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Bipolar disorder (BPD) is a debilitating mood disorder with an unclear etiology. A better understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms will help to identify novel targets for improved treatment options and prevention strategies. In this metabolome-wide Mendelian randomization study, we screened for metabolites that may have a causal role in BPD. We tested a total of 913 circulating metabolite exposures assessed in 14,296 Europeans using a mass spectrometry-based platform. For the BPD outcome, we used summary data from the largest and most recent genome-wide association study reported to date, including 41,917 BPD cases. We identified 33 metabolites associated with BPD (p adjusted < 5.48 × 10−5). Most of them were lipids, including arachidonic acid (β = −0.154, SE = 0.023, p = 3.30 × 10−11), a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid, along with several complex lipids containing either an arachidonic or a linoleic fatty acid side chain. These associations did not extend to other closely related psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia or depression, although they may be involved in the regulation of lithium response. These lipid associations were driven by genetic variants within the FADS1/2/3 gene cluster, which is a robust BPD risk locus encoding a family of fatty acid desaturase enzymes that are responsible for catalyzing the conversion of linoleic acid into arachidonic acid. Statistical colocalization analyses indicated that 27 of the 33 metabolites shared the same genetic etiology with BPD at the FADS1/2/3 cluster, demonstrating that our findings are not confounded by linkage disequilibrium. Overall, our findings support the notion that arachidonic acid and other polyunsaturated fatty acids may represent potential targets for BPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The edible plant oils production is associated with the release of different types of by-products. The latter represent cheap and available substrates to produce valuable compounds, such as flavours and fragrances, biologically active compounds and bio-based polymers. Elizabethkingia meningoseptica Oleate hydratases (Em_OhyA) can selectively catalyze the conversion of unsaturated fatty acids, specifically oleic acid, into hydroxy fatty acids, which find different industrial applications. In this study, Design-of-experiment (DoE) strategy was used to screen and identify conditions for reaching high yields in the reaction carried out by Escherichia coli whole-cell carrying the recombinant enzyme Em_OhyA using Waste Cooking Oils (WCO)-derived free fatty acids (FFA) as substrate. The identified reaction conditions for high oleic acid conversion were also tested on untreated triglycerides-containing substrates, such as pomace oil, sunflower oil, olive oil and oil mill wastewater (OMW), combining the triglyceride hydrolysis by the lipase from Candida rugosa and the E. coli whole-cell containing Em_OhyA for the production of hydroxy fatty acids. When WCO, sunflower oil and OMW were used as substrate, the one-pot bioconversion led to an increase of oleic acid conversion compared to the standard reaction. This work highlights the efficiency of the DoE approach to screen and identify conditions for an enzymatic reaction for the production of industrially-relevant products. • Enzymatic production of hydroxy fatty acids for different application, such as flavors. • Screening of biocatalytic hydration of crude free fatty acids from waste cooking oils. • Design-of-experiment used to identify interactions between parameters. • Production of enzymatic cascade reactions. • Reproducibility of results on triglyceride-containing industrial feedstocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary This study compared the furan levels and physicochemical properties of various 70 samples of five nuts (peanuts, almonds, cashew nuts, hazelnuts, and sacha inchi) roasted using an air fryer (AF) and microwave oven (MO). In the five nuts, furan levels ranged from 1.11 to 2.39 ng g−1 before roasting. As the AF‐based and MO‐based roasting progressed, the furan levels increased to 6.39–165.52 ng g−1 and 11.47–183.87 ng g−1, respectively. The contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acid and linolenic acid) decreased significantly after roasting but the content of monounsaturated fatty acid (oleic acid) showed only slightly significant differences between the control and roasted nuts. The total phenolic content and antioxidant activity increased by up to 337% and 218% as roasting progressed but decreased slightly when roasting was performed at 180 °C for 20 min in an AF or at 700 or 1000 W for 5 min in an MO. This study provides useful information on furan production and the changes in physicochemical properties such as fatty acid composition, colour, BI, TPC, and antioxidant activity of nuts roasted using an AF or MO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a considerable interest in supplementing fish diets with bio-functional substances such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and research is being conducted to evaluate their effects on fish physiology, particularly on breeding performances. The objective of this study was to find out how squid-derived lipids (PUFAs) influence the Rohu carp, Labeo rohita, in terms of reproduction, and embryonic and larval growth. The experimental fish were provided with formulated diet for a duration of 90 days, containing 1 % squid-extracted lipids as a primary source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). To determine the accuracy of the formulation, a proximate analysis of the feed ingredients and the formulated feeds were conducted. The results demonstrated remarkable reproductive outcomes during the spawning trial. Observations in fish treated with PUFAs revealed a significant improvement (p < 0.001) in sperm quality and viability, despite spawning occurring late in the breeding season. In addition, the fertilization rate (92.27 ± 1.74), hatching rate (89.33 ± 1.76), and survival rate (85.83 ± 1.74) of the offspring exhibited a statistically significant increase (p < 0.05) when subjected to PUFAs treatment in L. rohita. Consequently, the treated fish exhibited enhanced early embryonic and larval development in comparison to the control group. Hence, the current study demonstrates that the inclusion of PUFAs in the diet of Rohu carp leads to improved maturation, breeding, and developmental outcomes, specifically in terms of embryonic development and organogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Pathogen infection induces massive reprogramming of host primary metabolism. Lipid and fatty acid (FA) metabolism is generally disrupted by pathogens and co‐opted for their proliferation. Lipid droplets (LDs) that play important roles in regulating cellular lipid metabolism are utilized by a variety of pathogens in mammalian cells. However, the function of LDs during pathogenic infection in plants remains unknown. We show here that infection by rice black streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) affects the lipid metabolism of maize, which causes elevated accumulation of C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) leading to viral proliferation and symptom development. The overexpression of one of the two novel LD‐associated proteins (LDAPs) of maize (ZmLDAP1 and ZmLDAP2) induces LD clustering. The core capsid protein P8 of RBSDV interacts with ZmLDAP2 and prevents its degradation through the ubiquitin–proteasome system mediated by a UBX domain‐containing protein, PUX10. In addition, silencing of ZmLDAP2 downregulates the expression of FA desaturase genes in maize, leading to a decrease in C18 PUFAs levels and suppression of RBSDV accumulation. Our findings reveal that plant virus may recruit LDAP to regulate cellular FA metabolism to promote viral multiplication and infection. These results expand the knowledge of LD functions and viral infection mechanisms in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of energy and organic zinc supplements, specifically zinc palm oil soap (ZPOS), on digestibility and unsaturated fatty acid profiles in vitro. The study used a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments were: T0= basal diet without supplementation, T1= basal diet + 5% palm oil (PO), T2= basal diet + 5% partial ZPOS (3.75% ZPOS + 1.25% PO), and T3= basal diet + 5% ZPOS. The inoculum source was rumen liquid from three fistulated female dairy goats and was homogenized. The goats were fed ration consisting of corn straw, soybean hulls, and concentrate containing total digestible nutrients (TDN) 63%, crude protein (CP) 14%, and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) 35%. Results showed that both 5% partial ZPOS and 5% ZPOS supplementation (T2 and T3) resulted in the increase of total volatile fatty acids (VFA), acetate, propionate, butyrate, unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) and a decrease in the ratio of acetate/propionate (A/P) compared to the control and supplementation of 5% PO (p<0.05). Supplementation of 5% partial ZPOS (T2) is better than 5% ZPOS because increased the digestibility of ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), NDF, and acids detergent fiber (ADF) (p<0.05) and decreased of methane compared to the control (p<0.05). In conclusion, adding 5% partial ZPOS (3.5% ZPOS and 1.5% PO) increases fiber digestibility, VFA, LCFA, and USFA concentration, and decreases methane production in the rumen liquid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Drought stress enhances cumin oil attributes, increasing essential oil percentage. • Synthetic cumin surpasses parental genotypes due to genetic mixing. • Enhanced drought tolerance observed in synthetic cumin, indicating superior resilience. • Synthetic cumin yields 27.84 % and 84.03 % more under different conditions. • Superior oil quality detected in synthetic cumin over parental genotypes. Climate change has intensified drought stress in plants, altering the chemical composition of medicinal plant seeds. Addressing the impact of drought stress is crucial, particularly for species like Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.), a valuable aromatic medicinal plant. Developing drought-tolerant varieties and comparing the quantity and quality with parent genotypes is essential. This study aimed to investigate the