropic drugs. This article aims to return the issue of discourse to the center of mental health concerns and to draw the attention of psychiatrists and other caregivers to the concept of enunciation, in the case of psychotherapy but also for the prescription of psychotropic drugs. The article takes a detour through linguistics by retracing the field's evolution: from associationism and the brain regions associated with ideas to structural linguistics and, more recently, to the emergence of the distinction between utterance and enunciation. This distinction shakes up the discipline by introducing the questions of subject and truth. The article then addresses the influence of linguistics in psychiatry and recalls that the question of enunciation was already present in the works of Jacques Schotte and Jacques Lacan. The psychiatric tradition has not sufficiently taken the question of enunciation into account. Psychiatric semiology has mainly been limited to patients' utterances and behaviors. Schotte, and especially Lacan, attempted to formalize enunciation and dealt with consubstantial questions: the subject and the truth. How could psychiatry integrate the question of enunciation into its semiology? Does a typology of discourse allow us to establish a semiology of enunciation? Does care (therapy, psychotropic drugs, etc.) focus more on utterance or enunciation? Psychotropic drugs are not, in themselves, treatment for mental illness. Their effect is on the person's enunciation and possibly on his or her utterances. The duration and dose of psychotropic drugs is to be modulated by listening carefully to patients' discourse. Psychotropic drugs can act on the possibilities of speech; they must free speech in such a way that a thought (delirious, obsessive, melancholic, or other) ceases to be embarrassing or invasive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many books, articles, guidelines, and other resources have been written to help us avoid the Covid-19 virus, which has affected our lives in many ways during the last few years. The corpus of this research is taken from "A Healthy Live and Nutrition Guide" by Harvard University. This guide presents tips about following a healthy style and how to do the best to eat healthy meals, exercise, and sleep well during coronavirus. It is essential to use the semantic field while analyzing word meanings and examining the semantic relationships among words within sentences in order to fully grasp the guide. Those relations vary according to the relationship that a word may have with another word or word. Only nouns are selected to be investigated and are grouped into different fields, such as eating, moving, sleeping, and other related fields, such as quantity and time. All nouns were classified into lexical-semantic fields to the lexical Field Theory as proposed by the German Linguist Jost Trier (1936). The semantic relations used to decide which semantic field a word belongs to are hyponymy (Type of) and meronomy (Part of). The researcher uses both qualitative and quantitative methods in dealing with the corpus. The study results reveal that the semantic field of "Eating" is by far the most common one, and it formed almost two-fifths of the data (almost 39%). The field of "Moving" is way less than that of "Eating", and "Sleeping" is almost half the "Moving" field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expression and perception of emotions by voice are fundamental for basic mental health stability. Since different languages interpret results differently, studies should be guided by the relationship between speech complexity and the emotional perception. The aim of our study was therefore to analyze the efficiency of speech stimuli, word vs. sentence, as it relates to the accuracy of four different categories of emotions: anger, sadness, happiness, and neutrality. To this end, a total of 2,235 audio clips were presented to 49 females, native Hebrew speakers, aged 20–30 years (M = 23.7; SD = 2.13). Participants were asked to judge audio utterances according to one of four emotional categories: anger, sadness, happiness, and neutrality. Simulated voice samples were consisting of words and meaningful sentences, provided by 15 healthy young females Hebrew native speakers. Generally, word vs. sentence was not originally accepted as a means of emotional recognition of voice; However, introducing a variety of speech utterances revealed a different perception. Thus, the emotional conveyance provided new, even higher precision to our findings: Anger emotions produced a higher impact to the single word (χ2 = 10.21, p < 0.01) as opposed to the sentence, while sadness was identified more accurately with a sentence (χ2 = 3.83, p = 0.05). Our findings resulted in a better understanding of how speech types can interpret perception, as a part of mental health.

