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1. Genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Cambodia, January 2020 to February 2021

Author

Yvonne C F Su, Jordan Z J Ma, Tey Putita Ou, Leakhena Pum, Sidonn Krang, Philomena Raftery, Michael H Kinzer, Jennifer Bohl, Vanra Ieng, Vannda Kab, Sarika Patel, Borann Sar, Wong Foong Ying, Jayanthi Jayakumar, Viseth Srey Horm, Narjis Boukli, Sokhoun Yann, Cecile Troupin, Vireak Heang, Jose A Garcia-Rivera, Yi Sengdoeurn, Seng Heng, Sreyngim Lay, Sophana Chea, Chau Darapheak, Chin Savuth, Asheena Khalakdina, Sowath Ly, Laurence Baril, Jessica E Manning, Etienne Simone-Loriere, Veasna Duong, Philippe Dussart, Ly Sovann, Gavin J D Smith, Erik A Karlsson, Duke-NUS Medical School [Singapore], Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Université de Montpellier (UM), Ministry of Health [Phnom Penh], World Health Organization [Phnom Penh] (WHO), Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [Phnom Penh], Embassy of the United States of America, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [Phnom Penh, Cambodia] (NIAID), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [Bethesda] (NIAID-NIH), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH)-National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), US Naval Medical Research Unit n°2, National Institute of Public Health [Phnom Penh, Cambodge], Département de Virologie - Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Duke University [Durham], The work at Institut Pasteur du Cambodge is supported by the WHO, the European Union, The Pasteur International Center for Research on Emerging Infectious Diseases National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services funded project No. 1U01AI151758-01, Wellcome Trust grant 222574/Z/21/Z, the British Embassy in Cambodia, and French Development Agency-funded ECOnomic development, ECOsystem MOdifications, and emerging infectious diseases Risk Evaluation (ECOMORE) 2 COVID-19 top up project No. CZZ 2146 01A. E.A.K. was funded, in part, by federal funds from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services Contract No. 75N93021C00015. The study was supported by the Duke-NUS Signature Research Programme funded by the Ministry of Health, Singapore, and by contracts HHSN272201400006C and 75N93021C00016 from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, USA. This work was funded in part by the Division of Intramural Research at National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases at the National Institutes of Health and Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Grant OPP1211806. E.S.L. acknowledges funding from the INCEPTION programme (Investissements d’Avenir), grant number ANR-16-CONV-0005., and ANR-16-CONV-0005,INCEPTION,Institut Convergences pour l'étude de l'Emergence des Pathologies au Travers des Individus et des populatiONs(2016)

Subjects
pandemic, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Virology, coronavirus, COVID-19, genetic diversity, phylogeny, Microbiology
Abstract

The first case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Cambodia was confirmed on 27 January 2020 in a traveller from Wuhan. Cambodia subsequently implemented strict travel restrictions, and although intermittent cases were reported during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, no apparent widespread community transmission was detected. Investigating the routes of severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) introduction into the country was critical for evaluating the implementation of public health interventions and assessing the effectiveness of social control measures. Genomic sequencing technologies have enabled rapid detection and monitoring of emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we detected 478 confirmed COVID-19 cases in Cambodia between 27 January 2020 and 14 February 2021, 81.3 per cent in imported cases. Among them, fifty-four SARS-CoV-2 genomes were sequenced and analysed along with representative global lineages. Despite the low number of confirmed cases, we found a high diversity of Cambodian viruses that belonged to at least seventeen distinct PANGO lineages. Phylogenetic inference of SARS-CoV-2 revealed that the genetic diversity of Cambodian viruses resulted from multiple independent introductions from diverse regions, predominantly, Eastern Asia, Europe, and Southeast Asia. Most cases were quickly isolated, limiting community spread, although there was an A.23.1 variant cluster in Phnom Penh in November 2020 that resulted in a small-scale local transmission. The overall low incidence of COVID-19 infections suggests that Cambodia’s early containment strategies, including travel restrictions, aggressive testing and strict quarantine measures, were effective in preventing large community outbreaks of COVID-19.

Published
2022

2. Ability of the Premise Condition Index to Identify Premises with Adult and Immature Aedes Mosquitoes in Kampong Cham, Cambodia

Author

John S. Bradley, Sébastien Boyer, Vibol Chan, Rithea Leang, Dyna Doum, BunLeng Sam, Neal Alexander, John Hustedt, Sergio Lopes, Vanney Keo, Marco Liverani, Didot Budi Prasetyo, Jeffrey Hii, Agus Rachmat, Sokha Ly, Malaria Consortium [Phnom Penh, Cambodge], London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Cambodian National Dengue Control Program [Phnom Penh, Cambodia], World Health Organization [Phnom Penh] (WHO), Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), and US Naval Medical Research Unit n°2

Subjects
Mosquito Control, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 030231 tropical medicine, MESH: Dengue, Mosquito Vectors, Rate ratio, Disease cluster, Premises, Models, Biological, Dengue, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Aedes, Virology, Animals, MESH: Animals, MESH: Mosquito Control, biology, MESH: Cambodia, MESH: Models, Biological, Regression analysis, MESH: Aedes, Articles, biology.organism_classification, MESH: Housing, Mosquito control, Infectious Diseases, Quartile, Conventional PCI, Housing, MESH: Mosquito Vectors, Female, Parasitology, Seasons, Cambodia, MESH: Female, MESH: Seasons, Demography
Abstract

International audience; Aedes-transmitted diseases, especially dengue, are increasing throughout the world and the main preventive methods include vector control and the avoidance of mosquito bites. A simple Premise Condition Index (PCI) categorizing shade, house, and yard conditions was previously developed to help prioritize households or geographical areas where resources are limited. However, evidence about the accuracy of the PCI is mixed. The current study aimed to contribute to a better understanding of the relevance by collecting data from 2,400 premises at four time points over 1 year in Kampong Cham, Cambodia. Regression models were then used to identify associations between PCI and Aedes adult female mosquitoes and pupae. In addition, receiver operating characteristic curves were used to measure the ability of PCI to identify premises in the top quartile of mosquito abundance. The density of adult Aedes females was positively associated with PCI at the household (ratio of means = 1.16 per point on the PCI scale) and cluster level (ratio of means = 1.54). However, the number of Aedes pupae was negatively associated with PCI at the household level (rate ratio = 0.74) and did not have a statistically significant association at the cluster level. Receiver operating characteristic curves suggest the PCI score had "rather low accuracy" (area under the ROC curve = 0.52 and 0.54) at identifying top-quartile premises in terms of adult female Aedes and pupae, respectively. These results suggest that caution is warranted in the programmatic use of PCI in areas of similar geography and mosquito abundance.

Published
2020

3. Assessment of inactivation procedures for SARS-CoV-2

Author

Sokha Dul, Erik A. Karlsson, Nicholas J. Martin, Jose A. Garcia-Rivera, Heidi Auerswald, Philippe Dussart, Saraden In, Sokhoun Yann, Unité de Virologie / Virology Unit [Phnom Penh], Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), US Naval Medical Research Unit n°2, Naval Medical Research Unit Two [Singapore] (NAMRU-2), Naval Medical Research, This work, including that of Dr Auerswald, was supported, in part, by internal funding through Institut Pasteur in Cambodia. Dr Karlsson is supported, in part, by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (Grant No. 1 IDSEP190051-01-00) and through internal funding at Institut Pasteur in Cambodia. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the US Department of Health and Human Services. This work was also partially funded and supported by the Armed Forces Health Surveillance, Branch Global Emerging Infections Surveillance Section., and We would like to acknowledge the patients, Cambodian Ministry of Health and Cambodian Center for Disease Control, Rapid Response Team members, and the doctors, nurses, and staff of the reference hospitals in Cambodia for their response to the COVID-19 pandemic. We thank all of the technicians and staff at Institut Pasteur du Cambodge in the Virology Unit and at NAMRU-2 in the Molecular Unit involved in this work.

