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Seaweeds are macrophytic algae that have been gaining interest as alternative healthy foods, renewable drug sources, and climate change mitigation agents. In terms of their nutritional value, seaweeds are renowned for their high content of biologically active polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, little is known about the regiochemistry—the geometry and position of carbon–carbon double bonds—of free and conjugated fatty acids in seaweeds. In the present work, a detailed characterization of the seaweed lipidome was achieved based on untargeted HRMS-based analysis and lipid derivatization with a photochemical aza-Paternò–Büchi reaction. A triple-data processing strategy was carried out to achieve high structural detail on the seaweed lipidome, i.e., (i) a first data processing workflow with all samples for aligning peak and statistical analysis that led to the definition of lipid sum compositions (e.g., phosphatidylglycerol (PG) 34:1), (ii) a second data processing workflow in which the samples of each seaweed were processed separately to annotate molecular lipids with known fatty acyl isomerism (e.g., PG 16:0_18:1), and (iii) the annotation of lipid regioisomers following MS/MS annotation of the lipid derivatives obtained following the aza-Paternò–Büchi reaction (e.g., PG 16:0_18:1 ω-9). Once the platform was set up, the lipid extracts from 8 seaweed species from different seaweed families were characterized, describing over 900 different lipid species, and information on the regiochemistry of carbon–carbon double bonds uncovered unknown peculiarities of seaweeds belonging to different families. The overall analytical approach helped to fill a gap in the knowledge of the nutritional composition of seaweeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Some research indicates that unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) in the diet could enhance reproductive outcomes in infertile women. However, other research holds different views, possibly due to differences in the conversion rates of UFAs from various foods and bioavailability in the body. Therefore, this research examined the link between serum UFAs and infertility issues. Methods: This research included reproductive-age women participating in the 2013–2014 American National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Serum levels of four UFAs, including palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7), vaccenic acid (18:1n-7), oleic acid (18:1n-9), and linoleic acid (18:2n-6) were measured through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Infertility data was collected by affirmative responses to targeted questionnaire items. Associations between serum UFA levels and infertility were evaluated utilizing Poisson regression models and smooth curve fitting methods. Sensitivity analysis was also conducted. Results: This study included 535 women, aged between 18 and 45. Poisson regression analysis, both adjusted and unadjusted for confounders, revealed no associations between palmitoleic acid, vaccenic acid, oleic acid, or linoleic acid and female infertility (all P > 0.05). However, four UFAs all showed non-linear relationships with infertility in smooth curve fitting analysis. Sensitivity analysis confirmed the stability of the findings. Conclusion: This research established non-linear associations between serum UFAs and infertility in American women. Specifically, maintaining appropriate serum levels of these UFAs may lower infertility risk. These findings offer new insights and practical dietary recommendations for improving female fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence supports associations between polyunsaturated fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and psychosis. However, polyunsaturated fatty acid trajectories in the general population have not been characterized, and associations with psychosis spectrum outcomes in early adulthood are unknown. Plasma omega-6 to omega-3 ratio and DHA (expressed as percentage of total fatty acids) were measured by nuclear magnetic spectroscopy at 7, 15, 17, and 24 years of age in participants of ALSPAC (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children). Curvilinear growth mixture modeling evaluated body mass index–adjusted trajectories of both measures. Outcomes were assessed at 24 years. Psychotic experiences (PEs), at-risk mental state status, psychotic disorder, and number of PEs were assessed using the Psychosis-Like Symptoms interview (n = 3635; 2247 [61.8%] female). Negative symptoms score was measured using the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (n = 3484; 2161 [62.0%] female). Associations were adjusted for sex, ethnicity, parental social class, and cumulative smoking and alcohol use. Relative to stable average, the persistently high omega-6 to omega-3 ratio trajectory was associated with increased odds of PEs and psychotic disorder, but attenuated on adjustment for covariates (PEs adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.63, 95% CI = 0.92-2.89; psychotic disorder aOR = 1.69, 95% CI = 0.71-4.07). This was also the case for persistently low DHA (PEs aOR = 1.42, 95% CI = 0.84-2.37; psychotic disorder aOR = 1.14, 95% CI = 0.49-2.67). Following adjustment, persistently high omega-6 to omega-3 ratio was associated with increased number of PEs (β = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.05-0.78) and negative symptoms score (β = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.14-0.72), as was persistently low DHA (number of PEs β = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.14-0.76; negative symptoms β = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.12-0.58). Optimization of polyunsaturated fatty acid status during development warrants further investigation in relation to psychotic symptoms in early adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have mainly focused on the effects of individual fatty acids on depressive symptoms, while the combined effect of fatty acids on the risk of depressive symptoms has not yet been extensively reported. This study evaluate the associations between individual and multiple fatty acids with depressive symptoms in U.S. adults. Data sets were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2018 cycles. Both males and females aged above 18 years with complete information about dietary fatty acids intake, depression symptoms, and covariates were included. Weighted linear regression models were conducted to evaluate the relationships between individual fatty acid intake and depressive symptoms, and restricted cubic spline (RCS) models were utilized to explore the corresponding dose-response relationships. Additionally, we implemented the weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression and quantile g-computation (QGC) models to estimate the mixed effects of 19 fatty acids and identify the predominant types. After multivariable adjustments, an increase of one unit in Linoleic acid (LA), Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA), Arachidonic acid (AA), Docosapentaenoic acid(DPA), Docosahexaenoic acid(DHA), was associated with a decrease in depressive scores by −0.021 (95 % CI: −0.039,-0.003, p = 0.021),-0.028 (95 % CI: −0.045,-0.011, p = 0.002),-0.026 (95 % CI: −0.044,-0.008, p = 0.005), −0.026 (95 % CI: −0.042,-0.009, p = 0.003), and − 0.022 (95 % CI: −0.041,-0.003, p = 0.022), respectively. However, a per unit increase in Hexanoic acid and Octanoic acid was associated with an increase in depressive scores of 0.020 (95 % CI: 0.002,0.038, p = 0.029) and 0.026 (95 % CI: 0.004,0.048, p = 0.020), respectively. Meanwhile, significant dose-response relationships were supported by the RCS models. As for the mixed effects, both WQS and QGC models demonstrated that the mixture of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was inversely related to depressive symptoms, and ALA and DPA were the most critical contributors. DHA was negatively correlated with depressive symptoms in WQS analysis, but positively correlated with depressive symptoms in QGC analysis. The cross-sectional design limits our ability to establish causality, and 24-hour dietary recall can lead to potential inaccuracies reflecting participants' true eating habits. Our study suggests that the single effects of each PUFA were inversely associated with depressive symptoms, except for octadecatetraenoic acid. Moreover, higher combined intake of dietary PUFAs is inversely associated with depressive symptoms in U.S. adults. Among the mixed effects of PUFAs, ALA and DPA may play predominant roles. However, DHA mixed with other fatty acids may have different effects on depressive symptoms, and further study is needed. • For single effects, almost the intake of all PUFAs were inversely associated with depressive symptoms, and significant dose-response relationships were fond. • Higher combined intake of dietary PUFAs is inversely associated with depression symptoms in U.S. adults, and ALA and DPA may play predominant roles. • DHA mixed with