The purpose of this paper lead to analyze and describe the type of presupposition and its meaning regarding the data taken from Kevin Hart's stand-up show entitled "Let Me Explain" in 2013. This paper used qualitative and descriptive methods based on theories from Sugiono (2009). In analyzing data, presuppositions by their type and meaning. The theories are withdrawn from Yule (1996) and Pateda (2010), both discussing presuppositions and their meaning. The data are taken from the stand-up show's subtitle, and the data consist of 30 data. The data are divided into three main sections of presuppositions; existential, factual, and lexical. The meaning that will be interpreted in the utterances of Kevin Hart's stand-up comedy show is the denotative and connotative meanings. The meaning that can be understood in the lexical presupposition contained in the utterance is the grammatical meaning of which the composition of the utterance. Based on the analysis, existential presuppositions were found in 15 data, factual presuppositions are 7 data and lexical presuppositions are 8 data. Based on these findings, it could be inferred that the stand-up show by Kevin Hart contains existential presuppositions; which means that the assumption of the existence of the entities named by the speaker commonly appears within the show. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comfort communication is undeniable important for the speaker and speaker’s partner in their interaction, but in reality it is not always happened. Impolite broker’s utterance might be the cause of conflict in public transportation. This utterance is interesting to be studied to find out the type of utterance and implicatures of the conflict based on the situation. The problems in this study are what kind of implicatures and the type of broker utterances that cause conflict in the transaction of public transportation. The aim of this study is to describe kind of implicatures and the type of broker utterances that cause conflict in the transaction of public transportation. The method used in this study is descriptive qualitative. Recording, note-taking, and documentation used in collecting the data. The data then analyzed by using pragmatic theory. The data are presented in common words. The data are taken from January 2019 until February 2019 along Jalan Ahmad Yani, Landasan Ulin, Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan. The data resource is the utterances of broker or speaker partner and other speaker in Banjar language that happens in that place. The results are the cause of conflict is signed by the using of rude linguistic, sarkasms and hyperbolic expressions. Broker implicatures utterances as the cause of conflict are disagreement and jokes. Based on the situation, the conclusion is there are violation of politeness utterance in the form of humiliation by the broker towards the speaker partner and its implicature which is uttered. This thing makes the communication in the transaction of public transportation service is not well going.

Problem of epistemic activity and their relationship with language is very well known in philosophy. Undertaking this challenge in this article we shall present some logical constructions apparent in these issues. More precisely we want to describe some difficulties of formal reconstruction of the notion of belief and utterance and try to find broader perspective appointed by notion of trust. To realize this goals article shows how non-formal assumption about doxa affects on its formal construction. Then, logic of utterances—mainly based on Conversational Implicatures theory—and its relation to doxastic systems is discussed and, finally, article shows that more accurate description of these two notions needs broader perspective created by BIT system proposed by Ch-J. Liau.

This study aims to find out the types and the most dominant illocutionary acts used by the main character in a fantasy movie, ‘Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret’. A descriptive qualitative study was done by observing the utterances spoken by the main character in the movie. The spoken utterances were then analysed based on the types of illocutionary acts, namely: representative, directive, commissive, expressive and declarative. The results of the study showed that out of the five, only four types of illocutionary acts were found in the movie, they are representative, directive, expressive, and commissive. The most frequently illocutionary act used is directive (47.64%), while the least frequently used is commissive (4.19%). The directive forces used by the main character are varied. Directives are used get the hearers to do something, where in the movie, he often used asking and ordering. Meanwhile, declarative is not employed by the main character since performing declarative act needs authorities and status; this act is used to change the world through utterances. But the main character in this movie do not have any certain status or authority in any position at the magic school he attended, he is a student, still new with the magic world and do not have much power. This is why declarative was not found in the utterances of the main character.

Taboo words are words that are strictly prohibited to be used due to the fact that they may cause misunderstanding or conflict and are not appropriate. Therefore, it is important to understand taboo words in order to avoid using inappropriate words.This studyexamines the use of taboo words by the characters in Dallas Buyers Club movie. It focuses on the types of taboo words and reasons that influence the characters to use taboo words in the movie. This study used content analysis method as the research method. The sources of data were the movie and its transcription. The researchers obtained the data from the characters’ utterances. This study finds there are five types of taboo words, namely cursing, profanity, obscenity, epithet and sexual harassment. Cursing is the most frequently taboo word used by the characters in the movie. The researchers also find that he reasons for using the taboo words are humor, psychological condition, ethnic group identity and social class. Psychological condition is the dominant reason for the characters’ use of taboo words. The result of this study provides an in-depth understanding of the usage of English taboo words in movies that might influence young English learners.