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Hot Temperature, viruses, Sample processing, Biosecurity, heat inactivation, Biosafety, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: Chlorocebus aethiops, Chlorocebus aethiops, MESH: COVID-19, Medicine, MESH: Animals, 030212 general & internal medicine, Cells, Cultured, 0303 health sciences, Containment of Biohazards, Viral Load, MESH: Virus Inactivation, 3. Good health, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, chemical inactivation, Positive-strand RNA Viruses, Cambodia, MESH: Viral Load, Viral load, Research Article, MESH: Cells, Cultured, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), 030106 microbiology, Biology, MESH: Hot Temperature, Virus, Specimen Handling, MESH: Containment of Biohazards, 03 medical and health sciences, Virology, Animals, Humans, MESH: SARS-CoV-2, MESH: Specimen Handling, Live virus, MESH: Humans, Animal, SARS-CoV-2, 030306 microbiology, business.industry, MESH: Cambodia, biosafety, COVID-19, 030104 developmental biology, Virus Inactivation, business
Abstract

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), presents a challenge to laboratorians and healthcare workers around the world. Handling of biological samples from individuals infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus requires strict biosafety and biosecurity measures. Within the laboratory, non-propagative work with samples containing the virus requires, at minimum, Biosafety Level-2 (BSL-2) techniques and facilities. Therefore, handling of SARS-CoV-2 samples remains a major concern in areas and conditions where biosafety and biosecurity for specimen handling is difficult to maintain, such as in rural laboratories or austere field testing sites. Inactivation through physical or chemical means can reduce the risk of handling live virus and increase testing ability worldwide. Herein we assess several chemical and physical inactivation techniques employed against SARS-CoV-2 isolates from Cambodian COVID-19 patients. This data demonstrates that all chemical (AVL, inactivating sample buffer and formaldehyde) and heat treatment (56°C and 98°C) methods tested completely inactivated viral loads of up to 5 log10.

Published
2021
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4. Distribution of influenza virus types by age using case-based global surveillance data from twenty-nine countries, 1999-2014

Author

François G. Schellevis, Raquel Guiomar, Zhibin Peng, Phuong Vu Mai Hoang, Brechla Moreno, Juan Yang, Cheryl Cohen, Lynnette Brammer, Jenny Lara, Hongjie Yu, Mai thi Quynh Le, Joshua A. Mott, Rodrigo Fasce, Gabriela Kusznierz, Simona Puzelli, Doménica de Mora, Leticia Castillo, Selim Badur, Akerke Ospanova, Vernon J. Lee, Liza Lopez, Richard Njouom, Douglas M. Fleming, Coulibaly Daouda, Nurhayati, Juan Manuel Rudi, Clotilde El-Guerche Séblain, Li Wei Ang, Joseph S. Bresee, Celina de Lozano, Sonam Gyeltshen, Maria Zambon, Maria Luisa Matute, Norosoa Harline Razanajatovo, Saverio Caini, Amal Barakat, Marie-Astrid Vernet, Alla Mironenko, Angel Balmaseda, Alexey Clara, Walquiria Aparecida Ferreira de Almeida, Richard Pebody, Herman Kosasih, Cláudio Maierovitch Pessanha Henriques, Marietjie Venter, Caterina Rizzo, Meral Akcay Ciblak, Olha Holubka, Gideon O. Emukule, Fatima el Falaki, Winston Andrade, Herve A. Kadjo, Alfredo Bruno, Kate Pennington, Lyazzat Kiyanbekova, Ana Paula Rodrigues, Rhonda Owen, John Paget, Peter Spreeuwenberg, Sue Q. Huang, Jean-Michel Heraud, Sonam Wangchuk, Luzhao Feng, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias 'Dr. Emilio Coni', Department of Health and Ageing, Influenza Surveillance Section, Surveillance Branch, Office of Health Protection (DHAISS), Department of Health and Ageing, Influenza Surveillance Section, Surveillance Branch, Office of Health Protection, Woden, ACT, Australia, Office of Health Protection, Woden, ACT, Australia (DHAISS), Ministry of Health [Bhoutan], Ministry of Health [Brasília, Brazil], Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile (ISP), Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Health [Costa Rica], Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública [Guayaquil, Ecuador] (INSPI), Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), Public Health England [London], Ministerio de Salud Publica y Asistencia Social [Guatemala] (MSPAS), US Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health [Honduras] (SESAL), US Naval Medical Research Unit n°2, Istituto Superiore di Sanita [Rome], Institut Pasteur de Côte d'Ivoire, Institut National d'Hygiène Publique [Côte d'Ivoire] (INHP), Astana Center of Sanitary Epidemiology Expertise, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [Kenya], U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS), Unité de Virologie [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Ministry of Health [Morocco], Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR), Ministry of Health [Nicaragua] (MINSA), National Influenza Center, Instituto Nacional de Saùde Dr Ricardo Jorge [Portugal] (INSA), Ministry of Health [Singapore], Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, University of Pretoria [South Africa], University of the Witwatersrand [Johannesburg] (WITS), National Institute for Communicable Diseases [Johannesburg] (NICD), Istanbul University, National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [Atlanta] (CDC), National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology [Hanoi, Vietnam] (NIHE), Chercheur indépendant, Sanofi Pasteur [Lyon, France], VU University Medical Center [Amsterdam], The Global Influenza B Study is funded by an unrestricted research grant from Sanofi Pasteur., The Global Influenza B Study group also includes the following members: Binay Thapa 4, Sangay Zangmo 4, Guy Vernet 6, Patricia Bustos 7, Patricio Loyola 7, Joanna Ellis 12, Antonino Bella 19, Maria Rita Castrucci 18, Gulzhan Muratbayeva 45, Julia Guillebaud 26, Laurence Randrianasolo 46, Ausenda Machado 47, Pedro Pechirra 32, Jeffery Cutter 34, Raymond Tzer Pin Lin 34. 45 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Central Asia Regional Office, Almaty, Kazakhstan 46 Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur of Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar 47 National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal, APH - Quality of Care, APH - Aging & Later Life, and General practice

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Male, Databases, Factual, Distribution (economics), CHILDREN, Global Health, 0302 clinical medicine, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype, 1108 Medical Microbiology, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Influenza A Virus, H3N2 subtype, 030212 general & internal medicine, Young adult, Child, POPULATION, education.field_of_study, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, Age Factors, Middle Aged, 3. Good health, Global Influenza B Study group, Infectious Diseases, INFECTIONS, Influenza A virus, Child, Preschool, H3N2 Subtype, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Female, BURDEN, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Age distribution, 0605 Microbiology, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Surveillance data, Adolescent, Population, UNITED-STATES, Microbiology, Virus, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, Age Distribution, Influenza, Human, medicine, Humans, H1N1 Subtype, COHORT, lcsh:RC109-216, education, Disease burden, METAANALYSIS, Aged, Science & Technology, business.industry, Public health, Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype, Infant, Newborn, Infant, 1103 Clinical Sciences, [SDV.BBM.BM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology, Estados de Saúde e de Doença, Influenza B Virus, Influenza, Influenza B virus, Meta-analysis, 030104 developmental biology, H1N1 subtype, Virus type, RISK-FACTORS, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business, Demography
Abstract