other fatty acids may have different effects on depressive symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted to determine the digestible energy (DE) of insect fat (IF) from black soldier fly larvae (BSLF) for growing pigs. Saturated fatty acids (SFA) were the dominant group of fatty acids in the IF, with lauric acid (C12:0) and palmitic acid (C16:0) comprising the greatest concentrations in this group. Linoleic acids (C18:2) and oleic acids (C18:1) were the main unsaturated fatty acids. The IF contained 37.63 MJ/kg gross energy and 2.55 g/kg nitrogen. During the experiment, a DE bioassay was performed wherein growing pigs were fed one of the two experimental diets (either a maize–wheat–barley–soy basal diet or a diet containing 50 g/kg IF plus 950 g/kg of the basal diet). The DE of the IF was calculated based on the differences between the DE values of basal and test diet (substitution method). The DE of the IF was determined to be 36.86 MJ/kg. The IF contains a DE level comparable to vegetable oils, including soybean, rapeseed, corn and palm oils. The results showed that the examined fat from BSLF is a good source of available energy and can be incorporated in pig diets as an alternative energy source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgae with increased amount of biomass and lipid yield are crucial for biodiesel production. Mixotrophic cultivation has prominence for increasing the micro‐algal cell concentration and hence the volumetric productivity owing to independent utilization of both the photo‐assimilation of CO2 and oxidative assimilation of organic carbon sources. In this study, Ankistrodesmus sp. IFRPD 1061 was examined under various concentrations of sodium acetate for concentration and productivity of biomass and lipid, lipid contents (LCs), and fatty acid profiles. The optimum condition was obtained at Day 21 with 10 mM sodium acetate, which gave 6.940 ± 0.057 g L−1 biomass concentration, 327.619 ± 2.020 mg L−1 day−1 biomass productivity, 2.795 ± 0.191 g L−1 lipid concentration, 131.955 ± 9.275 mg L−1 day−1 lipid productivity, and 40.286 % ± 3.079 % w/w LC. The optimum condition (10 mM sodium acetate) in an open pond cultivation attained maximum values at Day 14, that is, 0.575 ± 0.004 g L−1 biomass concentration, 38.161 ± 0.076 mg L−1 day−1 biomass productivity, 0.203 ± 0.002 g L−1 lipid concentration, 13.440 ± 0.197 mg L−1 day−1 lipid productivity, and 35.219 % ± 0.585 % w/w LC. The lipids recovered from mixotrophic micro‐algae were primarily unsaturated fatty acids, which are appropriate to produce biodiesel. The results revealed that a 10 mM sodium acetate concentration can enhance lipid accumulation within algal cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A correlation between omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFAs) and osteoarthritis (OA) incidence has been established, but research on the long-term outlook of OA patients remains limited. This study investigates the association between omega-3 PUFA intake and the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular (CV) mortality in the U.S. OA population. A cohort of 3,467 OA patients from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2005 to 2018 was studied. Cox proportional hazards regression models, Kaplan-Meier curves, and subgroup analyses were used to evaluate the relationship between omega-3 PUFA intake and mortality. The dose-response relationship was examined using a restricted cubic spline (RCS) model. Among the 3,467 OA patients, there were 459 all-cause deaths and 175 CV deaths. Omega-3 PUFAs were significantly negatively correlated with all-cause mortality (95% CI: 0.59–0.93, p = 0.011) but not with CV mortality (95% CI: 0.29–1.04, p = 0.056). Higher omega-3 PUFA intake was associated with a 49% decrease in all-cause mortality. Kaplan-Meier curves showed lower all-cause mortality rates in those with higher omega-3 PUFA intake. The inverse correlation was more pronounced among individuals living with a partner. The dose-response analysis indicated a linear negative relationship between omega-3 PUFA intake and all-cause mortality. Increased intake of omega-3 PUFAs is associated with a decreased risk of all-cause mortality in OA patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Results Conclusion Brassica juncea L. (family Brassicaceae) or Indian mustard is a fast‐growing oilseed crop. Climate changes mean that it is very important to evaluate the effects of salinity stress on B. juncea. The aim of this study was therefore to show the metabolic effect of salinity stress on shoots and roots using two cultivation models – hydroponic and microplot – in different cultivars, including RH‐725 and RH‐761. Salinity levels of 5, 7.5, and 10 dS m⁻¹ were investigated, and compared with a control of 0 dS m⁻¹, using untargeted metabolomics with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) post‐silylation, focusing on metabolic markers such as proline and glycine‐betaine.A total of 56 metabolites were identified, with the most prevalent classes belonging to sugars (8), followed by organic acids (13), amino acids (11), and fatty acids/esters (11). Shoots were found to have a higher sugar content than roots. Increases in unsaturated fatty acids were also associated with salinity stress, compared with a decrease in saturated fatty acids. Absolute levels of proline and glycine‐betaine correlated with salinity stress, with the largest increases detected in shoots grown under hydroponic conditions, particularly for the RH‐761 cultivar. Multivariate data analyses revealed that roots were more affected than shoots, regardless of cultivation model.These findings might explain the different metabolic behavior of B. juncea's roots and shoots under various levels of salinity, associated with higher levels of free sugars in shoots and lipids in roots. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Mendelian Disorders of Cornification (MeDOC) comprise a large number of disorders that present with either localised (palmoplantar keratoderma, PPK) or generalised (ichthyoses) signs. The MeDOC are highly heterogenic in terms of genetics and phenotype. Consequently, diagnostic process is challenging and before implementation of the next generation sequencing, was mostly symptomatic, not causal, which limited research on those diseases. The aim of the study was to genetically characterise a cohort of 265 Polish patients with MeDOC and to get insight into the skin lesions using transcriptome and lipid profile analyses. Results: We detected causal variants in 85% (226/265) patients. In addition to the primary gene defect, a pathogenic variant in another gene involved in MeDOC pathology was identified in 23 cases. We found 150 distinct variants in 33 genes, including 32 novel and 16 recurrent (present in > 5 alleles). In 43 alleles large rearrangements were detected, including deletions in the STS, SPINK5, CERS3 and recurrent duplication of exons 10–14 in TGM1. The RNA analysis using samples collected from 18 MeDOC patients and 22 controls identified 1377 differentially expressed genes - DEG. The gene ontology analysis revealed that 114 biological processes were upregulated in the MeDOC group, including i.e. epithelial cell differentiation, lipid metabolic process; homeostasis; regulation of water loss via skin; peptide cross-linking. The DEG between TGM1 and ALOX12B patients, showed that RNA profile is highly similar, though fatty acid profile in epidermal scrapings of those patients showed differences e.g. for the very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs; FAs ≥ C20), the very long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids (VLC-MUFAs, FAs ≥ C20:1) and the n6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n6 PUFAs). Conclusion: Our results show that NGS-based analysis is an effective MeDOC diagnostic tool. The Polish MeDOC patients are heterogenic, however recurrent variants are present. The novel variants and high number of TGM1 and SPINK5 copy number variations give further insight into molecular pathology of MeDOC. We show that secondary variants in MeDOC-related genes are present in a significant group of patients, which should be further investigated in the context of phenotype modifiers. Finally, we provide novel RNA and lipid data that characterise molecularly MeDOC epidermis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of value-added bio-compounds from rejuvenated sources and their recruitment for healthcare services are paramount objectives in the agenda of white biotechnology. Hereupon, the current study focused on economic production of single cell oils (SCOs) from oleaginous fungi Alternaria sp. (A-OS) and Drechslera sp. (D-OS) using cheese whey waste stream, followed by their evaluation as antibiofilm and anticancer agents, for the first time. As a sole substrate for growth, the whey aided in lipid accumulation by 3.22 and 4.33 g/L, which representing 45.3 and 48.2% lipid content in Drechslera sp. (D-OS) and Alternaria sp. (A-OS), respectively. Meanwhile, a higher unsaturation degree was detected in A-OS by 