Background: Speech disturbances are a recognised aspect of schizophrenia that may have potential utility as a diagnostic indicator. Recent advances in quantitative speech assessment methods have led to more reproducible and precise metrics making this possible. The current study sought firstly to characterise the speech profile of schizophrenia patients using quantitative speech measures, then examine the diagnostic utility of these measures and explore their relationship to symptoms.Methods: Speech recordings from 43 schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder (SZ) patients and 46 healthy controls (HC) were obtained and transcribed. Cognitive and symptom measures were also administered.Results: Compared to HCs, SZ patients had higher incidences of aberrance across five types of quantitative speech variables: utterances, single words, time/speaking rate, turns and formulation errors, but not pauses. Based on two machine learning algorithms, 21 speech variables across the same five speech variable types (again not including pauses) were identified as significant classifiers for a schizophrenia diagnosis with 90-100% specificity and 80-90% sensitivity for both models. Selective relationships were also observed between these speech variables and only positive, disorganisation, excitement and formal thought disorder symptoms.Conclusions: The findings support pervasive speech impairments in schizophrenia patients relative to HCs, and the potential diagnostic utility of these speech disturbances. Continued work is needed to build the evidence base for quantitative speech assessment as a future objective diagnostic tool for schizophrenia. It holds the promise of improved diagnostic accuracy leading to increased treatment efficacy and better patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When a speaker says anything, there are specific goals beyond the words or phrases. This is an aspect of pragmatics. The activity performed by generated utterances is referred to as speech actions. Saying something can be used to perform an action. Speech actions allow the speaker to portray physical activity using just words and phrases. The acts taken are mostly determined by the words spoken. There are several things to consider when it comes to English as a foreign language. If utterances are delivered in the mother language, it is simple for speakers or listeners to figure out what they imply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

‘Narrative’ can be simply defined as a spoken or written account of connected events or experiences. The present study records the development of microstructure elements of narratives in 200 typically developing Tamil-speaking children aged between three years and six years and eleven months. It then compares their narrative productivity across two elicitation contexts: story retelling (SR) and story generation (SG). The samples thus obtained are analyzed for three narrative microstructure parameters, namely total number of words (TNW) in the narrative, mean length of utterances (MLU) and the number of utterances. The results reveal an increasing trend in all three microstructure parameters across both contexts. All three parameters are found to be quantitatively high in SR than in SG. Variation in the performance in these narrative tasks has been explained with behavioural observations from literature, cognitive architecture and a working memory model. It was found that gender differences do not follow a uniform pattern across age groups and elicitation contexts. Since the study has generated normative data for microstructure parameters of narratives, the observations can be used to analyze language deviance and help plan the narrative intervention protocol for language therapy.

The study focuses on psychological–linguistic analysis of utterances provided by N = 2522 respondents aged 18–89 years in the period of March–May 2020, for the research of JUPSYCOR (Psychological Impacts of the Coronavirus Epidemic in the Czech Republic). The utterances relate to the interpretation of the state of emergency, the COVID-19 epidemic, and its subjectively perceived impacts. Simultaneously, the study examines the relationship between the analysed texts and the results of the SEHW (Scales of Emotional Habitual Subjective Well-being) questionnaire, which determines the valence of experienced emotions. The aim of the study is to analyse the lexical and morphological layers of the utterances, especially which specific words resonated in the individual questions, what is their emotional load, and which linguistic features of the texts may refer to the respondents' positive/negative emotional response. One of the outputs based on the results of the quantitative analyses determines that the most distinctive words are connected to negative emotions and most frequently relate to social environment, anxiety, and inhibition. Furthermore, the study proves a positive correlation between a fear scale and a higher occurrence of future tense and use of emotionally negatively loaded words, especially in women. Numerous differences among the individual age and gender cohorts were also proved. The significance of the study lies predominantly in the combination of the linguistic and psychological levels of the analysis, in the utilization of two mutually complementary utterances, and in the presentation of new insights on how people use words when they face an unexpected and emotionally disturbing situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For people to communicate with each other, they must tie, or anchor, each of their utterances to the speaker, addressees, place, time, display, and purpose of that utterance. Doing this takes coordination. Producers must index each of these entities for their addressees, and addressees must identify each of the entities the producers are indexing. When people are face to face, they have a battery of resources for doing this—speech, gestures of all kinds, and interactive strategies. But when addressees are separated from producers in space, time, or worlds, as on the telephone or in print, the available resources are more limited. The problem is that research on comprehension, production, and communication has often ignored, disguised, or distorted anchoring. As a result, accounts of these processes are often incomplete, misleading, or incorrect. Clark highlights a neglected issue in research on language use: the process by which speakers and addressees anchor utterances with respect to individual entities in their common ground. In his review, he identifies the challenges linked to investigations of anchoring, but also displays the pitfalls of evading it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the monograph “Texts – Images – Communicates” by Jana Sokolova. The monograph combines the methods of linguocognitology, Gestalt psychology and discourse analysis to solve the problem of a combination of a text, an image and a communicate in their mono-code, semi-code and poly-code aspects.