The database of the Global Influenza B Study was created by collecting surveillance datasets from each of the participating countries. These national datasets are owned by the participating countries, and thus cannot be shared publicly. Researchers interested in obtaining the country-specific datasets may contact the individuals listed below for further details regarding data access.Argentina (Santa Fe Province): Gabriela Kusznierz (labconi@yahoo.com.ar)Australia: Kate Pennington (kate.pennington@health.gov.au)Bhutan: Sonam Wangchuk (swangchuk@health.gov.bt)Brazil: Cláudio Maierovitch Pessanha Henriques (claudio.henriques@saude.gov.br)Cameroon: Guy Vernet (vernet@pasteur-yaounde.org)Chile: Rodrigo Fasce (rfasce@ispch.cl)China: Feng Luzhao (fenglz@chinacdc.cn)Costa Rica: Alexey W. Clara (wclara@cdc.gov)Ecuador: Alfredo Bruno (alfredobruno@yahoo.es)El Salvador: Alexey W. Clara (wclara@cdc.gov)England: Maria Zambon (maria.zambon@phe.gov.uk)Guatemala: Alexey W. Clara (wclara@cdc.gov)Honduras: Alexey W. Clara (wclara@cdc.gov)Indonesia: Herman Kosasih (hermaninarespond@gmail.com)Italy: Caterina Rizzo (caterina.rizzo@iss.it)Ivory Coast: Herve A. Kadjo (hervekadjo@pasteur.ci)Kazakhstan: Gulzhan Muratbayeva (hnv2@cdc.gov)Kenya: Joshua Mott (zud9@cdc.gov)Madagascar: Jean-Michel Heraud (jmheraud@pasteur.mg)Morocco: Amal Barakat (amal.barakat@yahoo.fr)New Zealand: Sue Huang (sue.huang@esr.cri.nz)Nicaragua: Alexey W. Clara (wclara@cdc.gov)Panama: Alexey W. Clara (wclara@cdc.gov)Portugal: Ana Paula Rodrigues (ana.rodrigues@insa.min-saude.pt)Singapore: Vernon Lee (vernonljm@hotmail.com)South Africa: Cheryl Cohen (cherylc@nicd.ac.za)Turkey: Meral Akcay Ciblak (ciblakm@yahoo.com)Ukraine: Alla Mironenko (miralla@ukr.net)Viet Nam: Le Thi Quinh Mai (lom9@hotmail.com); International audience; BACKGROUND:Influenza disease burden varies by age and this has important public health implications. We compared the proportional distribution of different influenza virus types within age strata using surveillance data from twenty-nine countries during 1999-2014 (N=358,796 influenza cases).METHODS:For each virus, we calculated a Relative Illness Ratio (defined as the ratio of the percentage of cases in an age group to the percentage of the country population in the same age group) for young children (0-4 years), older children (5-17 years), young adults (18-39 years), older adults (40-64 years), and the elderly (65+ years). We used random-effects meta-analysis models to obtain summary relative illness ratios (sRIRs), and conducted meta-regression and sub-group analyses to explore causes of between-estimates heterogeneity.RESULTS:The influenza virus with highest sRIR was A(H1N1) for young children, B for older children, A(H1N1)pdm2009 for adults, and (A(H3N2) for the elderly. As expected, considering the diverse nature of the national surveillance datasets included in our analysis, between-estimates heterogeneity was high (I2>90%) for most sRIRs. The variations of countries' geographic, demographic and economic characteristics and the proportion of outpatients among reported influenza cases explained only part of the heterogeneity, suggesting that multiple factors were at play.CONCLUSIONS:These results highlight the importance of presenting burden of disease estimates by age group and virus (sub)type.

Published
2018

5. Resistance of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations to Deltamethrin, Permethrin, and Temephos in Cambodia

Author

Didier Fontenille, Dyna Doum, Jeffrey Hii, Rithea Leang, Didot Budi Prasetyo, Sergio Lopes, Sony Yean, Sam Bunleng, John Hustedt, Borin Peng, Ay Sao Sarady, Sébastien Boyer, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Malaria Consortium [Phnom Penh, Cambodge], US Naval Medical Research Unit n°2, National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control [Phnom Penh, Cambodia] (CNM), Mahidol University [Bangkok], This study was supported by UK Department for International Development (DFID) through the Programme Partnership Arrangement (Award number: 40097745)., Diversity, ecology, evolution & Adaptation of arthropod vectors (MIVEGEC-DEEVA), Evolution des Systèmes Vectoriels (ESV), Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Veterinary medicine, 030231 tropical medicine, vector control, mosquito, Aedes aegypti, Biology, Dengue fever, Insecticide Resistance, resistance, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Aedes, Nitriles, Pyrethrins, parasitic diseases, medicine, Animals, Permethrin, 2. Zero hunger, Larva, Resistance (ecology), insecticide, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Pesticide, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, 3. Good health, [SDV.BA.ZI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Invertebrate Zoology, 030104 developmental biology, Deltamethrin, chemistry, Vector (epidemiology), Cambodia, Temefos, medicine.drug
Abstract

Dengue fever is a major public health concern, including 185,000 annual cases in Cambodia. Aedes aegypti is the primary vector for dengue transmission and is targeted with insecticide treatments. This study characterized the insecticide resistance status of Ae aegypti from rural and urban locations. The susceptibility to temephos, permethrin, and deltamethrin of Ae aegypti was evaluated in accordance with World Health Organization instructions. All the field populations showed lower mortality rate to temephos compared with the sensitive strain with resistance ratio 50 (RR50) varying from 3.3 to 33.78 and RR90 from 4.2 to 47 compared with the sensitive strain, demonstrating a generalized resistance of larvae to the temephos in Cambodia. Ae aegypti adult populations were highly resistant to permethrin regardless of province or rural/urban classification with an average mortality of 0.02%. Seven of the 8 field populations showed resistance to deltamethrin. These results are alarming for dengue vector control, as widespread resistance may compromise the entomological impact of larval control operations. Innovative vector control tools are needed to replace ineffective pesticides in Cambodia.