effects of drought stress on the quantitative and qualitative traits of cumin seeds, including the content and amount of oil and essence, essence chemical composition, fatty acids, and oil body number in a synthetic cumin variety compared to selected parent genotypes over two cropping seasons. Drought stress significantly decreased seed yield, essence yield, oil yield, and oil body number, while increasing essence and oil percentages and oil body size. The synthetic variety outperformed parent genotypes across all studied traits under both normal irrigation and drought stress conditions. The improvement in seed yield of the synthetic cultivar, compared to the average yield of the parental genotypes under normal irrigation conditions and drought stress, was estimated to be 27.84 % and 84.04 %, respectively. Linoleic (53.08–60.03 %) and oleic (28.67–31.52 %) acids were identified as primary fatty acids in cumin. Under drought stress, the synthetic variety showed increased Polyunsaturated fatty acids (31.77 %), while parent genotypes exhibited a decrease. In drought stress condition, the synthetic variety consistently displayed higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids, and superior fatty acid indices (AI = 0.06, TI = 0.35, h/ H = 26.57 and HPI= 12.63), indicating enhanced oil quality compared to parent genotypes. Among the essential compounds, the synthetic variety recorded the highest amount of Cuminaldehyde under both normal (64.58 %) and drought stress (71.03 %) conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current prebirth cohort study investigated the association between maternal intake of specific types of fatty acids during pregnancy and adolescent depressive symptoms based on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Subjects were 873 mother–child pairs. Dietary intake during the preceding month was assessed using a self-administered diet history questionnaire. The risk of depressive symptoms was 23.3% among the 873 adolescents at 13 years of age. Higher maternal saturated fatty acid intake during pregnancy was independently associated with a reduced risk of depressive symptoms in adolescents. Maternal intake of total fat, monounsaturated fatty acids, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, α-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid and cholesterol during pregnancy was not significantly related to depressive symptoms in adolescents. Higher maternal intake of saturated fatty acids during pregnancy may be inversely associated with adolescent depressive symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Boiling, centrifuging and various drying techniques (vacuum freeze‐drying (VFD), vacuum drying (VD), hot‐air drying (HAD) and microwave drying (MWD)) were assessed for their impact on bioactive compounds in Antarctic krill meal. A comparison between the raw and boiling groups revealed a significant degradation and isomerisation of astaxanthin, accompanied by a 1.25‐fold and 1.32‐fold increase in saturated (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), respectively. Drying was the primary factor responsible for the reduction in phospholipids, α‐tocopherol and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs), in combination with the increase in thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances. For different drying methods, it was found that HAD induced severe lipid oxidation. In contrast, the VFD, VD and MWD improved lipid quality, reducing thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) by 13–22% and increasing phospholipids by 1.08–1.11 times compared to HAD. VD preserved higher levels of bioactive compounds. PLS‐DA analysis identified 13‐cis‐astaxanthin, α‐tocopherol and eleven fatty acids as key indicators for Antarctic krill meal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In order to better preserve phospholipids (PLs)‐type polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and astaxanthin (ASTA), Antarctic krill oil (AKO) undergoes only limited refining steps, which results in the presence of metal ions. This study aims to establish a metal ion removal method for AKO by using adsorbents and investigate the effects of the metal ion removal process on nutritional composition, oxidation state and colour of AKO, as well as the effects of metal oil removal of AKO on its nutrition composition, oxidation stability and colour stability upon accelerated storage. Among the three types of adsorbents including silica gel, diatomaceous earth, and attapulgite soil, the last one showed the best comprehensive removal effects. After optimising the removal conditions, attapulgite soil achieved the removal rates of 92.5%, 90.0%, and 86.4%, respectively, for iron ions, magnesium ions and calcium ions. Compared to the fresh AKO, the processed AKO had no significant differences in peroxide value (POV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and total oxidation value (TOTOX), as well as PUFA content and lipid class composition, indicating that the metal ion removal process would not cause significant lipid oxidation. Moreover, the processed AKO looks brighter and more transparent, and had higher detection values in L*, a*, and b* but lower UV‐vis absorption at 295 nm (A295) and 420 nm (A420). This indicated that the metal ion removal process improved the colour quality. After accelerated storage at 60 °C for 8 days, the processed AKO sample had significantly lower values in POV, TBARS, and TOTOX, but significant higher PUFA content than the fresh AKO group. Moreover, the processed AKO sample had the higher values of L*, a*, and b*, as well as A470 and A495, but the lower values of A295 and A420. The above results indicate that the removal of metal ions significantly improved the stabilities of oxidation and colour of AKO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Momordica charantia (M. charantia) seeds are usually discarded; however, the oil extracted from seeds contains polyunsaturated fatty acids with potent antibacterial activity. Unfortunately, low extraction rate and instability of M. charantia seed oil (MCSO) limits its potential food applications. Therefore, it is crucial to explore industrial methods to increase the extraction yield and enhance stability of MCSO. Optimization of extraction process parameters for MCSO revealed a decrease in acid- and peroxide values with an α-eleostearic acid content of 41.07% ± 1.28%. Furthermore, polyvinyl alcohol/Tween-80/MCSO (PVA/T-80/MCSO) films were prepared by electrospinning, and they showed good encapsulation due to the enhancement of viscosity, electrical conductivity, fiber morphology, and intermolecular interactions. PVA/T-80/MCSO films exhibited remarkable antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and Caenorhabditis elegans infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa during in vitro and in vivo studies, respectively. Moreover, PVA/T-80/MCSO films successfully preserved strawberries by reducing microbial counts up to 13.8% on day 6 and controlling their moisture. This study provides new insights for the development of MCSO based natural and safe antibacterial packaging materials that could be used to enhance the quality and shelf life of food commodities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. An experiment was conducted to identify the factors that cause reduced production of cows fed a diet with high content of corn distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). We hypothesized that the factors could be high sulfur (S) content in DDGS, which may directly (S toxicity) or indirectly (DCAD) cause reduced production. We also hypothesized that high PUFA in DDGS could be another major factor. In a randomized complete block design, 60 lactating cows (15 primiparous and 45 multiparous; average ± SD at the beginning of the trial: milk yield, 44.0 ± 6.9 kg/d; DIM, 123 ± 50; BW, 672 ± 82 kg) were blocked, and cows in each block were randomly assigned to 1 of the following treatments: SBM (4.7% fatty acids [FA], 0.22% S, and 178 mEq/kg DM of DCAD), a diet containing soybean meal as the main protein source; DG, with SBM replacing mainly soybean byproducts and supplemental fat with distillers grains at 30% dietary DM (4.7% FA, 0.44% S, and 42 mEq/kg DM of DCAD); SBM+S, SBM with sodium bisulfate for additional dietary S (4.8% FA, 0.37% S, and 198 mEq/kg DM of DCAD); SBM+CO, SBM with corn oil (4.7% FA, 0.23%, and 165 mEq/kg DM of DCAD); and DG+DCAD, DG with increased DCAD (4.7% FA, 0.40% S, and 330 mEq/kg DM of DCAD). Due to the limited number of tiestalls, blocks 1 to 6 started the experiment first as phase 1, and the rest of the blocks, as phase 2, started the experiment after phase 1. All cows were fed the SBM diet for 10 d as a covariate period followed by the experimental period for 35 d. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS (Version 9.4, SAS Institute Inc.); block and phase were random effects; and treatments, repeated week, and interaction were fixed effects. We found an interaction of week by treatment for DMI. Although milk yield did not change, milk fat concentration tended to decrease (2.78% vs. 3.34%) for DG compared with SBM. Dry matter, OM, NDF, and CP digestibilities were lower when cows were fed the DG diet compared with SBM. Additionally, cows fed DG had lower blood concentrations of HCO 3 −, base excess, and total (t)CO 2 compared with SBM. The SBM+S diet did not affect production, nutrient digestibility, or blood parameters compared with SBM. The SBM+CO diet decreased milk fat concentration and yield compared with SBM. The DG+DCAD diet tended to increase milk fat yield and concentration (1.24 vs. 1.47 kg/d; 2.78% vs. 3.37%) and increased ECM (40.9 vs. 45.1 kg/d) compared with DG but did not improve nutrient digestibility. However, blood HCO 3 −, base excess, and tCO 2 were greater for DG+DCAD compared with DG. In conclusion, the indirect role of S−, altering DCAD, along with the high PUFA content in DDGS, appear to be the factors causing reduced production responses to a high DDGS diet. Increasing DCAD to 300 mEq/kg DM in a high DDGS diet can be a feeding strategy to alleviate reduced production responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grape seed oil (GSO) is a valuable resource for the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries due to its fatty acid composition, which provides anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties. GSO is also recognized