62.18% comparing to 53.15% of D-OS, with advantageous presence of omega-6 poly unsaturated fatty acid by 22.67% and 15.04% for A-OS and D-OD, respectively, as revealed by GC-MS and FTIR characterization analysis. Interestingly, an eminent and significant (P ≤ 0.05) antibiofilm potency was observed in a dose-dependent modality upon employing both SCOs as antibiofilm agents. Whereas, 100 µg/mL of A-OS recorded superior inhibition of P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and C. albicans biofilms development by 84.10 ± 0.445, 90.37 ± 0.065 and 94.96 ± 0.21%, respectively. Whereas, D-OS (100 µg/mL) thwarted the biofilms of P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and C. albicans by 47.41 ± 2.83, 62.63 ± 5.82 and 78.67 ± 0.23%, correspondingly. Besides, the metabolic performance of cells within biofilm matrix, protein, carbohydrate contents and hydrophobicity of examined biofilms were also curtailed in a significant correlation with biofilm biomass (r ≥ 0.9). Further, as anticancer agents, D-OS recorded higher potency against A549 and CaCo-2 cell lines with IC50 values of 2.55 and 3.425% and SI values of 10.1 and 7.5, respectively. However, A-OS recorded 8.275% and 2.88 for IC50 and SI of Caco-2 cells, respectively. Additionally, A-OS activated caspase 3 by 64.23 ± 1.18% and 53.77 ± 0.995% more than D-OS (52.09 ± 0.222% and 49.72 ± 0.952%) in A549 and Caco-2 cells, respectively. Furthermore, the enzymes, which associated with cancer invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis (i.e., MMP2 and MMP9) were strongly inhibited by A-OS with 18.58% and 8.295%, respectively as IC50 values; while D-OS results recorded 23.61% and 13.16%, respectively, which could be ascribed to the higher ω-6/ω-3 contents of A-OS. The promising results of the current study opens up the vision to employ SCOs as anti-infective nutraceuticals and in complementary/alternative therapy and prophylactic programs as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adaptation of marine fish to freshwater environments includes prodigious examples of rapid evolution.Given the scarcity of ω‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC‐PUFA) in freshwater, we expect selection to be strong on fish transitioning to freshwater habitats and yet the underlying ecological causes of genomic and phenotypic differentiation are poorly understood for traits associated with lipid content and composition. Threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus have repeatedly colonized, and adapted to, freshwater habitats across the Northern Hemisphere. These freshwater populations often show elevated copy number of the fatty acid desaturase 2 gene (FADS2), which increases the biosynthetic capacity of LC‐PUFA. The starkly lower content of LC‐PUFA in freshwater compared to marine prey, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), likely imposes strong positive selection on freshwater fish for either increased biosynthesis or greater dietary acquisition of LC‐PUFA. The recently colonized and relatively undisturbed threespine stickleback populations in postglacial coastal lakes of southern Greenland offer an exceptional opportunity to study how variation in the copy number of FADS2 is related to abiotic and biotic conditions of lakes and their morphometry. As expected, given its position on the stickleback X chromosome, we found strong sexual dimorphism in FADS2 copy number in all populations (19 freshwater, 1 marine and 1 brackish), and an increased dimorphism in some freshwater populations. We also found that FADS2 copy number was negatively correlated, for both males and females, with the abundance of copepods, which are a DHA‐rich food source in the zooplankton community. Overall, our results suggest that the prey community context of lakes might influence the process of metabolic adaptation of marine fish colonizing freshwater ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Practical Application The lipoxygenase (LOX) activity of major tropical fish used for surimi production, including threadfin bream (TB), lizardfish (LZ), and goatfish (GF), was measured in the gills, skin, and muscle. The highest LOX activity was observed in the LZ samples (p < 0.05), with the gills exhibiting the greatest activity at 376.56 U/mg (p < 0.05). The highest peroxide value was detected in the TB samples, particularly in the gills (p < 0.05). Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were the main polyunsaturated fatty acids in all the tissues and surimi. The total lipid and DHA contents of washed mince reduced considerably after the screw press process. Although LOX activity decreased during surimi production, a residual activity of 21.33 U/g was observed in the finished surimi. LOX was partially purified and characterized from LZ gills. The purification was conducted using two successive chromatographic steps, Sephacryl S‐200 and diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)–sepharose, resulting in a 3.52% yield and a 22.43‐fold increase in purity. The optimum activity was found at 25°C and pH 7.5, with pH stability between 6.0 and 8.5. The relatively high thermal stability at 4°C–10°C suggested that LOX might contribute to fish lipid oxidation during cold storage. The enzyme was thermally inactivated at 60°C. The preferred substrate was EPA. LOX from the LZ gills was inhibited by 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and activated by 1 mM Fe2+, Na+, and Ca2+.Elucidating lipoxygenase activity and lipid oxidation in various tropical fish tissues, as well as understanding the characteristics of LOX, can help take appropriate postharvest actions to afford high‐quality surimi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gut microbiota may help mitigate bone loss linked to postmenopausal osteoporosis by affecting the immune and inflammatory responses and the gut-bone axis. Dihydromyricetin (DMY), a natural flavonoid, has some anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the amelioration of bone loss in ovariectomized (OVX) mice treated with various doses of DMY. Eight-week-old C57/BL6 mice underwent ovariectomy and received varying DMY doses over 8 weeks. Thereafter, femoral bone microarchitecture, serum biomarker levels, and colon samples were analyzed to assess bone metabolism and inflammatory and hormonal responses. Fecal samples were subjected to 16S rDNA sequencing, and short-chain fatty acids were quantified. An untargeted metabolomics approach was applied to both serum and fecal samples to investigate alterations in the intestinal microbiota and metabolic profiles following DMY treatment in the OVX mice. The results show high-dose DMY has anti-osteoporotic effects. Compared to the OVX group, the DMY-treated group showed enhanced bone mineral density and reduced inflammation and colonic damage levels. The DMY treatment altered the gut microbiota composition, including the relative abundances at both the phylum and genus levels. In addition, DMY treatment increased the production of acetate and propionate. Metabolomic analysis revealed differential regulation of 37 and 70 metabolites in the serum and feces samples, respectively, in the DMY-treated group compared to those in the OVX group, affecting the serotonergic signaling, arachidonic acid metabolism, and unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis pathways. In conclusion, these findings indicate that DMY can ameliorate bone loss in OVX mice via the gut-bone axis. DMY can ameliorate bone loss in OVX mice via the gut-bone axis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Ferroptosis is a new type of cell death characterized by lipid peroxidation and iron dependency, representing an emerging disease regulation mechanism. The limited understanding of ferroptosis in peripheral nerve injury (PNI) complicates the management of such injuries. Mitochondrial dysfunction, which contributes to ferroptosis, further exacerbates the challenges of peripheral nerve repair Methods: In this study, we established an in vitro model of Schwann cells model treated with TBHP and an in vivo sciatic nerve crush injury model in rats. These models were used to investigate the effects of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) on PNI, both in vitro and in vivo, and to explore the potential mechanisms linking injury-induced ferroptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction. Results: Our findings reveal that PNI triggers abnormal accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inactivates mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction. This dysfunction catalyzes the oxidation of excessive polyunsaturated fatty acids, resulting in antioxidant imbalance and loss of ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1), which drives lipid peroxidation. Additionally, irregular iron metabolism, defective mitophagy, and other factors contribute to the induction of ferroptosis. Importantly, we found that FGF21 attenuates the abnormal accumulation of lipid ROS, restores mitochondrial function, and suppresses ferroptosis, thus promoting PNI