Published
2018

6. Insights into the host range, genetic diversity, and geographical distribution of jingmenviruses

Author

Paul T. Brey, Veasna Duong, Vibol Hul, Stéphane Petres, Philippe Pérot, Delphine Chrétien, Evelyne Dufour, Valérie Pinarello, Muriel Vayssier-Taussat, Sarah Temmam, Emmanuel Albina, Elodie Devillers, Marine Dumarest, Thomas Bigot, Marc Grandadam, Thavry Hoem, Virginie Pommelet, Irène Loiseau, Jeffrey C. Hertz, Sara Moutailler, Khamsing Vongphayloth, Philippe Dussart, Julien Cappelle, Marc Eloit, Mathilde Gondard, Découverte de Pathogènes - Pathogen Discovery, Biologie des Infections - Biology of Infection, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique - Bioinformatics and Biostatistics HUB, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes (UMR ASTRE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Biologie moléculaire et immunologie parasitaires et fongiques (BIPAR), Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Dozulé, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Institut Pasteur du Laos, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Plateforme technologique Production et purification de protéines recombinantes – Production and Purification of Recombinant Proteins Technological Platform (PPR), Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, US Naval Medical Research Unit n°2, Unité Mixte de Recherche d'Épidémiologie des maladies Animales et zoonotiques (UMR EPIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS), École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA), Université Paris-Est (UPE), This work was supported by Laboratoire d’Excellence (Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases, grant no. ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID) and by the Direction Internationale de l'Institut Pasteur., We thank Jacques Bellalou and his team at the Production and Purification of Recombinant Proteins Technological Platform of Institut Pasteur for their help in expression of recombinant proteins, Yves Jacob and Mélanie Dos Santos for their technical assistance with the luminometer, the staff members at the ICAReB Platform of Institut Pasteur for access to human control sera, and all the people involved in the sampling of ticks, bats, and cattle in France, French Antilles, Lao PDR, and Cambodia., ANR-10-LABX-0062,IBEID,Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases(2010), Eloit, Marc, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pasteur [Paris], Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Dozulé, Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Plateforme technologique Production et purification de protéines recombinantes – Production and Purification of Recombinant Proteins Technological Platform, Institut Pasteur [Paris], Naval Medical Research Unit Two [Cambodge] (NAMRU-2), Naval Medical Research Center [Silver Spring, USA] (NMRC), Épidémiologie des Maladies Animales et Zoonotiques - UMR 346 (EPIA), ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID,IBEID,Laboratoire d'Excellence 'Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases'(2010), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Normandie, École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA), and École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Laboratoire de santé animale, sites de Maisons-Alfort et de Dozulé

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, lcsh:QR1-502, jingmenvirus, Global Health, L73 - Maladies des animaux, lips, lcsh:Microbiology, Ticks, Blood serum, Chiroptera, Tick-borne disease, biology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Amblyomma testudinarium, Jingmenvirus, LIPS, emergence, evolution, QR1-502, Microbiologie et Parasitologie, 3. Good health, Phylogeography, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Rhipicephalus microplus, Martinique, L72 - Organismes nuisibles des animaux, Research Article, Autre (Sciences du Vivant), Ixodes ricinus, Distribution géographique, 030106 microbiology, Zoology, Ecological and Evolutionary Science, Relation hôte pathogène, Tick, Microbiology, Arbovirus, Host Specificity, Virus des animaux, 03 medical and health sciences, Variation génétique, parasitic diseases, Filoviridae Infections, medicine, Animals, Humans, Molecular Biology, Maladie transmissible par tiques, Flaviviridae, Genetic Variation, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, 030104 developmental biology, Cattle
Abstract

Several arboviruses emerging as new pathogens for humans and domestic animals have recently raised public health concern and increased interest in the study of their host range and in detection of spillover events. Recently, a new group of segmented Flaviviridae-related viruses, the Jingmenviruses, has been identified worldwide in many invertebrate and vertebrate hosts, pointing out the issue of whether they belong to the arbovirus group. The study presented here combined whole-genome sequencing of three tick-borne Jingmenviruses and one bat-borne Jingmenvirus with comprehensive phylogenetic analyses and high-throughput serological screening of human and cattle populations exposed to these viruses to contribute to the knowledge of Jingmenvirus host range, geographical distribution, and mammalian exposure., Jingmenvirus is a recently identified group of segmented RNA viruses phylogenetically linked with unsegmented Flaviviridae viruses. Primarily identified in various tick genera originating in China, Jingmenvirus geographical distribution has rapidly expanded to cover Africa, South America, Caribbean, and Europe. The identification of Jingmen-related viruses in various mammals, including febrile humans, opens the possibility that Jingmenviruses may be novel tick-borne arboviruses. In this study, we aimed at increasing knowledge of the host range, genetic diversity, and geographical distribution of Jingmenviruses by reporting for the first time the identification of Jingmenviruses associated with Rhipicephalus microplus ticks originating in the French Antilles (Guadeloupe and Martinique islands), with Amblyomma testudinarium ticks in Lao PDR, and with Ixodes ricinus ticks in metropolitan France, and from urine of Pteropus lylei bats in Cambodia. Analyses of the relationships between the different Jingmenvirus genomes resulted in the identification of three main phylogenic subclades, each of them containing both tick-borne and mammal-borne strains, reinforcing the idea that Jingmenviruses may be considered as tick-borne arboviruses. Finally, we estimated the prevalence of Jingmenvirus-like infection using luciferase immunoprecipitation assay screening (LIPS) of asymptomatic humans and cattle highly exposed to tick bites. Among 70 French human, 153 Laotian human, and 200 Caribbean cattle sera tested, only one French human serum was found (slightly) positive, suggesting that the prevalence of Jingmenvirus human and cattle infections in these areas is probably low. IMPORTANCE Several arboviruses emerging as new pathogens for humans and domestic animals have recently raised public health concern and increased interest in the study of their host range and in detection of spillover events. Recently, a new group of segmented Flaviviridae-related viruses, the Jingmenviruses, has been identified worldwide in many invertebrate and vertebrate hosts, pointing out the issue of whether they belong to the arbovirus group. The study presented here combined whole-genome sequencing of three tick-borne Jingmenviruses and one bat-borne Jingmenvirus with comprehensive phylogenetic analyses and high-throughput serological screening of human and cattle populations exposed to these viruses to contribute to the knowledge of Jingmenvirus host range, geographical distribution, and mammalian exposure.

Published
2019

7. Serotype Distribution of Clinical Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates before the Introduction of the 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Cambodia

Author

Matthew R. Kasper, Vonthanak Saphonn, Arnaud Tarantola, Blandine Rammaert, Gavin W. Ford, Florence Komurian-Pradel, Paul Turner, Chadwick Y. Yasuda, Sok Touch, Alexandra Kerleguer, Christina Farris, Youlet By, Bertrand Guillard, Sirenda Vong, Laurence Borand, Buth Sokhal, Malin Inghammar, Jan Jacobs, Melina Messaoudi, Chanleakhena Phoeung, Thong Phe, Charles Mayaud, Ung Sam An, Sophie Goyet, Steven Newell, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Skane University Hospital [Lund], Fondation Mérieux, University of Health Science, US Naval Medical Research Unit n°2, Shihanouk Hospital Centre of HOPE, Médecine Interne et Maladies Infectieuses, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Poitiers (CHU Poitiers), Pharmacologie des anti-infectieux (PHAR), Université de Poitiers-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Cambodian National Laboratory of Public Health, Communicable Disease Department [Phnom Penh] (CDC MOH), Ministry of Health [Mozambique], Cambodia Oxford Medical Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Institute of Tropical Medicine [Antwerp] (ITM), Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - UMR (CIRI), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine [Oxford], University of Oxford, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Tarantola, Arnaud

Subjects
Male, 0301 basic medicine, Serotype, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Drug resistance, medicine.disease_cause, Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, Pneumococcal Vaccines, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, Aged, 80 and over, Articles, Middle Aged, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Bacterial Typing Techniques, 3. Good health, [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], Streptococcus pneumoniae, Infectious Diseases, Child, Preschool, [SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Female, medicine.symptom, Cambodia, Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid, medicine.drug, Adult, Adolescent, 030106 microbiology, Serogroup, Mass Vaccination, 03 medical and health sciences, [SDV.IMM.VAC] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Vaccinology, Antibiotic resistance, Virology, Multiplex polymerase chain reaction, Humans, Aged, Vaccines, Conjugate, business.industry, Sputum, Infant, Pneumonia, Pneumococcal, Laboratories, Hospital, medicine.disease, Pneumonia, Parasitology, [SDV.IMM.VAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Vaccinology, business
Abstract