for its sensory attributes and serves as an essential component in our dietary intake, providing vital fatty acids for metabolic reactions. The enzymatic synthesis of structured lipids (SL) using GSO was investigated in this study. The SL was created by incorporating medium chain fatty acids (capric acid – C10) at the sn -1 and sn -3 positions and long chain fatty acids in the internal position of the triacylglycerols (TAG). GSO was selected based on its composition rich in unsaturated fatty acids, mainly linoleic acid. The acidolysis reactions were catalyzed by an immobilized commercial lipase Lipozyme TLIM®. The incorporation degree of C10 into GSO reached 36%. Health lipid indices were calculated to determine the C10 incorporation effect on the improvement of nutritional quality of oil. The SL showed lower oxidative stability index (OSI) values than the original oil and higher degree of fatty acid (DFA) values. The simpler, solvent-free method not only enhances the health benefits of oils but also gives valuable properties to GSO, making it an even more attractive option for food industries. [Display omitted] • Sustainable green processes for valorization of grape seed are proposed. • Enzymatic synthesis of structured lipids enhances GSO with health promoting C10 fatty acids. • Lipozyme TLIM¬Æ achieved a remarkable 36% C10 incorporation in GSO. • Simpler, solvent-free method improves GSO's health lipid indices, making it an ideal choice for food industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Sea buckthorn has the functions of antioxidation, antitumor, anti‐inflammation and regulating energy metabolism. In order to investigate the effects of sea buckthorn powder and sea buckthorn flavonoids on the antioxidant properties, immune function and muscle fatty acid composition of common carp, an oral feeding experiment was carried out. RESULTS: The administration of glucose significantly reduced the levels of glutathione and the activity of total antioxidant capacity enzyme in serum and hepatopancreas, while concurrently upregulating the level of malondialdehyde (MDA)(P < 0.05). Conversely, oral intake of sea buckthorn powder and flavonoids increased antioxidant enzyme activity and decreased MDA levels. In terms of antioxidant molecular indicators, sea buckthorn powder and sea buckthorn flavonoids significantly increased the mRNA levels of nuclear factor NF‐E2‐related factor (nrf2) in the hepatopancreas and muscle. Meanwhile, mRNA expression levels of downstream antioxidant‐related genes (gr, cat, gpx, and sod) regulated by Nrf2 were also upregulated. In the immune aspects, the mRNA expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin‐6 (il‐6), interleukin‐1β (il‐1β) and nuclear factor‐κB (nf‐κb), were reduced but the expressions of anti‐inflammatory cytokines, such as growth factor‐β (tgf‐β) and interleukin‐10 (il‐10), were enhanced in the head kidney and spleen tissues after oral administration with sea buckthorn. In terms of muscle fatty acid composition, the ratio of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)/n‐6 PUFA was notably higher after administering sea buckthorn flavonoids than that of the glucose group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that oral administration of sea buckthorn powder and sea buckthorn flavonoids significantly enhanced the antioxidant capacity and immune response and improved the muscle fatty acid compositions in common carp, and also mitigated the adverse effects of glucose treatment to a certain extent. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) are essential fatty acids required in healthy balanced diets for humans. To induce sustained production of n-3 LC-PUFA in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), chitosan-tripolyphosphate (TPP) nanoparticles encapsulating plasmids expressing fish codon-optimised Caenorhabditis elegans FAT-1 and FAT-2 were intraperitoneally administered every 4 weeks (3 doses in total, each of 10 μg plasmid per g of body weight). Growth performance and metabolic effects of chitosan-TPP complexed with pSG5 (empty plasmid), pSG5-FAT-1, pSG5-FAT-2 and pSG5-FAT-1 + pSG5-FAT-2 were assessed 70 days post-treatment. Tissue distribution analysis showed high expression levels of fish codon-optimised FAT-1 and FAT-2 in the liver (> 200-fold). Expression of fat-1 and fat-1 + fat-2 increased weight gain. Fatty acid methyl esters assay revealed that co-expression of fat-1 and fat-2 increased liver production and muscle accumulation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and total n-3 LC-PUFA, while decreased the n-6/n-3 ratio. Co-expression of fat-1 and fat-2 downregulated srebf1 and genes encoding rate-limiting enzymes for de novo lipogenesis in the liver, leading to decreased circulating triglycerides and cholesterol. In contrast, FAT-2 and FAT-1 + FAT-2 upregulated hepatic hnf4a, nr1h3 and key enzymes in glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway. Our findings demonstrate for the first time efficient and sustained production of EPA and DHA in animals after long-term treatment with chitosan-TPP-DNA nanoparticles expressing FAT-1 and FAT-2, which enabled the production of functional fish rich in n-3 LC-PUFA for human consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgae have a great potential to change their metabolism pathway under stress condition, and nitrogen deficiency is an effective technique for maximizing lipids synthesis. This study focus on the growth performance, and biochemical composition of Tetradesmus obliquus (Turpin) M.J. Wynne cultured in different nitrogen concentrations (BG 11-Blue-Green Medium, 50% N+, 50% N-, 75% N+, 75% N-). Specific growth rate and protein content of T. obliquus decreased with nitrogen deficiency, but its lipid content was increased. Maximum specific growth rate (0.20-0.21) and protein content (47.82%, 47.62% DW-dried weight) values were obtained in 75% N+, 50% N+ medium. The highest lipid percentage was obtained in 50% N- medium. The biochemical composition of T. obliquus changes based on nitrogen concentration. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are more abundant (49.69%) in this microalga under deficient nitrogen. To obtain more lipid and PUFAs in T. obliquus, N deficiency is an effective method, but it is not applicable to protein content. T. obliquus can be used as an alternative nutritional supplement with its high PUFAs content. Since different results are obtained from species to others in such studies, culture conditions should be determined for each species and according to the desired item. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetable oils show a strong potential as renewable resources for developing new monomers and polymers. Unsaturated fatty acids offer opportunities for chemical modifications such as epoxidation and acrylation. In parallel, the rise of additive manufacturing, particularly 3D printing by stereolithography process, provides a green approach for the fabrication of polymeric materials with diverse architectures and shapes for various fields, including biomedical, electronics, and aerospace. This work reports the synthesis and application of a novel 3D printable, renewable biomass-derived monomer obtained from passion fruit vegetable oil. We comprehensively assessed its conversion under different monomeric mixtures containing type 1 or type 2 photoinitiators under ultraviolet and blue irradiations. The mixture containing type 1 photoinitiator demonstrated superior performance under UV light and was further characterized for its suitability as a 3D printing resin. Subsequent investigations revealed that a photoinitiator concentration as low as 0.5 wt.% suffices for effective 3D printing. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing this passion fruit vegetable oil-derived, renewable monomer for additive manufacturing of bio-based polymers while minimizing the dependence on photoinitiators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dimethoate (DMT) is one of the most harmful and commonly used organophosphate pesticides in agricultural lands to control different groups of parasitic insects. However, this pesticide is considered a dangerous pollutant for aquatic organisms following its infiltration in coastal ecosystems through leaching. Yet, our investigation aimed to gain new insights into the toxicity mechanism of DMT in the muscles of the green crab Carcinus aestuarii, regarding oxidative stress, neurotransmission impairment, histological aspects, and changes in lipid composition, assessed for the first time on the green crab's muscle. Specimens of C. aestuarii were exposed to 50, 100, and 200 µg DMT L−1 for 24 h. Compared to the negative control group, the higher the DMT concentration, the lower the saturated fatty acids (SFA), and the higher the monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). The significant increase in polyunsaturated fatty acid n-6 (PUFA n-6) was related to the high release, mainly, of linoleic acid (LA, C18: 2n6) and arachidonic acid (ARA, C20: 4n6) levels. Biochemical biomarkers showed that DMT exposure promoted oxidative stress, highlighted by increased levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), advanced oxidation protein product levels (AOPP), and protein carbonyl (PCO). Furthermore, the antioxidant defense system was activated, as demonstrated by the significant changes in the enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels associated with an adaptation process of C. aestuarii to cope with the DMT exposure. This pesticide significantly impairs the neurotransmission process, as evidenced by the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. Finally, several histopathological changes were revealed in DMT-treated crabs, including vacuolation, and muscle bundle loss. This research offered new insights into the toxic mechanism of DMT, pointing to the usefulness of fatty acid (FA) composition as a sensitive biomarker in littoral crabs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Gel property is among the crucial functional properties of egg yolk (EY), which determines the texture and flavor of EY products. In the present study, the effects of two unsaturated fatty acids [monounsaturated fatty acid oleic acid (OA) and diunsaturated fatty acid linoleic acid (LA)] on the gel properties of EY protein were investigated. RESULTS: Compared with the blank group, the addition of LA and OA (10–50 g kg−1) improved the gel hardness (from 270.54 g to 385.85 g and 414.38 g, respectively) and viscosity coefficient (from 0.015 Pa.sn to 11.892 Pa.sn and 1.812 Pa.sn, respectively). The surface hydrophobicity of EY protein increased to a maximum value of 40 g kg−1 with the addition of both fatty acids (39.06 μg and 41.58 μg, respectively). However, excess unsaturated fatty acids (≥ 50 g kg−1) disrupted the completeness of the gel matrix and weakened the structural properties of the EY gel. CONCLUSION: Both fatty acids improved the gel properties of EY protein. At the same addition level, OA was superior to LA in improving gel properties. The present study provides a theoretical underpinning for the sensible application of unsaturated fatty acids in improving EY gel properties. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Buffalo milk, constituting 15% of global production, has higher fatty acids content than Holstein milk. Fourier‐transform mid‐infrared (FT‐MIR) spectroscopy is widely used for dairy analysis, but its application to buffalo milk, with larger fat globules, remains understudied. The ultimate goal of this study is to develop machine learning models based on FT‐MIR spectroscopy for predicting fatty acids in buffalo milk and to assess the accuracy of commercial milk analyzers. This research provides a convenient, fast, and environmentally friendly method for detecting the fatty acid composition in buffalo milk. RESULTS: We employed six machine learning algorithms to establish a detection model for 34 fatty acids in buffalo milk. The predictive models demonstrated robust capabilities for high‐content fatty acids [C14:0, C15:0, C16:0, C17:0, C18:0, C18:1, saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)], with errors within a 15% range. Traditional FT6000 detection methods exhibited limitations in measuring SFAs and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Implementing a mean difference correction of 0.21 for MUFAs and applying regression equations (SFA × 1.0639 + 0.0705; PUFA × 0.5472 + 0.0047) significantly improved measurement accuracy. CONCLUSION: This study successfully developed a predictive model for fatty acids in Mediterranean buffalo milk based on FT‐MIR spectroscopy. Additionally, a correction was applied to the existing measurement device, FT6000, enabling more accurate measurements of fatty acids in buffalo milk. The findings have practical implications for the food industry, offering a faster and more reliable approach to assess and monitor fatty acid composition in buffalo milk, potentially influencing product development and quality control processes. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of different raw materials, different processing temperatures, and storage temperatures on some properties of butter oil were investigated. Two different kinds of butter were produced from cream containing 40% milk fat. Both butter samples were processed into butter oil at three different temperatures (60, 90, and 120°C). Butter and butter oil samples were stored at +4°C and analyses were performed at 0, 30, and 60 days of storage. There are no significant differences between the atherogenicity index and the saturated and unsaturated fatty acid composition of butter and butter oil samples. Free fatty acid values of all samples increased during storage. Also, in all three storage periods, it was determined that free fatty acids were higher in butter samples than in butter oil samples. During storage, saturated and unsaturated free fatty acid values are generally higher in butter oil processed at 60°C than in butter oil processed at 90°C and 120°C. In total, 40 volatile compounds were detected, which included 8 ketones, each of 6 aldehydes, alcohols, acids, and hydrocarbons, 5 terpenes, and 3 esters in butter and butter oil samples. Aldehydes and ketones were generally highest in butter oil processed at 120°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Peritoneal metastases frequently occur in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), resulting in poor prognosis and survival rates. Tumor-associated-macrophages (TAMs) massively infiltrate into ascites spheroids and are multi-polarized as protumoral M2-like phenotype, orchestrating the immunosuppression and promoting tumor progression. However, the impact of omental conditioned medium/ascites (OCM/AS) on TAM polarization and its function in tumor progression remains elusive. Methods: The distribution and polarization of TAMs in primary and omental metastatic EOC patients' tumors and ascites were examined by m-IHC, FACS analysis, and immunofluorescence. QPCR, immunofluorescence, FACS analysis, lipid staining assay, ROS assay, and Seahorse real-time cell metabolic assay characterized TAMs as being polarized in the ascites microenvironment. The oncogenic role of TAMs in tumor cells was demonstrated by co-cultured migration/invasion, proliferation, and spheroid formation assays. Mechanistic studies of the regulations of TAM polarization were performed by using RNA-Seq, GTPase pull-down, G-LISA activation assays, and other biochemical assays. A Yap1 macrophages (MФs) conditional knockout (cKO) mouse model demonstrated the roles of YAP1 in TAM polarization status and its pro-metastatic function. Finally, the anti-metastatic potential of targeting TAMs through restoring YAP1 by pharmacological agonist XMU MP1 was demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. Results: Abundant polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in OCM/AS suppressed RhoA-GTPase activities, which, in turn, downregulated nuclear YAP1 in MФs, leading to increased protumoral TAM polarization accompanied by elevated OXPHOS metabolism. Abolishment of YAP1 in MФs further confirmed that a higher M2/M1 ratio of TAM polarization could alleviate CD8+ T cell infiltration and cytotoxicity in vivo. Consistently, the loss of YAP1 has been observed in EOC metastatic tissues, suggesting its clinical relevance. On the contrary, restoration of YAP1 expression by pharmaceutical inhibition of MST1/2 induced conversion of M2-to-M1-like polarized MФs, elevating the infiltration of CD8+ T cells and attenuating tumor growth. Conclusion: This study revealed that PUFAs-enriched OCM/AS of EOC promotes M2-like TAM polarization through RhoA-YAP1 inhibition, where YAP1 downregulation is required for accelerating protumoral M2-like TAM polarization, thereby causing immunosuppression and enhancing tumor progression. Conversion of M2-to-M1-like polarized MФs through Yap1 activation inhibits tumor progression and contributes to developing potential TAMs-targeted immunotherapies in combating EOC peritoneal metastases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dual pressures of climate change and population growth have made the development of new grains a necessity. Agriophyllum squarrosum (sand rice) has high adaptability to harsh environments and does not occupy agricultural land. It is widely cultivated and consumed in Central Asia. Sand rice, together with quinoa and buckwheat, belongs to the same pseudocereals group with rich nutritional value and gluten‐free properties; however, its nutritional composition and health benefits differ from those of quinoa and buckwheat. Sand rice seeds are a rich source of nutrients and bioactive compounds, including proteins, amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and crude fiber, which are similar to those in buckwheat and quinoa; however, their starch content is relatively low. Sand rice seeds also possess phenolic acids and flavonoids, which exhibit antioxidant, anticancer, anti‐diabetes, and anti‐inflammatory properties. Furthermore, sand rice extracts are considered suitable for treating some chronic diseases. Overall, sand rice is considered a good plant‐based food that can be used to develop various functional foods and beverages or mixed with other grains in different recipes. However, advancements in the processing technology of sand rice‐based foods are required to fully exploit the potential of sand rice in the food industry to improve human health. This review analyzes the current understanding of the nutritional content of sand rice by comparing it with that of quinoa and buckwheat. Furthermore, its potential medicinal activity and feasibility as a functional ingredient to improve food quality is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chironomids are keystone primary benthic consumers with semi‐aquatic life cycles. They support aquatic and terrestrial consumers at higher trophic levels by conveying dietary nutrients, such as fatty acids. In this study, we combined field sampling and laboratory experiments to examine the effects of environmental parameters, including diet, on fatty acid composition and metabolism in chironomid larvae and imagines. Results from 53 lakes showed that lake size, depth, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations, and trophic state had only marginal effects on the content of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC‐PUFA) in chironomids. Compound‐specific stable hydrogen isotope analyses confirmed that chironomids actively bioconvert dietary fatty acid precursors to LC‐PUFA in all lake types, independent of nutrient or DOC concentrations. Moreover, fatty acid‐specific stable carbon isotope data indicated that the diet of chironomids was subsidized, particularly in oligotrophic lakes in spring, by terrestrial C18 fatty acid precursors that were converted to LC‐PUFA. Data from feeding experiments further confirmed that decreased dietary availability of LC‐PUFA enhanced the conversion of dietary short‐chain precursors to LC‐PUFA. These results suggest that chironomids are PUFA regulators that can sustain LC‐PUFA levels under varying environmental conditions. Furthermore, our results indicate that they bioconvert terrestrial low‐quality material to high‐quality resources, which, via chironomid emergence, support terrestrial food webs. Chironomids are abundant and widespread, and thus, the trophic transfer of LC‐PUFA can have significant implications for the fitness and production of upper trophic level consumers in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To prepare very-long-chain fatty acids and alkenes (VLCFAs and VLC alkenes) that are known pollinator attractants for sexually deceptive orchids, and biosynthetic precursors thereof, we applied a methodology allowing us to prepare monounsaturated VLCFAs with chain lengths up to 28 carbons and VLC alkenes