repair. Notably, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), a downstream target of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and the ERK/Nrf2 pathway are involved in the regulation of ferroptosis by FGF21. Conclusion: FGF21 promotes peripheral nerve repair by inhibiting ferroptosis caused by mitochondrial dysfunction. Therefore, targeting mitochondria and ferroptosis represents a promising therapeutic strategy for effective PNI repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cow milk is rich in proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and minerals; however, its precise nutrient content varies based on various factors. In the current study, we evaluated the differences in the fatty acid and protein contents of milk and the factors associated with these differences. To achieve this, samples were collected from seven types of cows in different regions. These included samples from three dairy breeds: Chinese Holstein milk from Beijing, China (BH), Chinese Holstein milk (HH) and Jersey milk (JS) from Hebei province, China; and four dairy/meat breeds: Sanhe milk (SH) from Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China, Xinjiang brown milk (XH) and Simmental milk (SI) from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, and Shu Xuanhua milk (SX) from Sichuan province, China. Breed significantly affects total fat, fatty acid, and protein contents. Additionally, geographic region significantly affects the contents of different fatty acids, α-lactalbumin, and lactoferrin. JS has the highest total fat and casein contents. XH samples contain significantly higher unsaturated fatty acid content than BH samples and do not differ significantly from JS. Additionally, the low β-lactoglobulin and high lactoferrin contents in XH samples may be favorable for the growth and development of infants. Our results may inform the development of dairy products from different cow breeds and advance the process of accurate breed identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a prevalent mental health condition with a complex pathophysiology involving neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and disruptions in neuronal and glial cell function. Microglia, the innate immune cells of the central nervous system, release inflammatory cytokines in response to pathological changes associated with MDD. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) act as alarms, triggering microglial activation and subsequent inflammatory cytokine release. This review examines the cellular mechanisms underlying MDD pathophysiology, focusing on the lipid-mediated modulation of neuroinflammation. We explore the intricate roles of microglia and astrocytes in propagating inflammatory cascades and discuss how these processes affect neuronal integrity at the cellular level. Central to our analysis are three key molecules: High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) and S100 Calcium Binding Protein β (S100β) as alarmins, and Neuron-Specific Enolase (NSE) as an indicator of neuronal stress. We present evidence from in vitro and ex vivo studies demonstrating how these molecules reflect and contribute to the neuroinflammatory milieu characteristic of MDD. The review then explores the potential of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) as neuroinflammation modulators, examining their effects on microglial activation, cytokine production, and neuronal resilience in cellular models of depression. We critically analyze experimental data on how ω-3 PUFA supplementation influences the expression and release of HMGB1, S100β, and NSE in neuronal and glial cultures. By integrating findings from lipidomic and cellular neurobiology, this review aims to elucidate the mechanisms by which ω-3 PUFAs may exert their antidepressant effects through modulation of neuroinflammatory markers. These insights contribute to our understanding of lipid-mediated neuroprotection in MDD and may inform the development of targeted, lipid-based therapies for both depression and neurodegenerative disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequent type of cardiac arrhythmia that affects over six million individuals in Europe. The incidence and prevalence of AF rises with age, and often occurs after cardiac surgery. Other risk factors correlated with AF comprise high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, left atrial enlargement, ischemic heart disease, and congestive heart failure. Considering the high prevalence of AF in aging societies, strategies to prevent serious complications, such as stroke or heart failure, are important because they are correlated with high morbidity and mortality. The supplementation of sea-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is widely discussed in this context, but the results of experimental and observational studies are in contrast to randomized placebo-controlled intervention trials (RCTs). Specifically, larger placebo-controlled n-3 PUFA supplementation studies with long follow-up showed a dose-dependent rise in incident AF. Daily n-3 PUFA doses of ≥1 g/d are correlated with a 50 % increase in AF risk, whereas a daily intake of <1 g/d causes AF in only 12 %. Individuals with a high cardiovascular risk (CVD) risk and high plasma-triglycerides seem particularly prone to develop AF upon n-3 PUFA supplementation. Therefore, we should exercise caution with n-3 PUFA supplementation especially in patients with higher age, CVD, hypertriglyceridemia or diabetes. In summary, existing data argue against the additive intake of n-3 PUFA for preventative purposes because of an incremental AF risk and lacking CVD benefits. However, more clinical studies are required to disentangle the discrepancy between n-3 PUFA RCTs and observational studies showing a lower CVD risk in individuals who regularly consume n-3 PUFA-rich fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of feeding cauliflower leaf meal (CLM) on growth performance, nutrient utilization, carcass characteristics, histopathology and economics of rabbit production. A total of eighteen 45‐day‐old Newzeland White rabbits were randomly divided into three groups and fed with control (0%), 20% and 30% CLM in concentrate mixture and feeding trial continued for 3 months. Growth performance was recorded upto the end of the trial. On completion of the growth study, a digestibility trial was conducted to assess the digestibility of nutrients. Afterwards, all the experimental rabbits were slaughtered to evaluate the carcass and meat quality, and to examine histological changes in the viscera. The cost of production was calculated on the basis of partially replacing wheat bran with CLM. Results showed that the body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and digestibility of nutrients were similar among the groups of rabbits. Further, dressing percentage, wholesome cut yield, chemical composition of meat, sensory evaluation, water holding capacity and shear force value were also comparable among all groups. However, total phenolic content, vitamin A and E, and polyunsaturated fatty acid were significantly (p < 0.05) higher and 2‐Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in 30% CLM‐fed group. Histopathological study showed no pathological changes in viscera of rabbits fed with CLM. Moreover, the cost of production was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in 30% CLM‐fed group of rabbits. The present work shows that the 30% CLM can be incorporated in concentrate mixture in rabbit diet without affecting growth performance or meat quality and successfully used in rabbit nutrition, which will be cheaper with enhanced keeping quality of meat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

9-Carbon aldehydes such as (2E)-nonenal, (3Z)-nonenal, and (2E,6Z)-nonadienal are important melon and cucumber fragrance compounds. Currently, these molecules are produced either synthetically, which faces consumer aversion, or through biotransformation using plant-extracted enzymes, which is costly and inefficient. In this study, we constructed a Saccharomyces cerevisiae platform for the whole cell biotransformation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to 9-carbon aldehydes. Heterologous expression of lipoxygenase (LOX) from Nicotiana benthamiana and hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) from Cucumis melo (melon) in S. cerevisiae enabled the production of (2E)-nonenal from readily available polyunsaturated fatty acid substrates. A 5.5-fold increase in (2E)-nonenal titer was then achieved utilizing genetic and reaction condition enhancement strategies. The highest titer of (2E)-nonenal was more than 0.11 mM, with about 9% yield. This platform can potentially be used to produce a variety of other aldehyde products by customizing with LOX and HPL enzymes of different regio-selectivities. Key points: • Establishment of a S. cerevisiae whole-cell biotransformation platform for cost-efficient, high-yield conversion of PUFAs into high value 9-carbon aldehyde compounds • 5.5-Fold improvement of (2E)-nonenal titer to > 0.11 mM