International audience; Childhood vaccination with the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) was introduced in Cambodia in January 2015. Baseline data regarding circulating serotypes are scarce. All microbiology laboratories in Cambodia were contacted for identification of stored isolates ofStreptococcus pneumoniaefrom clinical specimens taken before the introduction of PCV13. Available isolates were serotyped using a multiplex polymerase chain reaction method. Among 166 identified isolates available for serotyping from patients with pneumococcal disease, 4% were isolated from upper respiratory samples and 80% were from lower respiratory samples, and 16% were invasive isolates. PCV13 serotypes accounted for 60% (95% confidence interval [CI] 52-67) of all isolates; 56% (95% CI 48-64) of noninvasive and 77% (95% CI 57-89) of invasive isolates. Antibiotic resistance was more common among PCV13 serotypes. This study of clinicalS. pneumoniaeisolates supports the potential for high reduction in pneumococcal disease burden and may serve as baseline data for future monitoring ofS. pneumoniaeserotypes circulation after implementation of PCV13 childhood vaccination in Cambodia.

Published
2018

8. Intensive Circulation of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Peri-urban Sentinel Pigs near Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Author

Julien Cappelle, Veasna Duong, Véronique Chevalier, Didot Budi Prasetyo, Philippe Dussart, Rithy Choeung, Philippe Buchy, San Sorn, Sivuth Ong, Borin Peng, Lida Kong, Maud Yakovleff, Arnaud Tarantola, Raphaël Duboz, Long Pring, Animal et gestion intégrée des risques (UPR AGIRs), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Unité d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique [Phnom Penh], Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Unité de Virologie / Virology Unit [Phnom Penh], Royal University of Agriculture, US Naval Medical Research Unit n°2, National Veterinary Research Institute [Phnom Penh], GlaxoSmithKline, Glaxo Smith Kline, and This study was undertaken in the framework of the ComAcross project with the financial support of the European Union (EuropeAid, INNOVATE contract 315-047). The study was also supported by the SouthEast Asia Encephalitis project which is funded by Aviesan Sud and Fondation Total. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Veterinary medicine, MESH: Swine Diseases, Swine, Epidemiology, Force of infection, Disease Vectors, L73 - Maladies des animaux, Antibodies, Viral, Mosquitoes, Cohort Studies, Geographical Locations, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Pig Models, Medicine and Health Sciences, MESH: Animals, Public and Occupational Health, Socioeconomics, MESH: Encephalitis, Japanese, MESH: Swine, MESH: Cohort Studies, Geographic Areas, Encephalitis Virus, Japanese, Swine Diseases, Mammals, biology, Geography, Transmission (medicine), lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Agriculture, Animal Models, Vaccination and Immunization, 3. Good health, Vaccination, Insects, Culex, Infectious Diseases, Vertebrates, Female, Seasons, Cambodia, Encephalitis, Research Article, Urban Areas, lcsh:Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, Livestock, Asia, Arthropoda, Infectious Disease Control, lcsh:RC955-962, 030231 tropical medicine, Immunology, MESH: Culex, MESH: Insect Vectors, Research and Analysis Methods, 03 medical and health sciences, Model Organisms, medicine, Seroprevalence, Animals, Encephalitis, Japanese, MESH: Encephalitis Virus, Japanese, MESH: Seroepidemiologic Studies, Viral encephalitis, MESH: Cambodia, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Organisms, Biology and Life Sciences, lcsh:RA1-1270, Japanese encephalitis, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Invertebrates, Insect Vectors, 030104 developmental biology, Amniotes, People and Places, Earth Sciences, Preventive Medicine, MESH: Female, MESH: Seasons, MESH: Antibodies, Viral
Abstract

Despite the increased use of vaccination in several Asian countries, Japanese Encephalitis (JE) remains the most important cause of viral encephalitis in Asia in humans with an estimated 68,000 cases annually. Considered a rural disease occurring mainly in paddy-field dominated landscapes where pigs are amplifying hosts, JE may nevertheless circulate in a wider range of environment given the diversity of its potential hosts and vectors. The main objective of this study was to assess the intensity of JE transmission to pigs in a peri-urban environment in the outskirt of Phnom Penh, Cambodia. We estimated the force of JE infection in two cohorts of 15 sentinel pigs by fitting a generalised linear model on seroprevalence monitoring data observed during two four-month periods in 2014. Our results provide evidence for intensive circulation of JE virus in a periurban area near Phnom Penh, the capital and most populated city of Cambodia. Understanding JE virus transmission in different environments is important for planning JE virus control in the long term and is also an interesting model to study the complexity of vector-borne diseases. Collecting quantitative data such as the force of infection will help calibrate epidemiological model that can be used to better understand complex vector-borne disease epidemiological cycles., Author Summary Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) is the most important cause of viral encephalitis in Asia in humans with an estimated 68,000 cases annually. The disease is considered a mainly rural one because it occurs mainly in rural areas dominated by paddy fields where the main mosquito species vector of JEV breed. However, other mosquito species, breeding in urban areas, and a large range of animal hosts can play a role in the transmission of JEV, and JEV could therefore be transmitted in peri-urban and urban areas. Our results show an intensive circulation of JEV in sentinel pigs in a peri-urban area of Phnom Penh Cambodia at two different periods of the year. It shows the potential for JEV to circulate in a large range of landscapes and suggest that JEV control should not be limited to rural areas and that JEV may have the potential to emerge and be and be maintained in new areas.

Published
2016

9. National Malaria Prevalence in Cambodia: Microscopy Versus Polymerase Chain Reaction Estimates

Author

Didier Menard, Jan Bruce, Jean Popovici, Duong Socheat, Seshu Babu Vinjamuri, William O. Rogers, Walter R. J. Taylor, Sylvia Meek, Frédéric Ariey, Dysoley Lek, National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control [Phnom Penh, Cambodia] (CNM), National Institute of Public Health [Phnom Penh, Cambodge], Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Département Parasites et Insectes vecteurs - Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur [Paris], Institut Cochin (IC UM3 (UMR 8104 / U1016)), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service de parasitologie-mycologie [CHU Cochin], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Hôpital Cochin [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), World Health Organization Lao People's Democratic Republic Office [Vientiane, Laos], Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève (HUG), Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), University of Oxford [Oxford]-Mahidol University [Bangkok]-Wellcome Trust, US Naval Medical Research Unit n°2, We are grateful to the study participants and for the support of the National Institute of Health Research and Development of Indonesia, and of the Eijkman Institute., Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), University of Oxford-Mahidol University [Bangkok]-Wellcome Trust, and Wellcome Trust-Mahidol University [Bangkok]-University of Oxford [Oxford]