up to 31 carbons. We implemented a coupling reaction between commercially available terminal alkynes and bromoalkanoic acids to prepare VLCFAs, allowing the products to be formed in two steps. For VLC alkenes, with many alkyltriphenylphosphonium bromides commercially available, we applied a Wittig reaction approach to prepare (Z)-configured monoenes in a single step. Using practical methods not requiring special reagents or equipment, we obtained 11 VLCFAs in > 90% isomeric purity, and 17 VLC alkenes in > 97% isomeric purity. Such general and accessible synthetic methods are essential for chemical ecology and biochemistry research to aid researchers in unambiguously identifying isolated semiochemicals and their precursors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectivesMethodsResultsConclusionsDiet is an important target for primary prevention of stroke. There are mixed findings on the relationship between dietary fat intake and stroke. We aimed to investigate the relationship of stroke with fats, including total fat, saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA).We analysed data on 27,673 participants who had valid data on dietary fat intake and history of stroke from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007–2018. History of stroke was defined according to previous diagnosis by doctors or other health professional. Data on 24-h dietary recalls was collected using Automated Multiple-Pass Method. Age, sex, race/ethnicity, total calories, body mass index, diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity were adjusted in multivariable models.3.8% (n = 1,054) of participants had a diagnosis of stroke. History of stroke was inversely associated with total fat (OR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.79–0.99, P = 0.037), SFA (OR = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.23–0.91) and MUFA (OR = 0.08, 95% CI = 0.02–0.38, P = 0.002) from supplements. There was an inverse association between history of stroke and PUFA intake (from diet: quartile 4 vs quartile 1, OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.43–0.78, P for trend = 0.003; from supplements: OR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.27–0.72, P = 0.001).In this large-scale nationally representative study, stroke is inversely associated with fat intake from supplements and PUFA intake from diet. While lifestyle choices may not be the most vital health factor for stroke patients, increasing fat intake from specific supplements does provide additional motivation for undertaking the difficult challenge of stroke prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSION Enshi Yulu tea (ESYL) is the most representative of steamed green tea in China, but its aroma formation in processing is unclear. Thus, the ESYL volatiles during the whole industrial processing were investigated using headspace solid‐phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.A total of 134 volatiles were identified. Among these, 31 differential volatiles [P < 0.05 and variable importance in projection (VIP) > 1] and 25 key volatiles [relative odor activity value (rOAV) and/or the ratio of each rOAV to the maximum rOAV (ROAV) > 1.0] were screened out, wherein β‐ionone and nonanal were the most key odorants. Besides, the sensory evaluation combined with multivariate statistical analysis of volatiles pinpointed spreading, fixation, first drying, and second drying as the key processing steps that have a pronounced influence on the aroma quality of ESYL. Furthermore, the oxidative degradation of unsaturated fatty acids, synthesis of monoterpenes, and degradation of carotenoids were the main metabolic pathway for the formation of key odorants.The study provides comprehensive insights into the volatile characteristics during the industrial processing of ESYL and promote our understanding of the aroma formation in steamed green teas. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insig-1 and Insig-2 are endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins that inhibit lipid synthesis by blocking transport of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBP-1 and SREBP-2) from ER to Golgi. In the Golgi, SREBPs are processed proteolytically to release their transcription-activating domains, which enhance the synthesis of fatty acids, triglycerides, and cholesterol. Heretofore, the two Insigs have redundant functions, and there is no rationale for two isoforms. The current data identify a specific function for Insig-2. We show that eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a polyunsaturated fatty acid, inhibits fatty acid synthesis in human fibroblasts and rat hepatocytes by activating adenylate cyclase, which induces protein kinase A (PKA) to phosphorylate serine-106 in Insig-2. Phosphorylated Insig-2 inhibits the proteolytic processing of SREBP-1, thereby blocking fatty acid synthesis. Phosphorylated Insig-2 does not block the processing of SREBP-2, which activates cholesterol synthesis. Insig-1 lacks serine-106 and is not phosphorylated at this site. EPA inhibition of SREBP-1 processing was reduced by the replacement of serine-106 in Insig-2 with alanine or by treatment with KT5720, a PKA inhibitor. Inhibition did not occur in mutant human fibroblasts that possess Insig-1 but lack Insig-2. These data provide an Insig-2- specific mechanism for the long-known inhibition of fatty acid synthesis by polyunsaturated fatty acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the use of a non-destructive ultrasonic pulse-echo method to characterize argan oil and other vegetable oils with similar fatty acid profiles. Ultrasonic parameters such as velocity, acoustic attenuation and reflection coefficient were measured across different temperatures. These parameters were used to create predictive models of ultrasonic velocity using partial least squares regression. Results demonstrated significant correlations between ultrasonic properties, oil temperature and fatty acid content. Specifically, ultrasonic velocity was found to be directly proportional to the content of saturated fatty acids and inversely proportional to the content of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The reflection coefficient was also found to correlate with the fatty acid composition and temperature of the oils. Additionally, both ultrasonic velocity and acoustic attenuation decreased as the temperature increased from 25 °C to 50 °C. At 25 °C, the acoustic attenuation for argan oil was 22.37 Np/m, decreasing to 11.37 Np/m at 50 °C. These correlations allowed for the differentiation between food-grade argan oil, argan oil from seeds regurgitated by goats, sesame oil and peanut oil. The developed predictive models exhibited high coefficients of determination, with a value of 97.03 for argan oil, indicating strong agreement between measured and predicted ultrasonic velocities. This research highlights the potential of ultrasonic techniques for oil characterization and quality control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The retina is light-sensitive neuronal tissue in the back of the eye. The phospholipid composition of the retina is unique and highly enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids, including docosahexaenoic fatty acid (DHA). While it is generally accepted that a high DHA content is important for vision, surprisingly little is known about the mechanisms of DHA enrichment in the retina. Furthermore, the biological processes controlled by DHA in the eye remain poorly defined as well. Here, we combined genetic manipulations with lipidomic analysis in mice to demonstrate that acyl-CoA synthetase 6 (Acsl6) serves as a regulator of the unique composition of retinal membranes. Inactivation of Acsl6 reduced the levels of DHA-containing phospholipids, led to progressive loss of light-sensitive rod photoreceptor neurons, attenuated the light responses of these cells, and evoked distinct transcriptional response in the retina involving the Srebf1/2 (sterol regulatory element binding transcription factors 1/2) pathway. This study identifies one of the major enzymes responsible for DHA enrichment in the retinal membranes and introduces a model allowing an evaluation of rod functioning and pathology caused by impaired DHA incorporation/retention in the retina. Acyl-CoA synthetase 6 (Acsl6)-facilitated enrichment of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the retina is essential for rod photoreceptor function, viability and control of basal activity of the Srebf1/2 pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enzymatic oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly arachidonic acid, produces important lipid mediators such as leukotrienes and prostaglandins, which are critical for triggering inflammatory cascades in the body. The enzyme lipoxygenase‐15 (LOX‐15) plays a crucial role in the oxygenation of unsaturated fatty acids. Targeting this enzyme for inhibition is essential for diminishing inflammation and averting numerous potentially fatal diseases. Therefore, the inhibitory activity of a series of isoniazid derivatives, selected from our in‐house library, was assessed against LOX‐15 by employing both in vitro and in silico methods. Among the 23 compounds evaluated, 15 showed activity in vitro. Notably, compound 7 was the most effective, demonstrating an IC50 value of 1.4±0.1 μM while the standard inhibitor, NDGA, showed an inhibition at 9.4±0.6 μM. These compounds were found to competitively inhibit LOX‐15, with Ki values ranging from 1.2–7.1 μM. Molecular docking was utilized to investigate the intermolecular interactions among the active compounds. The thermodynamic stability of the compound 7 and NDGA in complex with LOX‐15 was verified through 100 ns of molecular dynamics simulations. Post‐simulation analyses involved RMSD, RMSF, RoG, free energy landscape, principal component analysis, and dynamic cross‐correlation matrix. Compound 7 and NDGA had MM/GBSA binding energies of −54.14±2.55 kcal/mol and −35.24±3.23 kcal/mol, respectively. The study underscores the significant potential of isoniazid derivatives in LOX‐15 inhibition and their role in managing inflammatory diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH; encoded by the EPHX2 gene) is an α/β hydrolase fold protein that is, widely distributed throughout the body. Recent studies have highlighted that sEH, in the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids, plays a part