achieved by enhancing reaction conditions and gene expression levels of LOX and HPL [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When nutrient starvation sets in, the tubular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) within the morphological domain transforms into sheet-like ER structures. Motile early endosomes and lysosomes, which establish membrane contact sites (MCS) with the tubular ER, exert force to organize the tubular ER network in fed cells at steady-state, a phenomenon known as hitchhiking. During early stages of starvation, MCS are reconfigured, leading to conversion of the tubular ER network into sheet-like ER. Lipid metabolism involving phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate [PI(3)P] at MCS between the tubular ER and motile endolysosomes has an important role in early starvation-induced ER remodeling. ER-phagy is activated during prolonged starvation and may selectively remove specific ER subdomains enriched in (oxidized) polyunsaturated fatty acid phospholipids. Unlike most other organelles found in multiple copies, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a unique singular organelle within eukaryotic cells. Despite its continuous membrane structure, encompassing more than half of the cellular endomembrane system, the ER is subdivided into specialized sub-compartments, including morphological, membrane contact site (MCS), and de novo organelle biogenesis domains. In this review, we discuss recent emerging evidence indicating that, in response to nutrient stress, cells undergo a reorganization of these sub-compartmental ER domains through two main mechanisms: non-destructive remodeling of morphological ER domains via regulation of MCS and organelle hitchhiking, and destructive remodeling of specialized domains by ER-phagy. We further highlight and propose a critical role of membrane lipid metabolism in this ER remodeling during starvation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of xylanase and flaxseed the performance of chickens, digesta viscosity, nutrient retention, fatty acid profile in muscle, tibia strength and interrelations of these factors in broiler chickens fed a wheat-based diet. Seven hundred and twenty one-day-old Ross 308 cockerels were assigned to four treatments according to the contents of flaxseed (0 and 80 g/kg) and xylanase (0 and 0.1 g/kg) in the diet. Xylanase significantly decreased the intake of feed (p < 0.001), decreased feed conversion (p < 0.001), and reduced mortality (p = 0.050). In addition, xylanase significantly increased the retention of all nutrients (p = 0.010 –<0.001) except crude fibre, the fat content in breast meat (p = 0.029) and liver (p = 0.019) and the concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in meat (p = 0.002). Flaxseed supplementation did not influence performance but decreased the retention of dry matter (p = 0.016), crude protein (p = 0.012), organic matter (p = 0.016) and nitrogen-free extract (p = 0.008). Xylanase in combination with flaxseed increased the content of n-3 fatty acids in the breast meat (p = 0.006). The lowest n-6/n-3 ratio (p = 0.001) was detected in the flaxseed and flaxseed combined with xylanase groups. Significant interaction effects of flaxseed and xylanase on tibia strength (p = 0.030) and tibia ash content (p = 0.009) were detected. The administration of xylanase or flaxseed alone increased tibia strength. Compared with the control diet, the addition of flaxseed to the diet increased the digesta viscosity (p = 0.043) in the ileum, whereas the addition of xylanase decreased the level of this indicator. It can be concluded that xylanase is an enzyme suitable for increasing nutrient availability, and in the case of its addition to a flaxseed diet, it can reduce the antinutritional effect of flaxseed by reducing the viscosity of the digesta and increasing the content of health-promoting n-3 PUFAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate variations in fatty acid composition between buffalo colostrum and mature milk. Samples were collected from 20 buffaloes for fatty acid analysis. Results revealed significant differences in the fatty acid composition between colostrum and mature milk. Colostrum exhibited lower levels of saturated fatty acids while higher monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids compared to mature milk. Specifically, colostrum demonstrated higher n‐3 and n‐6 fatty acids, which resulted in a lower n‐6/n‐3 ratio compared to mature milk. These findings suggest that buffalo colostrum may offer more advantages in human health compared to mature milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Epidemiology cohorts reveal associations between levels or intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) and a lower risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the results of randomized clinical trials have been inconsistent. Objective: A systematic review was performed to understand the effects of n-3 PUFA supplementation on cognition in adults. The objective was to present suggestions for new study designs to translate epidemiological findings into effective clinical trials. Methods: A database search was conducted on PubMed (MEDLINE) and Web of Science to retrieve articles published between 2000 and 2023 that evaluated the effects of n-3 PUFA supplementation on cognitive function. Subsequently, the search results were filtered to collect randomized controlled trials with 100 or more participants, n-3 PUFA supplementation was one of the interventions, cognition was an outcome of interest, and participants were at least 18 years of age. Results: A total of 24 articles met the inclusion criteria. In 5 of the 24 studies reviewed, supplementation with n-3 PUFAs improved cognition. All four trials in persons with AD reported null outcomes. Most of the n-3 PUFA studies in cognitively normal individuals or participants with mild cognitive impairment were null, not powered to detect small effect sizes, or selected participants without dementia risk factors. Conclusions: We recommend that newer n-3 PUFA supplement trials targeting AD prevention be personalized. For the general population, the null hypothesis appears to be correct, and future interventions are needed to identify and test dietary patterns that include PUFA-rich food rather than supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare and progressive disorder that affects the pulmonary vasculature. Although recent developments in pharmacotherapy have extended the life expectancy of PAH patients, their 5‐year survival remains unacceptably low, underscoring the need for multitarget and more comprehensive approaches to managing the disease. This should incorporate not only medical, but also lifestyle interventions, including dietary changes and the use of nutraceutical support. Among these strategies, n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐3 PUFAs) are emerging as promising agents able to counteract the inflammatory component of PAH. In this narrative review, we aim at analysing the preclinical evidence for the impact of n‐3 PUFAs on the pathogenesis and the course of PAH. Although evidence for the role of n‐3 PUFAs deficiencies in the development and progression of PAH in humans is limited, preclinical studies suggest that these dietary components may influence several aspects of the pathobiology of PAH. Further clinical research should test the efficacy of n‐3 PUFAs on top of approved clinical management. These studies will provide evidence on whether n‐3 PUFAs can genuinely serve as a valuable tool to enhance the efficacy of pharmacotherapy in the treatment of PAH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH; encoded by the EPHX2 gene) is an α/β hydrolase fold protein that is, widely distributed throughout the body. Recent studies have highlighted that sEH, in the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids, plays a part in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease and intestine‐associated disease. This review discusses the current findings on the role of sEH in the development of intestine‐ and intestine‐associated diseases, including colitis, colorectal cancer, and other intestinal diseases, as well as the potential underlying mechanisms involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This study compared the furan levels and physicochemical properties of various 70 samples of five nuts (peanuts, almonds, cashew nuts, hazelnuts, and sacha inchi) roasted using an air fryer (AF) and microwave oven (MO). In the five nuts, furan levels ranged from 1.11 to 2.39 ng g−1 before roasting. As the AF‐based and MO‐based roasting progressed, the furan levels increased to 6.39–165.52 ng g−1 and 11.47–183.87 ng g−1, respectively. The contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acid and linolenic acid) decreased significantly after roasting but the content of monounsaturated fatty acid (oleic acid) showed only slightly significant differences between the control and roasted nuts. The total phenolic content and antioxidant activity increased by up to 