The geographies of speech has become stuck in a form of interpretation which considers the potentially infinite detail of spoken performances understood within their equally infinitely complex contexts. This paper offers a way forward by considering the uses, critiques and reworkings of J.L. Austin's speech act theory by those who study everyday talk, by deconstructionists and critical theorists, and by Bruno Latour in his AIME ('An Inquiry into Modes of Existence') project. This offers a rethinking of speech acts in terms of power and space, and a series of ontological differentiations between forms of utterances and enunciations beyond human speech. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Picture Exchange Communication System is a common augmentative communication system used on children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), which is one of the categories of developmental problems in social interaction, communication and behavior patterns. The aim of this study is to see an increase in the utterance of the word by students with autism using PECS. This study is an action research using quantitative descriptive on data collection. Observations were implemented over a period of four weeks to see the effectiveness of PECS using cartoon picture cards and cards real pictures to enhance the utterance of two primary school autism students. From the result shown, the application of PECS successfully stimulates utterance among the students. This study is expected to enhance the communication and social interaction development of children with autism and other children who have difficulty mastering the language.

The introduction claims that there might exist an evolutionary bridge from possible genres in nature to human cultural genres. A sub-hypothesis is that basic life-conditions, partly common for animals and humans, in the long run can generate so-called life-genres. To investigate such hypotheses a framework of interrelated key communicational concepts is outlined in the second, main part. Four levels are suggested. Signs are seen as elements in utterances. Further, sufficiently similar utterances can be perceived as kinds of utterances or genres. Genres are kinds of communication in a species' life-world. Utterance and genre are the framework's key concepts. Both are seen as products and processes and as constituted by five reciprocal aspects: form, content, act, time, and space, the necessary elements to initiate and interpret communication. A model illustrates this integrative principle. Part three dwells with the idea of life-genres, and part four exemplifies and problematises how a chimpanzee's 'begging' for meat, a fish's nest-making, and kinds of birdsongs, could be seen as possible life-genres. The last, short part gives a brief summary, highlights challenges, and reflects over the framework's relevance for biosemiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Shenzhen University Humanities & Social Sciences is the property of Journal of Shenzhen University (Humanities & Social Sciences) Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The research focuses on the effectiveness of the syntactical regulator in providing meaning in the Arabic Syntax and attempt to explain semantic changes resulting from phonetic changes in word endings, especially with respect to vowels. It further looks into the dynamics which bring about such changes in phonetics and evaluates the significance of the altered meanings from the viewpoint of semantics. In order to interpret semantic changes, Classical Arabic denotes eight cases as the determinants or basis for the change at the level of the mind that lead to transformation as an anonymous process for comprehending speech utterances. The dynamics of the above process provide the orientation effecting precise and accurate meaning bearing upon the entire sentence construction comprehensively. Thus, the research purpose is to demonstrate the underlying inner structure providing the dynamism and process preceding production of verbal utterances intrinsic within the Arabic Syntax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pensamiento y Acción Multidisciplinaria is the property of Universidad Catolica del Maule. Escuela de Trabajo Social and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This descriptive qualitative study mainly describes the word level equivalence found in the translated dialogues in The Lightning Thief. The final project mainly aims at identifying the word level equivalence strategy in translating the dialogues of The Lightning Thief from English into Indonesian and identifying its word level equivalence meaning. The study focuses on the classification of word level equivalence offered by Mona Baker in her book In Other Words. The data obtained were analyzed by comparing both English and Indonesian versions. Words or phrases which contained any word level non-equivalence were analyzed further to find out the context in which it occured. Then the data analyzed were evaluated its word level equivalent meaning. The evaluation involved some raters who are expert in their field.The finding show that: the strategies used by the translator to overcome the problems in translating the dialogue are translation by paraphrase using related word (24.11%), translation by a more specific word (18.43%), translation by paraphrase using unrelated word (14.89%), translation by a more general word (14.19%), translation by omission (13.48%),translation by more expressive or less neutral word (8.51%) and translation by using loan word or loan word plus explanation (6.39%). Word level equivalence meaning in the strategies: translation by using loan word (92.59%) was the strategy whose data were got higher result of score 3 (meaning is sufficiently renderred) by three raters, translation by a more general word (36.67%) was the strategy whose data were got higher result of score 2 (meaning is insufficiently), and translation by omission was the strategy whose data were got higher result of score 1 (59.65%). Suggestion drawn from this study is that to transfer meaning of the source text into the target text accurately, the translator should decide to make choices in each word or phrases, and choose the most suitable strategies that can overcome problems and difficulties of translation, especially problems of non-equivalence at word level