Subjects
Male, Plasmodium vivax, Prevalence, Plasmodium malariae, Polymerase Chain Reaction, law.invention, 0302 clinical medicine, law, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, MESH: Child, 030212 general & internal medicine, Malaria, Falciparum, Child, Dried blood, Polymerase chain reaction, MESH: Plasmodium falciparum, MESH: Plasmodium malariae, Microscopy, biology, MESH: Malaria, Falciparum, MESH: Infant, Newborn, Articles, MESH: Infant, 3. Good health, MESH: Plasmodium vivax, Infectious Diseases, MESH: Young Adult, Child, Preschool, Female, Cambodia, medicine.medical_specialty, MESH: Microscopy, Adolescent, Plasmodium falciparum, 030231 tropical medicine, MESH: Malaria, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Virology, Internal medicine, parasitic diseases, Malaria, Vivax, medicine, Humans, MESH: Prevalence, MESH: Adolescent, MESH: Humans, MESH: Cambodia, MESH: Child, Preschool, Infant, Newborn, Infant, MESH: Malaria, Vivax, MESH: Polymerase Chain Reaction, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Confidence interval, MESH: Male, Malaria, Parasitology, MESH: Female
Abstract

International audience; Accurate information regarding malaria prevalence at national level is required to design and assess malaria control/elimination efforts. Although many comparisons of microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods have been conducted, there is little published literature covering such comparisons in southeast Asia especially at the national level. Both microscopic examination and PCR detection were performed on blood films and dried blood spots samples collected from 8,067 individuals enrolled in a nationwide, stratified, multistage, cluster sampling malaria prevalence survey conducted in Cambodia in 2007. The overall malaria prevalence and prevalence rates of Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, and Plasmodium malariae infections estimated by microscopy (N = 8,067) were 2.74% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.39-3.12%), 1.81% (95% CI: 1.53-2.13%), 1.14% (95% CI: 0.92-1.40%), and 0.01% (95% CI: 0.003-0.07%), respectively. The overall malaria prevalence based on PCR detection (N = 7,718) was almost 2.5-fold higher (6.31%, 95% CI: 5.76-6.89%, P < 0.00001). This difference was significantly more pronounced for P. falciparum (4.40%, 95% CI: 3.95-4.90%, P < 0.00001) compared with P. vivax (1.89%, 95% CI: 1.60-2.22%, P < 0.001) and P. malariae infections (0.22%, 95% CI: 0.13-0.35%, P < 0.0001). The significant proportion of microscopy-negative but PCR-positive individuals (289/7,491, 3.85%) suggest microscopic examination frequently underestimated malaria infections and that active case detection based on microscopy may miss a significant reservoir of infection, especially in low-transmission settings.

Published
2016

10. Temporal Patterns of Influenza A and B in Tropical and Temperate Countries: What Are the Lessons for Influenza Vaccination?

Author

Marietjie Venter, Juan Yang, Simona Puzelli, Antonino Bella, Joshua A. Mott, Rodrigo Fasce, Coulibaly Daouda, Jenny Lara, Hongjie Yu, Winston Andrade, Selim Badur, Cláudio Maierovitch Pessanha Henriques, François G. Schellevis, Jean-Michel Heraud, Akerke Ospanova, Sonam Wangchuk, Brechla Moreno, Herve A. Kadjo, Raymond T. P. Lin, Juan Manuel Rudi, Walquiria Aparecida Ferreira de Almeida, Gabriela Kusznierz, Joseph S. Bresee, Cheryl Cohen, Mai thi Quynh Le, Rhonda Owen, Maria Zambon, Maria Luisa Matute, Kunzang Dorji, Kate Pennington, Global Influenza B Study, Herman Kosasih, Nurhayati, Alla Mironenko, Ming Li, Angel Balmaseda, Alexey Clara, Alfredo Bruno, Richard Njouom, Phuong Vu Mai Hoang, Ana Paula Rodrigues, Celina de Lozano, Luzhao Feng, Olha Holubka, Amal Barakat, Lyazzat Kiyanbekova, Norosoa Harline Razanajatovo, Saverio Caini, Meral Akcay Ciblak, Raquel Guiomar, Richard Pebody, Leticia Castillo, Gideon O. Emukule, Liza Lopez, Doménica de Mora, Jeffery Cutter, Q. Sue Huang, Marie-Astrid Vernet, Abderrahman Bimohuen, John Paget, Lynnette Brammer, General practice, EMGO - Quality of care, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile (ISP), Istanbul University, Ministry of Health [Nicaragua] (MINSA), Ministry of Health [Morocco], Istituto Superiore di Sanita [Rome], Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [Atlanta] (CDC), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública [Guayaquil, Ecuador] (INSPI), Ministerio de Salud Publica y Asistencia Social [Guatemala] (MSPAS), US Centers for Disease Control, University of the Witwatersrand [Johannesburg] (WITS), Ministry of Health, Institut Pasteur de Côte d'Ivoire, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador (MINSAL), Ministry of Health [Bhoutan], US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Instituto nacional de saude, Unité de Virologie [Antananarivo, Madagascar] (IPM), Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR), Astana Center of Sanitary Epidemiology Expertise, US Naval Medical Research Unit n°2, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias 'Dr. Emilio Coni', Ministry of Health [Costa Rica], National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology [Hanoi, Vietnam] (NIHE), Ministry of Health [Honduras] (SESAL), National Influenza Center, Centre Pasteur du Cameroun, Office of Health Protection, Woden, ACT, Australia (DHAISS), Public Health England [London], National Institute of Health, University of Pretoria [South Africa], The Global Influenza B Study is supported by an unrestricted research grant from Sanofi Pasteur. The study sponsor had no role in the design of the study, in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, in the writing of the report, and and in the decision to submit the paper for publication. The corresponding author had full access to all the data in the study and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication. The study sponsor had no access to the data in the study.

Subjects
Infecções Respiratórias, Influenza Viruses, Epidemiology, Gripe, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Geographical locations, 0302 clinical medicine, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, DRIVERS, Estados de Saúde, Public and Occupational Health, SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA, lcsh:Science, MESH: Influenza B virus, Northern Hemisphere, [SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases, Geography, MESH: Influenza, Human, Vaccination, virus diseases, 3. Good health, Global Influenza B Study, MESH: Tropical Climate, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Science & Technology - Other Topics, Immunology, Disease Surveillance, SEASONAL INFLUENZA, Microbiology, Influenza Vaccin, 03 medical and health sciences, Influenza Vaccination, SURVEILLANCE, Humans, Microbial Pathogens, Retrospective Studies, MESH: Humans, Science & Technology, lcsh:R, Organisms, Correction, Influenza a, MESH: Retrospective Studies, [SDV.BBM.BM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology, medicine.disease, Virology, Influenza, MADAGASCAR, lcsh:Q, Preventive Medicine, People and places, Demography, RNA viruses, Viral Diseases, lcsh:Medicine, medicine.disease_cause, Tropical climate, Medicine and Health Sciences, Influenza A virus, 030212 general & internal medicine, Multidisciplinary, Medical microbiology, Vaccination and Immunization, Multidisciplinary Sciences, Infectious Diseases, Viruses, Human mortality from H5N1, Southern Hemisphere, Seasons, Pathogens, Brazil, Research Article, Infectious Disease Control, General Science & Technology, 030231 tropical medicine, MESH: Influenza A virus, Healthcare improvement science Radboud Institute for Health Sciences [Radboudumc 18], MD Multidisciplinary, Influenza, Human, Temperate climate, medicine, Tropical Climate, Biology and life sciences, business.industry, Other Research Radboud Institute for Health Sciences [Radboudumc 0], Viral pathogens, Tropics, MESH: Vaccination, South America, Seasonality, Earth sciences, Influenza B virus, Infectious Disease Surveillance, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, business, Geographic areas, MESH: Seasons, Orthomyxoviruses
Abstract