337% and 218% as roasting progressed but decreased slightly when roasting was performed at 180 °C for 20 min in an AF or at 700 or 1000 W for 5 min in an MO. This study provides useful information on furan production and the changes in physicochemical properties such as fatty acid composition, colour, BI, TPC, and antioxidant activity of nuts roasted using an AF or MO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This study investigated the effect of five different reheating methods (boiling water, steaming, low‐heat microwave at 120 W, medium‐heat microwave at 400 W, high‐heat microwave at 800 W) on lipid oxidation of silver carp fish cake. The changes of lipid content, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value, acid value (AV), peroxide value (POV), volatile flavour components and fatty acid composition were detected. The results indicated that products reheated with medium‐heat microwave had higher lipid content, lower TBA, AV and POV value. The medium‐heat and high‐heat microwave reheated group had larger variety of volatile flavour substances. Moreover, the relative content of hexanal and heptanal related to unpleasant "overcooked taste" was less, and the relative content of 2‐heptanone, which contributed to the reduction of fishy odour, was more in medium‐heated microwave group. The content of monounsaturated fatty acids in the medium‐heat microwave group was higher than other reheating methods, so as the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids. Considering all indicators, medium‐heat microwave reheating is more recommended due to its inhibition of fat oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Cocoa butter is the most important ingredient of chocolate, which determines its melting behaviour. Variations in the melting characteristics of cocoa butter can profoundly affect the performance and suitability for their industrial utilisation. Over time, researchers have been attempting to establish a logical relationship between cocoa butter's unique thermal properties and the amount of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids in mono, di and triglycerides, and fatty acids (as major components), and free fatty acids, soap, primary oxidation products, minerals, moisture, phospholipids, tocopherols, unsaponifiable matters and metals (as minor components) found in cocoa butter. In this research, the thermal behaviours of thirteen samples of cocoa butter with different origins were investigated using isothermal differential scanning calorimetry. The cocoa butters starting temperature of crystallisation, temperature of maximum heat release, temperature of completed crystallisation and the enthalpy of heat release during recrystallisation were evaluated. In addition, the chemical composition (moisture, acidity, peroxide, minerals and soap content), fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition were used to establish an MLP‐ANN with fourteen input neurons connected by two flexible, sigmoid activation function layers. The back‐propagation was used to train the artificial neural network (ANN) structure and optimise the error of prediction. The study showed that the MLP algorithm can predict the thermal behaviour of CB samples with trace error, regardless of plant growth and extract process condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of nutritional interventions (i.e. nutritional support, dietary patterns and dietary supplements) on cognitive function in cancer survivors. Design: Systematic review. Methods: A systematic and comprehensive search of PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Embase, and CINAHL was conducted from the inception until March 10, 2023. The last search was conducted on December 10, 2023. Reporting Method: PRISMA. Results: A total of 59 randomized controlled trials were included for analysis. Nutritional support, dietary patterns and dietary supplements improved cognitive function in cancer survivors with no apparent safety concerns. The anti‐inflammatory diet, the fasting‐mimicking diet and the web‐based diet significantly improved cognitive function. Whereas the ketogenic diet or dietary advice to consume more soluble dietary fibres and less insoluble dietary fibres and lactose could not. There was evidence from dietary supplements to support the beneficial effects of polyunsaturated fatty acid supplements, traditional herbal medicines and other supplements. Conclusions: Nutritional interventions have great promise for improving cognitive function in adult cancer survivors. Further validation of the nutritional interventions supported in this study in other survivors and exploration of more effective nutritional interventions are needed. Implications for the Profession and/or Patient Care: This work can support the construction of nutritional support interventions and dietary guidance programs to prevent cancer‐related cognitive decline. Impact: This work filled a gap in preventive strategies for cancer‐related cognitive decline from a nutritional perspective. Nutritional support, dietary patterns, and dietary supplements can prevent cancer‐related cognitive decline without serious safety concerns. This work highlighted nutritional interventions that have the potential to improve cognitive function in cancer survivors, benefiting the further construction of evidence‐based nutritional intervention programs. Protocol Registration: PROSPERO. Patient or Public Contribution: No patient or public contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We aimed to prospectively evaluate the association between a diabetes risk reduction diet (DRRD) score and the risk of liver cancer development and chronic liver disease‐specific mortality. Methods: We included 98,786 postmenopausal women from the Women's Health Initiative‐Observational Study and the usual diet arm of the Diet Modification trial. The DRRD score was derived from eight factors: high intakes of dietary fiber, coffee, nuts, polyunsaturated fatty acids, low intakes of red and processed meat, foods with high glycemic index, sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSBs), and trans fat based on a validated Food‐Frequency Questionnaire administered at baseline (1993–1998). Multivariable hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for liver cancer incidence and chronic liver disease mortality were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Results and conclusion: After a median follow‐up of 22.0 years, 216 incident liver cancer cases and 153 chronic liver disease deaths were confirmed. A higher DRRD score was significantly associated with a reduced risk of developing liver cancer (HRTertile 3 vs. Tertile 1 = 0.69; 95% CI: 0.49–0.97; Ptrend = 0.03) and chronic liver disease mortality (HRT3 vs. T1 = 0.54; 95% CI: 0.35–0.82; Ptrend = 0.003). We further found inverse associations with dietary fiber and coffee, and positive associations with dietary glycemic index, SSBs, and trans fat. A higher DRRD score was associated with reduced risk of developing liver cancer and chronic liver disease mortality among postmenopausal women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to identify the most suitable high‐oleic rapeseed blended oil for frying. Six high‐oleic rapeseed blended oils were formulated based on a polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid ratio of 2.0 and an n‐3 fatty acid/n‐6 fatty acid ratio of 1:4–1:6, after which the physiochemical properties, frying performance, tocopherol content, and hazardous substance contents were evaluated. The blended oil containing high‐oleic rapeseed oil: soybean oil: palm oil (85:12:3) had a reasonable fatty acid composition, better oxidative stability index (9.05 h), higher total tocopherol content (0.3 mg/kg), and longer time to reach a total polar component content of 27% (29.3 h). Moreover, after frying for 30 h, the peroxide value (7.25 mmol/kg), residual oil rate (0.57%), trans‐fatty acid content (0.37%), malondialdehyde content (1.57 μg/kg), and 3‐monochloro‐1,2‐propanediol ester content (0.24 mg/kg) were lower than those of the other samples. Principal component analysis revealed that the quality of the high‐oleic rapeseed blended oil was positively correlated with benzo[a]pyrene, 18:2, and 18:3, and negatively correlated with the residual oil rate, trans‐fatty acids, and 18:1 content. This high‐oleic rapeseed blended oil is potentially suitable for frying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camellia oil, one of the four major woody oils globally, possesses exceptional nutritional value due to its high contents of unsaturated fatty acids and functional compounds like tocopherols, phenolics, and chlorophyll. Unfortunately, due to high demand and cost, fraudsters deliberately mix lower‐quality vegetable oils with camellia oil for profits. This has raised concerns among stakeholders, prompting the need for robust authentication methods. This review provides a concise overview of various analytical techniques employed to assess the authenticity, quality, and potential adulteration of camellia oil. Several techniques, such