The objective of this research is to describe traditional utterances in the Seloko customs of Jambi Malay society. This research is also intended to describe the educational character values in the Seloko customs of Jambi Malay society. The results of the research show that some educational values are found in the Seloko customs of Jambi Malay society: (1) the educational values related religion faith, which contain religious matters, such as obedience to religious law; (2) the educational character values that are related to the self, consisting of honesty, responsibility, discipline, and hard work; (3) the educational character values that are related to society, consisting of self-responsibility, obedience to social rules, politeness, loyalty, and caring; (4) the educational character values that are related to the environment, consisting of being aware of the environment and an anti-violent attitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with the legitimacy of discourse analysis. We intend to show here that discourse analysis rest on a highly debatable hypothesis and that the notion of coherence, which is closely associated with discourse analysis, is, at best, a pre-scientific notion. We will try to show that a reductionist approach to discourse would be both more scientifically sound and more efficient. We will, finally, outline an alternative view of discourse and coherence.

Objective: To analyse the concordance of original utterances by healthcare providers (HCP) and patients with the corresponding translations by interpreters using the Roter Interaction Analysis System (RIAS).Methods: Video recordings of interpreted consultations were transcribed. Transcription was performed by professional interpreters, who first transcribed consultations in both languages, then provided a translation of what was said in the foreign language. Based on the translations, the videos were coded and analysed using RIAS.Results: Overall, 19 consultations with a total recording time of 865min were analysed. The main finding is the large difference in the number of utterances in the original language compared to the number of utterances in the target language: about one third of the HCPs' and the patients' utterances were not translated. In no instance were omissions explained to HCP or patient.Conclusion: Interpreters in this sample did not always translate what had been said precisely; they omitted utterances by both HCPs and patients.Practice Implications: All participants of an interpreted consultation must be made aware of potential omissions in the process of translation. Further understanding of the causes and consequences of omissions is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High Intermediate-2 students’ brief responses in a discussion forum cause a long-expected discussion last in a couple of minutes in mixed-ability classes, depicting a minority of students are overtly dominant, while others are precisely passive. What yields discussions endure immaturely stems from both unclear roles of participants and their inadequate techniques to expand both interactions and spoken discourse. Therefore, Teacher-researcher assigned each participant in a discussion group of three to put reflection into practice, referring to the self-selected and discussed topics. The data were gained through non-participant observations, in which the teacher-researcher observed and recorded a singled-out group. A sample recording was, subsequently, transcribed and analyzed regarding with the number of exchanges in a five-minute discussion intake and the number of content words that students generated. It was found that employing reflective techniques, students were able to keep a particular topic being discussed at full. As a result, the number of content words multiplied. These findings resulted classroom teachers in insightful use of reflective techniques as one of the ways to proliferate students’ benefits in a discussion forum. Adequately practiced, students would be able to employ the techniques preponderantly, multiplying interactions among discussion members.

This study examines the effect of the variation of teacher talk on EFL learners' performance, especially the one related to listening comprehension skills, by chronologically observing a Japanese first language (L1) instructor's classrooms at a university.

The study examines some most typical features of Bulgarian colloquial speech and its syntax: the informality, the extreme subjectivity, the expressiveness, the lack of preparation, the strong depending on situation, the absence of etiquette stiffness, the dominance of household themes, the increased activity of paralinguistic factors (facial expressions, gestures), the specific syntactic terms, utterances and constructions etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study of knowledge constituted in discourses, in dialogue with authors such as Michel Foucault, Jorge Eliécer Martínez Posada and Luis Alfonso Ramírez Peña, is based on the research project Training and regularities in the discursive utterances of the quality of higher education in Colombia between 1991 and 2013, and describes the coexistence, succession, functioning, reciprocal determination, independent and correlative transformation of discursive utterances related to the quality of higher education both nationally and internationally. The results are explained in the archaeological process proposed by Foucault's historical-critical method, and it is concluded that quality is visible within a horizon of economic globalization, implementation of neoliberal policies, State reforms, and through works of inspection, supervision and control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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