Erratum in - Correction: Temporal Patterns of Influenza A and B in Tropical and Temperate Countries: What Are the Lessons for Influenza Vaccination? PLoS One. 2016 May 2;11(5):e0155089. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155089. Introduction: Determining the optimal time to vaccinate is important for influenza vaccination programmes. Here, we assessed the temporal characteristics of influenza epidemics in the Northern and Southern hemispheres and in the tropics, and discuss their implications for vaccination programmes. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of surveillance data between 2000 and 2014 from the Global Influenza B Study database. The seasonal peak of influenza was defined as the week with the most reported cases (overall, A, and B) in the season. The duration of seasonal activity was assessed using the maximum proportion of influenza cases during three consecutive months and the minimum number of months with 80% of cases in the season. We also assessed whether co-circulation of A and B virus types affected the duration of influenza epidemics. Results: 212 influenza seasons and 571,907 cases were included from 30 countries. In tropical countries, the seasonal influenza activity lasted longer and the peaks of influenza A and B coincided less frequently than in temperate countries. Temporal characteristics of influenza epidemics were heterogeneous in the tropics, with distinct seasonal epidemics observed only in some countries. Seasons with co-circulation of influenza A and B were longer than influenza A seasons, especially in the tropics. Discussion: Our findings show that influenza seasonality is less well defined in the tropics than in temperate regions. This has important implications for vaccination programmes in these countries. High-quality influenza surveillance systems are needed in the tropics to enable decisions about when to vaccinate. The Global Influenza B Study is supported by an unrestricted research grant from Sanofi Pasteur. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Published
2016

11. Etiologies and Resistance Profiles of Bacterial Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Cambodian and Neighboring Countries’ Health Care Settings: A Systematic Review (1995 to 2012)

Author

Sopheak Hem, Blandine Rammaert, Thomas Fassier, Sophie Goyet, Agus Rachmat, Erika Vlieghe, Johan van Griensven, Catrin E. Moore, Sokheng Chuop, Rachel Bousfield, Heng C. Leang, Varun Kumar, Steven Newell, Phe Thong, Kruy Lim, Arnaud Tarantola, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Institute of Tropical Medicine [Antwerp] (ITM), Angkor Hospital for Children (AHC), US Naval Medical Research Unit n°2, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit [Ho Chi Minh City] (OUCRU), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford [Oxford], National Institute of Public Health [Phnom Penh], Sihanouk Hospital Center of HOPE [Phnom Penh], CHU Necker - Enfants Malades [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Santé Individu Société - SIS (SIS), Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-Université Jean Moulin - Lyon 3 (UJML), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL)-Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), University of Health Sciences [Phnom Penh], University of Oxford, Santé Individu Société (SIS), and Université de Lyon-Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)

Subjects
Bacterial Diseases, Pediatrics, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Pulmonology, Epidemiology, lcsh:Medicine, Drug resistance, medicine.disease_cause, 0302 clinical medicine, Community-acquired pneumonia, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, Health care, Prevalence, Clinical Epidemiology, 030212 general & internal medicine, lcsh:Science, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Haemophilus Influenzae, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, virus diseases, Pneumococcus, Klebsiella Pneumonia, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, 3. Good health, Community-Acquired Infections, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Infectious Diseases, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Medicine, Cambodia, Research Article, medicine.medical_specialty, Systematic Reviews, Clinical Research Design, Infectious Disease Epidemiology, 03 medical and health sciences, Antibiotic resistance, Environmental health, parasitic diseases, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, medicine, Pneumonia, Bacterial, Humans, 030306 microbiology, business.industry, lcsh:R, medicine.disease, Klebsiella Infections, Pneumonia, Burkholderia Infection, Respiratory Infections, Etiology, lcsh:Q, Bacterial Pneumonia, business
Abstract

Objectives Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Etiological data for Cambodia is scarce. We aimed to describe the main etiological agents causing CAP, and their resistance patterns in Cambodia and the greater Mekong region. Methods A review of bacterial etiologies of CAP and antimicrobial resistance in Cambodia and neighboring countries was conducted via: (1) a systematic review of published literature in all NCBI databases using Pubmed, Google scholar, EMBASE, the World Health Organization and the Cambodian Ministry of Health libraries; (2) a review of unpublished data from Cambodia provided by national and international stakeholders working at different tiers of the healthcare system. Results Twenty three articles and five data sources reported etiologies for 5919 CAP patients diagnosed between May 1995 and December 2012, including 1421 (24.0%), 3571 (60.3%) and 927 (15.7%) from Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam, respectively. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae were the most common pathogens ranking among the five most prevalent in 12 and 10 studies, respectively. Gram-negative bacteria such as Burkholderia pseudomallei and Klebsiella pneumoniae were also frequently diagnosed, particularly in bacteremic CAP in Thai adults and Cambodian children. In Thailand and Vietnam, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae were frequently identified in settings using indirect laboratory testing. Conclusions Based on this analysis, CAP data in Cambodia seems to present etiological and resistance profiles comparable to those of neighboring countries. Findings have been shared with the national authorities upon the revision of the national therapeutic guidelines and were disseminated using a specially created website.

Published
2014

12. A molecular marker of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria

Author

Valentine Duru, Laurence Ma, Jean Christophe Barale, Olivo Miotto, Socheat Duong, Sandie Menard, Antoine Berry, Blaise Genton, Pascal Ringwald, Benoit Witkowski, Anne-Claire Langlois, Rithea Leang, Nimol Khim, Saorin Kim, Françoise Benoit-Vical, Seila Suon, Denis Mey Bout, Frédéric Ariey, Odile Mercereau-Puijalon, Johann Beghain, Christiane Bouchier, Chanaki Amaratunga, Char Meng Chuor, Jacques Le Bras, Didier Menard, Sokunthea Sreng, William O. Rogers, Rick M. Fairhurst, Thierry Fandeur, Pharath Lim, Immunologie moléculaire des parasites, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'épidémiologie moléculaire, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases-National Institutes of Health, Génomique (Plate-Forme) - Genomics Platform, Institut Pasteur [Paris], National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control [Phnom Penh, Cambodia] (CNM), Drug Monitoring in Cambodia, SSA WHO-National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control [Phnom Penh, Cambodia] (CNM), Service de Parasitologie et Mycologie, CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut Fédératif de Biologie (IFB) - Hôpital Purpan, Hôpital Purpan [Toulouse], CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Hôpital Purpan [Toulouse], CHU Toulouse [Toulouse], US Naval Medical Research Unit n°2, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute [Basel], Unité de Parasitologie Médicale, Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), MRC Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford [Oxford], Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University [Bangkok], The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute [Cambridge], Global Malaria Program, Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de chimie de coordination (LCC), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Clinical trials and sample collections were supported in part by the Global Fund Grant Malaria Program Rounds 6 (CAM-607-G10M-CNM3) and 9 (CAM-S10-G14-M), the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and USAID (through the World Health Organization), the US DOD Global Epidemic Information System, and the Intramural Research Program, NIAID, NIH. Laboratory work was supported by grants from Banque Natixis (to O.M.-P. and D.M.) and Laboratoire d'Excellence IBEID (Agence Nationale de la Recherche, France) and Institut Pasteur, Division International (ACIP A-10-2010). B.W. was supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from Institut Pasteur, Division International, J.B. by an Institut Pasteur Paris Master-Pro fellowship, and D.M. by the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs. We are grateful to the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute and the MalariaGEN resource centre for sequencing, genotyping and population structure analysis of some Cambodian clinical samples, funded by the Wellcome Trust (098051, 090770/Z/09/Z) and the MRC (G0600718)., Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Service de Parasitologie et Mycologie [CHU Toulouse], Institut Fédératif de Biologie (IFB), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Pôle Biologie [CHU Toulouse], Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse), University of Oxford, Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Toulouse (UT)