as chromatography, isotope‐ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), plasma‐based and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)‐based techniques, as well as emerging methods like electronic noses and electronic tongues, are discussed. Notably, traditional chromatographic techniques (GC and HPLC) are reported to be time‐consuming, laborious, employ toxic chemicals, and require complicated sample pretreatments. DNA techniques also face challenges in detecting adulterants due to the complex refining processes of camellia oil, including high‐temperature decolorization and deodorization, which reduce DNA content and induce degradation. In contrast, spectroscopic techniques such as fluorescence spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and infrared (near, mid, far) spectroscopy combined with chemometric analyses, have emerged as reliable, rapid, simple, sensitive, and accurate alternative analytical tools for the quality control of camellia oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lipid profile including total fatty acid (FA), sn‐2 positional distribution on triacylglycerol, and phospholipid (PL) FA in human milk, infant formulas, and animal milk (cow, goat, camel, donkey, and yak milk) were analyzed. Animal milk contained higher saturated fatty acids (45.08%–66.29%) than human milk (37.44%) and infant formula (33.46%). In the perspective of FA, human milk and the commercial formulas showed a better similarity. Human milk contained significantly (p < 0.05) higher 16:0 at the sn‐2 position (50.88%) than infant formulas (23.09%) and animal milk (28.95%–46.72%). As to PL‐FA, human milk contained significantly (p < 0.05) higher 16:0 and 18:0 but lower 18:1 n‐9 than other milk. The relative contents of arachidonic acid (AA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and nervonic acid (NA) in human milk were higher in PL‐FA than that in total FA. Noteworthy, the contents of AA, DHA, and NA in both total FA and PL‐FA were higher in human milk than other milk. These results indicated that the fortification of 16:0 at the sn‐2 position, and AA, DHA, and NA in both total FA and PL‐FA could improve the quality of infant formulas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Escherichia coli depletion of chaperone trigger factor and DnaK/J were not viable at 37°C, but viable below 30°C. Among the engineered E. coli depleted of trigger factor and DnaK/J, one strain Z625, exhibited survival at 37°C, while another strain Z629 only survived below 30°C. Comparative analysis of fatty acid profiles of Z625 and Z629 revealed absence of numerous saturated fatty acids in Z625 as compared to the wild‐type E. coli BW25113. In addition, increased unsaturated fatty acids were present in Z625, whereas the fatty acids profile of Z629 closely resembled that of BW25113. Whole genome sequencing revealed a 9‐bp insertion in rpoB of Z625. Combined structural analysis of simulated RpoB protein bearing the amino acid sequence L451G452N453 insertion and susceptibility analysis to rifampicin suggested that the insertion did not disturb the individual RpoB structure as beta subunit of RNA polymerase. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of Z625 and Z629 suggested that this insertion impacted transcription of the overall RNA polymerase in Z625, leading to potential repression of some genes whose overexpression was toxic to E. coli. Additionally, Z625 exhibited distinctive metabolic adaptations, likely contributing to its survival at 37°C. In summary, our study elucidated one LGN insertion in rpoB that impacts transcriptional regulation in E. coli, thereby explaining the survival of E. coli depletion of trigger factor and DnaK/J at 37°C, and these founding suggested that some simple mutations in critical genes like rpoB might play an important role in driving adaptive evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aim: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a rare cancer, yet its incidence and mortality rates have been steadily increasing globally over the past few decades. Currently, there are no effective targeted treatment strategies available for patients. ACLY (ATP Citrate Lyase), a key enzyme in de novo lipogenesis, is aberrantly expressed in several tumors and is associated with malignant progression. However, its role and mechanisms in CCA have not yet been elucidated. Methods: The expression of ACLY in CCA was assessed using transcriptomic profiles and tissue microarrays. Kaplan-Meier curves were employed to evaluate the prognostic significance of ACLY in CCA. Functional enrichment analysis was used to explore the potential mechanisms of ACLY in CCA. A series of assays were conducted to examine the effects of ACLY on the proliferation and migration of CCA cells. Ferroptosis inducers and inhibitors, along with lipid peroxide probes and MDA assay kits, were utilized to explore the role of ACLY in ferroptosis within CCA. Additionally, lipid-depleted fetal bovine serum and several fatty acids were used to evaluate the impact of fatty acids on ferroptosis induced by ACLY inhibition. Correlation analyses were performed to elucidate the relationship between ACLY and tumor stemness as well as tumor microenvironment. Results: The expression of ACLY was found to be higher in CCA tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues. Patients with elevated ACLY expression demonstrated poorer overall survival outcomes. ACLY were closed associated with fatty acid metabolism and tumor-initiating cells. Knockdown of ACLY did not significantly impact the proliferation and migration of CCA cells. However, ACLY inhibition led to increased accumulation of lipid peroxides and enhanced sensitivity of CCA cells to ferroptosis inducers. Polyunsaturated fatty acids were observed to inhibit the proliferation of ACLY-knockdown cells; nonetheless, this inhibitory effect was diminished when the cells were cultured in medium supplemented with lipid-depleted fetal bovine serum. Additionally, ACLY expression was negatively correlated with immune cell infiltration and immune scores in CCA. Conclusion: ACLY promotes ferroptosis by disrupting the balance of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. ACLY may therefore serve as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic target for CCA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methotrexate (MTX) is a folic acid reductase inhibitor that manages various malignancies as well as immune-mediated inflammatory chronic diseases. Despite being frequently prescribed, MTX's severe multiple toxicities can occasionally limit its therapeutic potential. Intestinal toxicity is a severe adverse effect associated with the administration of MTX, and patients are significantly burdened by MTX-provoked intestinal mucositis. However, the mechanism of such intestinal toxicity is not entirely understood, mechanistic studies demonstrated oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions as key factors that lead to the development of MTX-induced intestinal injury. Besides, MTX causes intestinal cells to express pro-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), which activate nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). This is followed by the activation of the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of the transcription3 (JAK/STAT3) signaling pathway. Moreover, because of its dual anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties, nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 (Nrf2/HO-1) has been considered a critical signaling pathway that counteracts oxidative stress in MTX-induced intestinal injury. Several agents have potential protective effects in counteracting MTX-provoked intestinal injury such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, taurine, umbelliferone, vinpocetine, perindopril, rutin, hesperidin, lycopene, quercetin, apocynin, lactobacillus, berberine, zinc, and nifuroxazide. This review aims to summarize the potential redox molecular mechanisms of MTX-induced intestinal injury and how they can be alleviated. In conclusion, studying these molecular pathways might open the way for early alleviation of the intestinal damage and the development of various agent plans to attenuate MTX-mediated intestinal injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the impact of sequential deposition of whey protein isolate (WPI) and fish gelatin (FG) on primary o/w emulsions containing 5% catfish oil at concentrations of 0.1–0.75%. Initially, the emulsions were stabilized using 0.5% FG and WPI. The study also examined the influence of sequentially depositing WPI and FG within the emulsions on various parameters, such as stability, particle size, viscosity, electronegativity, and oxidative stability of bilayer fish oil emulsions. It was observed that the particle size increased significantly when FG was deposited onto the primary WPI emulsion, from 0.57 to 1.61 μm. Furthermore, this process increased the apparent viscosity of the emulsion while reducing its droplet charge from − 24.93 to -12.17 mV. Conversely, depositing WPI