in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease and intestine‐associated disease. This review discusses the current findings on the role of sEH in the development of intestine‐ and intestine‐associated diseases, including colitis, colorectal cancer, and other intestinal diseases, as well as the potential underlying mechanisms involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The present study aims to enhance the wound healing potential of the seed oil (SO) of Lagenaria siceraria (Egyptian cultivar) via the preparation of SO-loaded binary nanoethosomal (SO-BNE) gels. SO-BNEs were prepared using 23 factorial design, characterized for vesicle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, linoleic and oleic acid EE% for ensuring improved skin permeability. The L. siceraria SO, optimized SO-BNE gels (0.5% and 5%) and Mebo® were topically applied in full-thickness wounded rat model twice daily for 10 days. Results: In the SO-BNE gel groups, the normal appearance of the skin architecture and structure of the dermis was revealed. In addition, the levels of NRF2, TGF-β1 and FOXO1, collagen type I, SMA-α and MIP2 were significantly elevated. The wound healing potential of SO-BNE gels was proposed to be via suppression of oxidative stress and stimulation of skin regeneration biomarkers. Furthermore, the SO screening through GC/MS unveiled high percentages of unsaturated fatty acids. SO was also found to be nontoxic to human skin fibroblast cells; enhanced viability and migration rates at concentration of 50 g/mL by 99.76% and 75.9%, respectively. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that the Lagenaria siceraria SO-loaded BNE gels represent a promising delivery for wound healing with enhanced release and bioavailability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viruses, bacteria, fungus, protozoans, and different metazoan parasites and parasitoids present a constant threat to insects. Insect immunity has two components: humoral and cell mediated. Humoral immunity can be achieved by various antimicrobial proteins, namely, cecropins, sarcotoxin, defensin, attacin, etc. The cell‐mediated immunity comprises various cells having immune functions fostering nodulation, phagocytosis, microaggregation, encapsulation etc. Eicosanoids play a crucial role in insect immunity comparable to other animals. The above‐mentioned are signaling molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids and they exert numerous physiological effects, namely, inflammation, immune modulation, and regulation of cellular processes. The review article elucidates various roles of eicosanoids, namely, nodulation reaction, Toll signaling pathway, nitric oxide (NO) generation, Ca2+ mobilization, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), actin polymerization and aquaporin activation. Eicosanoids can function in immune priming in insects drawing hemocytes. An agent named Duox was also identified serving as ROS generator in insect gut. Moreover, role of Repat gene in insect immunity was also studied. However, recently the role of prostacyclin (PGI2) was found to be negative as it inhibits platelet aggregation. In this brief review, we have tried to shed light on the various functions of eicosanoids in immunity of insect those have been discovered recently. This concise study will allow to decipher eicosanoids’ function in insect immunity in a nutshell, and it will pave the way for more researches to understand the key players of insect immunity which may eventually help to develop novel vector and pest control strategies in near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 56-days feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary protein levels on fish growth, gonad development, and physiological biochemistry of female Pengze crucian carp (Carassius auratus var. Pengze) broodstock. Three isoenergetic diets were formulated, and the crude protein levels were 26.85%, 35.73% and 44.38%, the lipid levels were 7.39%, 7.92% and 7.91%, respectively. The results showed that the weight gain rate (WGR), the specific growth rate (SGR) and the protein efficiency ratio (PER) of the female Pengze crucian carp broodstock increased significantly and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) decreased significantly when the dietary protein level was 35.73% (P < 0.05). The WGR, the SGR and the PER were significantly higher in the 35.73% and 44.38% protein groups than in the 26.85% protein group (P<0.05). Increasing dietary protein levels led to a significant increase in the gonad index and the egg menstrual length of the female Pengze crucian carp broodstock (P<0.05). The higher protein levels resulted in a significant increase in total amino acids, total essential amino acids, and total nonessential amino acids (P<0.05). The varying ovaries of each group of total saturated fatty acids, total highly unsaturated fatty acids, and total polyunsaturated fatty acids all increased significantly with increasing protein levels (P<0.05). Furthermore, the aspartate transaminase (AST), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in plasma were significantly lower in the 35.73% and 44.38% groups than in the 26.85% group (P < 0.05). The 35.73% group exhibited the highest plasma superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. The plasma vitellogenin (VTG), estradiol 2 (E2), and progesterone (PROG) in plasma of female Pengze crucian carp broodstock were significantly higher in the 35.73% and 44.38% protein groups than in the 26.85% protein group (P<0.05). The results showed that the addition of an appropriate amount of protein to the feed can significantly improve the growth, gonadal development, and health of female Pengze crucian carp. In this study, the effect of 35.73% protein concentration was better than in the other two groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: This study aimed to identify prognostic signatures to predict the prognosis of patients with stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD), which is necessary to improve poor prognosis and offer possible treatment strategies for STAD patients. Methods: The overlapping genes between the key model genes that were screened by the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) whose expression was different with significance between normal and tumor tissues were extracted to serve as co-expression genes. Then, enrichment analysis was performed on these genes. Furthermore, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was performed to screen the hub genes among overlapping genes. Finally, we constructed a model to explore the influence of polygenic risk scores on the survival probability of patients with STAD, and interaction effect and mediating analyses were also performed. Results: DEGs included 2,899 upregulated genes and 2,896 downregulated genes. After crossing the DEGs and light-yellow module genes that were obtained by WGCNA, a total of 39 overlapping genes were extracted. The gene enrichment analysis revealed that these genes were enriched in the prion diseases, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, RNA metabolic process, hydrolase activity, etc. PIP5K1P1, PTTG3P, and SNORD15B were determined by LASSO-Cox. The prognostic prediction of the three-gene model was established. The Cox regression analysis showed that the comprehensive risk score for three genes was an independent prognosis factor. Conclusion: PIP5K1P1, PTTG3P, and SNORD15B are related to the prognosis and overall survival of patients. The three-gene risk model constructed has independent prognosis predictive ability for STAD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Observational studies and clinical trials have implicated polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in potentially safeguarding against diabetic microvascular complication. Nonetheless, the causal nature of these relationships remains ambiguous due to conflicting findings across studies. This research employs Mendelian randomization (MR) to assess the causal impact of PUFAs on diabetic microvascular complications. Methods: We identified instrumental variables for PUFAs, specifically omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, using the UK Biobank data. Outcome data regarding diabetic microvascular complications were sourced from the FinnGen Study. Our analysis covered microvascular outcomes in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, namely diabetic neuropathy (DN), diabetic retinopathy (DR), and diabetic kidney disease (DKD). An inverse MR analysis was conducted to examine the effect of diabetic microvascular complications on PUFAs. Sensitivity analyses were performed to validate the robustness of the results. Finally, a multivariable MR (MVMR) analysis was conducted to determine whether PUFAs have a direct influence on diabetic microvascular complications. Results: The study indicates that elevated levels of genetically predicted omega-6 fatty acids substantially reduce the risk of DN in type 2 diabetes (odds ratio (OR): 0.62, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.47-0.82, p = 0.001). A protective effect against DR in type 2 diabetes is also suggested (OR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.62-0.92, p = 0.005). MVMR analysis confirmed the stability of these results after adjusting for potential confounding factors. No significant effects of omega-6 fatty acids were observed on DKD in type 2 diabetes or on any complications in type 1 diabetes. By contrast, omega-3 fatty acids showed no significant causal links with any of the diabetic microvascular complications assessed. Conclusions: Our MR analysis reveals a causal link between omega-6 fatty acids and certain diabetic microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes, potentially providing novel insights for further mechanistic and clinical investigations into diabetic microvascular complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractPurposeMethodsResultsConclusionLipidomics is an important tool for triaging exposed individuals, and helps early adoption of prevention and control strategies. The purpose of this study was to screen significantly perturbed lipids between pre- and post-irradiation of human plasma samples after total body irradiation (TBI) and explore potential radiation biomarkers for early radiation classification.Plasma samples were collected before and after irradiation from 22 hospitalized cases of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) prepared for bone marrow transplantation. Acute total-body γ irradiation was performed at doses of 0, 4, 8, and 12 Gy. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) method was utilized. Self-paired studies before and after irradiation were performed to screen potential lipid categorization markers and markers of dose-response relationships for radiation perturbation in humans. Based on the screened potential markers, a human TBI dose estimation model was developed.In total, 426 individual lipids from 14 major classes were quantified and 152 potential biomarkers with categorical characteristics were screened. A total of 80 lipids (32 TGs, 29 SMs, 9 FAs, 5 CEs, 5 PIs) were upregulated at 4 Gy, and a total of 91 lipids (39 SMs, 18 TGs, 15 HexCers, 7 CEs, 6 Cers, 3 LacCers, 2 LPEs, 1 PI) were upregulated at 12 Gy. Comparison of the ROC curves between the non-exposed and exposed groups at different doses showed AUC values ranging from 0.807 to 0.876. The metabolic pathways of potential lipid markers are mainly sphingolipid and glycerolipid metabolism, unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, fatty acid degradation and biosynthesis. Among the 13 dose-dependent radiosensitive lipids, CE (20:5), CE (18:1) and PI (18:2/18:2) were gradually incorporated into the TBI dose estimation model.This study suggested that it was feasible to acquire quantitative lipid biomarker panels using targeted lipidomics platforms for rapid, high-throughput triage. Lipidomics strategies for radiation biodosimetry in humans were established with lipid biomarkers with good dose-response relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infection during the perinatal period can adversely affect brain development, predispose infants to ischemic stroke and have lifelong consequences. We previously demonstrated that diet enriched in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) transforms brain lipid composition in the offspring and protects the neonatal brain from stroke, in part by blunting injurious immune responses. Critical to the interface between the brain and systemic circulation is the vasculature, endothelial cells in particular, that support brain homeostasis and provide a barrier to systemic infection. Here, we examined whether maternal PUFA-enriched diets exert reprograming of endothelial cell signalling in postnatal day 9 mice after modeling aspects of infection using LPS. Transcriptome analysis was performed on microvessels isolated from brains of pups from dams maintained on 3 different maternal diets from gestation day 1: standard, n-3 enriched or n-6 enriched diets. Depending on the diet, in endothelial cells LPS produced distinct regulation of pathways related to immune response, cell cycle, extracellular matrix, and angiogenesis. N-3 PUFA diet enabled higher immune reactivity in brain vasculature, while preventing imbalance of cell cycle regulation and extracellular matrix cascades that accompanied inflammatory response in standard diet. Cytokine analysis revealed a blunted LPS response in blood and brain of offspring from dams on n-3 enriched diet. Analysis of cerebral vasculature in offspring in vivo revealed no differences in vessel density. However, vessel complexity was decreased in response to LPS at 72 h in standard and n-6 diets. Thus, LPS modulates specific transcriptomic changes in brain vessels of offspring rather than major structural vessel characteristics during early life. N-3 PUFA-enriched maternal diet in part prevents an imbalance in homeostatic processes, alters inflammation and ultimately mitigates changes to the complexity of surface vessel networks that result from infection. Importantly, maternal diet may presage offspring neurovascular outcomes later in life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environmental sustainability of soybean cultivation has been questioned as it has been linked to deforestation, eutrophication, pesticide use, and carbon dioxide footprint. Agri‐industrial byproducts and black soldier fly (BSF) larvae meal are promising alternative protein sources that can be used to partly replace soybean in broiler diets. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of partial replacement of soybeans with agro‐industrial by‐products with or without the addition of BSF dried larvae meal on the meat quality, fatty acid and amino acid content, and sensory traits of breast meat of local chickens. A total of 252 one‐day‐old mixed‐sex chicks from the Anadolu‐T pure dam line were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 diets; a soybean‐based Control diet, a diet in which soybean meal was partly replaced (SPR) with brewers' dried grain, sunflower seed meal, and wheat middlings and an SPR + BSF diet in which 5% of BSF dried larva meal was added to the SPR diet. All birds were slaughtered at a commercial slaughterhouse at 55 days and breast and drumstick muscles were sampled for meat quality analysis from 18 chickens/dietary treatments. No significant effects of diets were observed for the pH24 and lightness, redness, and yellowness of breast and leg meats. Thawing loss significantly decreased and cooking loss increased in the breast meat of chickens fed the SPR + BSF compared with those fed Control and SPR diets. Diets did not affect either texture profile or consumer sensory properties of breast meat. The chickens fed the SPR + BSF had the highest total saturated fatty acid and lower polyunsaturated fatty acid content in breast meat than those fed the Control and SPR diets. The essential and nonessential amino acid content of breast meat decreased by the SPR diet compared with the SPR + BSF diet. The chickens fed SPR + BSF diet had higher values of tasty, aromatic, and umami‐related amino acids than those fed SPR and Control diets. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicated that agri‐industrial byproducts with or without BSF larvae meal could be used to partially replace soybean meal in broiler diets without affecting technological meat quality traits. The addition of BSF larvae meal to the diet along with agri‐industrial by‐products improved the amino acid content of the breast meat of chickens but reduced polyunsaturated fatty acid levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cookies are an exceptional energy source due to their elevated fat and carbohydrate content. Beyond their delectable taste, they are also rich in essential nutrients, including valuable proteins and minerals. This study evaluated the potential of the wheat variety NARC‐2011 for cookie production, focusing on nutritional enhancement by adding white sesame seeds at different proportions (5%, 10%, and 15%) to both whole and fine wheat flour. White sesame seeds were added to cookies mainly for their visual appeal, creating a nice contrast with the dough. They also have a mild flavor that complements the cookie without overwhelming it. Besides, they pack essential nutrients like protein, fiber, calcium, and iron, making the cookies more nutritious. The physical, chemical, and sensory properties of the different cookies were evaluated using standard methods. In terms of physical parameters, fine wheat flour cookies exhibited a diameter (46.45–50.47 mm), thickness (8.47–9.77 mm), and spreading factor (5.16–5.46 mm), and whole wheat flour cookies exhibited a diameter (48.47–52.31 mm), thickness (9.22–10.73 mm), and spreading factor (4.87–5.25 mm). Chemical analysis revealed moisture (5.78%–7.66%), fat (10.89%–16.16%), fiber (6.10%–8.46%), ash (4.82%–7.40%), protein (0.74%–1.40%), non‐fiber carbohydrates (63.67%–67.55%) for fine wheat flour cookies, and moisture (5.67%–7.39%), fat (10.89%–16.16%), fiber (11.47%–15.98%), ash (0.54%–0.83%), protein (5.65%–8.13%), non‐fiber carbohydrates (57.86%–66.55%), total phenolic content (2.86 mg/g), flavonoids (1.46 mg/g), and antioxidant activity (80.76%) in whole wheat flour cookies with sesame fortification. Gas chromatography revealed higher unsaturated fatty acids (83.22%) in NARC‐2011 wheat oil compared to white sesame seed oil (79.78%). In sensory evaluations, cookies fortified with 10% sesame seeds in fine wheat flour received the highest level of acceptability from the panelists. On the other hand, cookies made from whole wheat flour fortified with 15% sesame seeds garnered the maximum acceptability ratings from the panelists. In conclusion, supplementing NARC‐2011 wheat flour with sesame seeds, whether in fine or whole wheat form, improves the quality of cookies and nutritional content while offering appropriate sensory attributes at particular sesame seed levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Nanoliposomes (NL) containing different levels (1%, 2%, and 5%; w/w) of EPA/DHA‐enriched oil (n3FAO) from skipjack tuna eyeballs were prepared using 1%, 2.5%, and 5% (w/v) of soy phosphatidylcholine lecithin (SL) as a wall material. Then, the impact of ultrasonication at different amplitudes (40% and 50%) and sonication time (5 and 10 min) on encapsulation efficiency (EE) of selected NL was also investigated. NLs prepared without ultrasonication treatment using 2.5% SL and 2% n3FAO (WU‐NL) showed the highest EE (88%) than the remaining concentrations. When ultrasound at 40% amplitude for 5 min was applied, NLs (US‐NL) having the maximum EE of 98% were achieved. Ultrasonication employed at all conditions showed increased particle size (31.6–67.2 nm) than the WU‐NL (22.8 nm). Microstructure suggested the formation of particles with smooth surfaces and homogenous distribution. When NL powders were incorporated into the fresh cow milk at various levels (2.5% and 5.0%; w/v), likeness for aroma, mouthfeel, taste, and aftertaste slightly decreased, especially at higher levels (5%) for all samples. Nevertheless, the likeness score remained within acceptable levels (≥5.0). The fatty acid profile of the milk fortified with 2.5% (w/w) NLs showed a significant increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including EPA and DHA. Therefore, the findings indicated that ultrasonication improved the EE of liposomes, which could be successfully incorporated into milk and other food items with a lower content of PUFAs, boosting their nutritional profile while maintaining their taste and sensory attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of steaming time on the lipid oxidation and flavor of sturgeon dorsal meat were investigated. The study characterized the