Subjects
Genetic Markers, animal structures, Time Factors, Plasmodium falciparum, Drug Resistance, Protozoan Proteins, Drug resistance, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Article, chemistry.chemical_compound, Antimalarials, Parasitic Sensitivity Tests, Molecular marker, Piperaquine, parasitic diseases, medicine, Animals, Humans, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, Allele, Artemisinin, Malaria, Falciparum, Alleles, Genetics, Multidisciplinary, Blood Cells, biology, Artesunate/amodiaquine, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Virology, Artemisinins, 3. Good health, Protein Structure, Tertiary, chemistry, Mutation, [SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie, Cambodia, Malaria, medicine.drug, Half-Life
Abstract

Plasmodium falciparum resistance to artemisinin derivatives in southeast Asia threatens malaria control and elimination activities worldwide. To monitor the spread of artemisinin resistance, a molecular marker is urgently needed. Here, using whole-genome sequencing of an artemisinin-resistant parasite line from Africa and clinical parasite isolates from Cambodia, we associate mutations in the PF3D7-1343700 kelch propeller domain ('K13-propeller') with artemisinin resistance in vitro and in vivo. Mutant K13-propeller alleles cluster in Cambodian provinces where resistance is prevalent, and the increasing frequency of a dominant mutant K13-propeller allele correlates with the recent spread of resistance in western Cambodia. Strong correlations between the presence of a mutant allele, in vitro parasite survival rates and in vivo parasite clearance rates indicate that K13-propeller mutations are important determinants of artemisinin resistance. K13-propeller polymorphism constitutes a useful molecular marker for large-scale surveillance efforts to contain artemisinin resistance in the Greater Mekong Subregion and prevent its global spread. © 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited.

Published
2013

13. Individual Plasmodium vivax msp1 variants within polyclonal P. vivax infections display different propensities for relapse

Author

Chansuda Wongsrichanalai, William O. Rogers, Jonathan J. Juliano, Jessica T. Lin, Steven R. Meshnick, Rithy Sem, Feng-Chang Lin, Didier Menard, Oksana Kharabora, Sinuon Muth, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina [Chapel Hill] (UNC), University of North Carolina System (UNC)-University of North Carolina System (UNC), Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), National Malaria Center, National Malaria Center [Phnom Penh], Department of Biostatistics, US Naval Medical Research Unit n°2, Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina System (UNC)-University of North Carolina System (UNC)-Gillings School of Public Health, and This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System (DoD-GEIS) Program (for funding of the clinical trial) and grants from the National Institutes of Health (AI076785 to S.R.M. and AI089819 to J.J.J.). J.T.L. was supported by a National Institutes of Health Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Research Training Grant (5T32AI0715132).

Subjects
Microbiology (medical), Genotype, Genotyping Techniques, 030231 tropical medicine, Plasmodium vivax, Parasitemia, Sensitivity and Specificity, MESH: Genotype, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, 0302 clinical medicine, Recurrence, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, MESH: Genotyping Techniques, Genetic variation, parasitic diseases, medicine, Malaria, Vivax, Humans, MESH: Genetic Variation, Gene, Merozoite Surface Protein 1, MESH: Merozoite Surface Protein 1, 0303 health sciences, MESH: Humans, biology, MESH: Molecular Typing, 030306 microbiology, Genetic Variation, MESH: Malaria, Vivax, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Virology, MESH: Sensitivity and Specificity, 3. Good health, MESH: Plasmodium vivax, MESH: Recurrence, Molecular Typing, Polyclonal antibodies, Plasmodium vivax merozoite, MESH: Young Adult, Immunology, biology.protein, Parasitology, Heteroduplex
Abstract

Using a newly developed Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface protein 1 gene ( Pvmsp1 ) heteroduplex tracking assay, we genotyped 107 P. vivax infections in individuals from Cambodia, 45 of whom developed recurrent parasitemia within 42 days. The majority of isolates were polyclonal, but recurrent parasitemias displayed fewer variants compared to initial parasitemias. Two Pvmsp1 gene variants occurred more frequently in the initial genotypes of those who developed recurrent parasitemia, representing the first time P. vivax variants associated with a higher risk of relapse have been described.

Published
2012

14. Chikungunya Outbreak — Cambodia, February–March 2012

Author

Sowath Ly, Sopheak Sorn, Arnaud Tarantola, Lydie Canier, Philippe Buchy, Veasna Duong, Ilin Chuang, Steve Newell, Sovann Ly, Touch Sok, Vandy Som, Char Meng Chuor, Chantha Ngan, Som Leakhann, Maria Concepcion Roces, Unité d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique [Phnom Penh], Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Unité de Virologie / Virology Unit [Phnom Penh], US Naval Medical Research Unit n°2, National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control [Phnom Penh, Cambodia] (CNM), Kampong Speu Provincial Health Department, World Health Organization [Phnom Penh] (WHO), and Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO)

Subjects
MESH: Adolescent, MESH: Aged, MESH: Disease Outbreaks, MESH: Middle Aged, MESH: Humans, MESH: Alphavirus Infections/epidemiology, MESH: Child, Preschool, virus diseases, MESH: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, MESH: Adult, MESH: Polymerase Chain Reaction, MESH: Culicidae/virology, MESH: Chikungunya Fever, MESH: Infant, MESH: Male, MESH: Cambodia/epidemiology, MESH: Aged, 80 and over, MESH: Young Adult, [SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases, MESH: Alphavirus Infections/diagnosis, MESH: Child, parasitic diseases, MESH: Animals, MESH: Chikungunya virus/isolation & purification, MESH: Female
Abstract

Erratum in : MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012 Oct 19;61(41):844.; International audience; Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus transmitted to humans through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes. CHIKV causes fever and usually is not fatal, but can cause debilitating joint pains or, in rare instances, severe illness. The East/Central/South African strain of chikungunya has been emerging in Asia since 2006, first in the Indian subcontinent, then Thailand. This report describes the characteristics of a local outbreak linked with chikungunya reemergence in a rural Asian setting. Sporadic cases of chikungunya were identified in Cambodia in 2011. Antibodies to CHIKV have been detected in serum collected in Cambodia in 2007, but the strain could not be identified for those cases (U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 2, unpublished data, 2012). On March 7, 2012, several cases of rash with fever were reported among village residents of Trapeang Roka in Kampong Speu Province, Cambodia. Subsequent field investigation revealed that four of six blood samples from affected persons were positive for CHIKV by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 2 in Phnom Penh. Investigators from the Cambodian Communicable Disease Control Department, National Malaria Center, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge (IPC), local health centers, and village authorities conducted a seroprevalence study of village residents on March 26 to gather information for response planning and control efforts. The outbreak affected families throughout the village, and 44.7% of the population tested had evidence of infection by CHIKV, which affected all age groups. Public health agencies and policymakers in affected and nearby unaffected areas of Asia and elsewhere should be alert to the potential spread and reemergence of CHIKV.

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