degree of lipid oxidation using peroxide value, acid value, malondialdehyde, and conjugated dienes. The effects of changes in fatty acid on volatile compounds and nutritional quality were examined and lipid profile was identified in a non-targeted metabolomics approach. Finally, an oxidation model was established to explore the specific effects of phospholipids on flavor formation. Results showed that the steaming sturgeon dorsal meat for 16 minutes resulted in moderate levels of lipid oxidation, which was conducive to the formation of characteristic flavors and high nutritional value due to the presence of abundant unsaturated fatty acids. The main unsaturated fatty acids found in association with phospholipids were linoleic acid (C18:2), docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6), oleic acid (C18:1), and arachidonic acid (C20:4), while the phospholipids were the primary precursors of volatile flavor compounds. Simulation of steaming conditions showed that the oxidation of phospholipids produced a large amount of pyrazine and furan compounds, providing roasted aromas for sturgeon dorsal meat steamed. In conclusion, moderate levels of lipid oxidation were beneficial for enhancing the flavor and nutritional quality of steamed sturgeon dorsal meat, and phospholipid oxidation had a significant impact on the formation of flavor. This study provides a theoretical basis for improving the flavor of sturgeon meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is growing concern among policymakers and researchers about the negative health and climate impacts of meat consumption. Consumers are encouraged to re-evaluate their dietary choices to preserve our ecosystem and reduce the burden of diet-related diseases. However, limited information is available about how price changes in animal protein sources affect plant-based protein demand and the consequences for nutrient intake and/or diet quality. The goal of the present paper is to fill this gap by explaining how consumers react to price changes in animal protein types and to present the implications for nutrition or diet quality. This paper applied the exact affine stone index implicit (EASI) Marshallian demand system to 2021 home scan panel data collated by the Kantar Worldpanel to estimate both price and expenditure elasticities. Twelve food groups of seven animal-based protein products and five plant-based protein products were considered. The results revealed that dairy and eggs are daily necessities for the people of Scotland. The demand for fish and non-dairy milk are the most sensitive to price. Estimates based on expenditure elasticities show that beef is considered a luxury and a highly substitutable product in the Scottish diet. Peas are relatively basic, essential foodstuffs. In general, increasing the price of animal protein sources will shift demand towards plant protein. On the positive side, there will be a significant reduction in cholesterol and fat purchases. However, there would also be a significant reduction in the total amount of protein, carbohydrates, and healthy fats, such as unsaturated fatty acids, purchased by the average household. This shows that increases in plant-based protein are not enough to compensate for the reductions in essential macro- and micronutrient purchases from animal protein. From the climate perspective, reductions in meat purchases could reduce emissions from production and consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is an autoimmunedriven orbital inflammatory disease. Despite research efforts, its exact pathogenesis remains unclear. This study aimed to characterize the intestinal flora and metabolic changes in patients with TAO to identify the flora and metabolites associated with disease development. Methods: Thirty patients with TAO and 29 healthy controls were included in the study. The intestinal flora and metabolites were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and non-targeted metabolomics technology, respectively. Fresh fecal samples were collected from both populations for analysis. Results: Reduced gut richness and diversity were observed in patients with TAO. Compared to healthy controls, significant differences in relative abundance were observed in patients with TAO at the order level Clostridiales, family level Staphylococcaceae, genus level Staphylococcus, Fournierella, Eubacterium siraeum, CAG-56, Ruminococcus gnavus, Intestinibacter, Actinomyces, and Erysipelotrichaceae UCG-003 (logFC>1 and P<0.05). Veillonella and Megamonas were closely associated with clinical symptoms in patients with TAO. Among the 184 significantly different metabolites, 63 were upregulated, and 121 were downregulated in patients with TAO compared to healthy controls. The biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids was the significantly enriched metabolic pathway. Correlation analysis revealed Actinomyces was positively correlated with NAGlySer 15:0/16:0, FAHFA 3:0/20:0, and Lignoceric Acid, while Ruminococcus gnavu was positively correlated with Cer 18:0;2O/16:0; (3OH) and ST 24:1;O4/18:2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Walnuts (Juglans regia L.), renowned for their nutritional potency, are a rich source of unsaturated fatty acids. Their regular intake plays a pivotal role in health maintenance and recuperation from a myriad of ailments. Fatty acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterases, which orchestrate the hydrolysis of acyl-ACP thioester bonds, thereby yielding fatty acids of varying chain lengths, are instrumental in augmenting plant fatty acid content and modulating the balance between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Despite some investigative efforts into the synthesis and metabolic pathways of fatty acids in walnuts, our comprehension of Fat in walnuts remains rudimentary. This research undertook a comprehensive characterization of the JrFat family, predicated on the complete genome sequence of walnuts, leading to the identification of 8 JrFat genes and an exploration of their protein physicochemical properties. Utilizing Arabidopsis and soybean Fat genes as outgroups, JrFat genes can be categorized into 5 distinct subgroups, three of which encompass a pair of homologous gene pairs. These genes have demonstrated remarkable conservation throughout the evolutionary process, with highly analogous conserved base sequences. The promoter region of JrFats genes predominantly harbors light response and plant hormone response regulatory elements, with no discernible disparity in promoter elements among different JrFats. Predictive analyses indicate that JrFats proteins engage extensively with walnut fatty acid synthesis and metabolism-associated proteins. qRT-PCR analysis reveals an initial surge in the expression of JrFats during the development of walnut kernels, which either stabilizes or diminishes following the hard core period. Homologous gene pairs exhibit analogous expression patterns, and the expression trajectory of JrFats aligns with the dynamic accumulation of fatty acids in kernels. The expression of JrFatA2 exhibits a strong correlation with the content of Alpha-linolenic acid, while the expression of JrFatB2 is inversely correlated with the content of two saturated fatty acids. Collectively, these findings enrich our understanding of fatty acid synthesis and metabolism in walnuts and furnish gene resources for enhancing the content and ratio of fatty acids in walnuts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis study describes the assembly and testing of an optical fiber Raman probe for use in a portable spectrometer using a 785 nm laser. The Raman probe was tested on edible vegetable oils (extra virgin olive, canola, sunflower, corn, and soybean), with the distal end of the probe immersed in each sample. The spectra of a dipyrone tablet and a mothball were also obtained. The silica peaks were subtracted by taking a spectrum with the probe tip immersed in water. The spectra of the samples exhibited characteristic peaks from vibrations of unsaturated fatty acids between 900 and 1800 cm−1, as well as characteristic peaks of silica from 600 to 1200 cm−1. The spectra of the samples after subtraction of the silica spectrum (probe in water) showed characteristic peaks without alterations in position or relative intensities compared without the probe. Exploratory analysis by principal component analysis was able to identify peaks of the constituent fatty acids in the oils and associate them with the oil type. A classification model based on partial least squares regression allowed for the classification of oil spectra with an accuracy of 77%. This study demonstrated the feasibility of coupling a probe to a portable Raman spectrometer with the goal of monitoring and controlling industrial processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Results Conclusions The composition of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) defines its sensory, nutritional, and human health benefits, and distinguishes it as a key component of the Mediterranean diet. Nevertheless, EVOO constituents are susceptible to degradation during processing and storage, which reduces the olive oil's quality and limits its shelf life. The present study investigated the effect of molecular filtration before storage and the effect of cool storage at 4 °C on the stability of ‘Kolovi’ EVOO, a variety originating from the Greek island of Lesvos, over a 24 month period.Storing EVOO at 4 °C positively affected free acidity, peroxide value, K268, fruity qualities, and concentrations of hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, ligstroside aglycone, lutein, and squalene, in comparison with the control sample stored at room temperature, particularly after 1 year. Molecular filtration significantly affected the ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids (UFAs/SFAs). Optimal preservation of parameters such as acidity value and lutein content was achieved by combining molecular filtration with refrigeration.The present study recommends storing EVOO in the refrigerator for up to 18 months. Based on the regulatory limits of the quality characteristics of acidity, peroxide value, K232 value and fruity sensory attributes, the shelf‐life of the protected geographical indication (PGI) ‘Kolovi’ EVOO can reach 2 years under cool storage (4 °C) and with molecular filtration before storage. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]