onto the primary FG emulsion led to a reduction in the particle size and a slight increase in both electronegativity and viscosity. Concerning oxidative stability, a bilayer emulsion consisting of 0.5% WPI and 0.75% FG showed the lowest levels (hexanal concentration: 0.32 ppm) of oxidation after 21 days of storage. The mayonnaise fortified with a 20% bilayer emulsion consisting of 0.5% WPI and 0.75% FG exhibited rheological and microstructural properties comparable to those of commercial mayonnaise. Moreover, the fortification of mayonnaise with emulsified fish oil enhanced the fatty acid profile by increasing Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and reducing Saturated fatty acids (SFA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to develop emulsion foams (I: 1:1 flaxseed oil to coconut oil; II: 1:2 flaxseed oil to coconut oil; III: 2:1 flaxseed oil to coconut oil) based on the formation of an air-in-water-in oleogel as a healthy substitute for whipped cream.The developed emulsion foamswere assessed for their physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition. They were also characterized through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), polarized light microscopy (PLM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Based on the results, emulsion foamII demonstrated a higher overrun percentage (90%) thanI and III (80 and 70%, respectively).The serum leakage values for all formulations were zero after 24 h at 5 °C. While, hardness values for emulsion foams I, II, and III were 0.40 ± 0.03, 0.50 ± 0.10, and 0.30 ± 0.04 N, respectively. The emulsion foamIII had higher unsaturated fatty acids than I and II (54.67% vs. 41.50% and 28.72%). Theemulsion foamsI and II showed more packed air bubbles than the emulsion foamIII.In emulsion foams I, II, and III, the average size of air bubbles was 36, 25.09, and 15.09 μm, respectively. Moreover, the thermal stability of the emulsion foam II is enhancedby increasing the coconut oilratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context While the association between n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and cardiovascular (CV) events has been thoroughly examined, there is still a scarcity of research regarding their effect on the long-term prognosis in diabetic patients. Objective We aimed to explore the effects of n-3 PUFA on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with pre-diabetes and diabetes. Method Herein, a total of 16 539 eligible individuals were enrolled from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003 to 2018, and categorized into T1, T2, and T3 based on the tertiles of n-3 PUFA. The Cox proportional risk regression models, Kaplan-Meier curve, and subgroup analysis were conducted to evaluate the association between n-3 PUFA and mortality. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) curves graphically demonstrated the dose-response relationship. Additionally, weighted quantile sum (WQS) models were adopted to measure the mixed and individual effects of n-3 PUFA on mortality. Results Following a median follow-up period of 8.42 years, 3010 individuals died, with 989 deaths attributed to CV diseases. Significantly lower risk of all-cause (T2: 0.81 [0.71-0.92], T3: 0.77 [0.64-0.94]) and CV (T2: 0.75 [0.61-0.93]) mortality was observed after adjusting for multivariables compared to the reference (T1). Meanwhile, the RCS curve revealed a negative nonlinear association between n-3 PUFA and mortality. None of the interactions in any subgroup analysis were statistically significant except for BMI (P for interaction =.049). Finally, the WQS analysis demonstrated alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) as the main contributors to n-3 PUFAs' benefits against mortality. Conclusion Increased dietary intake of n-3 PUFAs, particularly ALA and DPA, was associated with a reduced risk of all-cause and CV mortality among Americans with prediabetes and diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Microalgae, known for their adaptability to extreme environments, are important for basic research and industrial applications. Euglena, unique for its lack of a cell wall, has garnered attention due to its versatility and the presence of bioactive compounds. Despite its potential, few studies have focused on Euglena’s cold adaptation mechanisms. Methods: This study investigates the cold adaptation mechanisms of Euglena gracilis, a microalga found in highly diverse environmental habitats, by comparing its growth, photosynthetic performance, and physiological and biochemical responses under two low-temperature cultivation modes: pre-adaptation to 16°C followed by exposure to 4°C (PreC) and direct exposure to 4°C (DirC). Results and discussion: In this study, the PreC group exhibited superior growth rates, higher photosynthetic efficiency, and more excellent antioxidant activity compared to the DirC group. These advantages were attributed to higher levels of protective compounds, enhanced membrane stability, and increased unsaturated fatty acid content. The PreC group’s ability to maintain higher cell vitality under cold stress conditions underscores the significance of pre-adaptation in enhancing cold tolerance. The findings from this research provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying cold adaptation in E. gracilis, emphasizing the benefits of pre-adaptation. These insights are crucial for optimizing the cultivation of algal species under cold stress conditions, which is essential for both biotechnological applications and ecological studies. This study not only advances our understanding of Euglena’s adaptive responses to low temperatures but also contributes to the broader field of algal research and its industrial exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has long been thought that exocytosis was driven exclusively by well-studied fusion proteins. Some decades ago, the role of lipids became evident and escalated interest in the field. Our laboratory chose a particular cell to face this issue: the human sperm. What makes this cell special? Sperm, as terminal cells, are characterized by their scarcity of organelles and the complete absence of transcriptional and translational activities. They are specialized for a singular membrane fusion occurrence: the exocytosis of the acrosome. This unique trait makes them invaluable for the study of exocytosis in isolation. We will discuss the lipids' role in human sperm acrosome exocytosis from various perspectives, with a primary emphasis on our contributions to the field. Sperm cells have a unique lipid composition, very rare and not observed in many cell types, comprising a high content of plasmalogens, long-chain, and very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids that are particular constituents of some sphingolipids. This review endeavors to unravel the impact of membrane lipid composition on the proper functioning of the exocytic pathway in human sperm and how this lipid dynamic influences its fertilizing capability. Evidence from our and other laboratories allowed unveiling the role and importance of multiple lipids that drive exocytosis. This review highlights the role of cholesterol, diacylglycerol, and particular phospholipids like phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, and sphingolipids in driving sperm acrosome exocytosis. Furthermore, we provide a comprehensive overview of the factors and enzymes that regulate lipid turnover during the exocytic course. A more thorough grasp of the role played by lipids transferred from sperm can provide insights into certain causes of male infertility. It may lead to enhancements in diagnosing infertility and techniques like assisted reproductive technology (ART). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the importance of understanding photoprotection mechanisms in high-light tolerant organisms to enhance crop productivity. It highlights the unique photoprotection mechanisms of Chlorella ohadii, an extremely high-light tolerant green microalga, which lacks traditional photoprotection components found in model organisms. The study suggests that exploring specialized organisms like C. ohadii can reveal novel targets for improving photoprotection and photosynthesis in crops, potentially increasing growth and yield. The research emphasizes the need to expand studies to include highly light-tolerant organisms to uncover unique mechanisms for enhancing crop productivity. [Extracted from the article]

Unlike lipid stability and oxidation studies in commonly used edible oils and margarines, margarines formulated with unconventional oils are not well characterized. This study investigated the effect of heat treatment (HT) on the stability and content of phytosterol in njangsa seed oil (NSO), bush mango oil (BMO), soybean oil (SBO), coconut oil (CCO), and margarines formulated from their blends: BN (BMO and NSO), BS (BMO and SBO), CN (CCO and NSO), CS (CCO and SBO), and commercial margarines (CM1 and CM2). Both oils and margarines were heat‐treated at 130, 170, and 210°C for 10, 15, 20, and 120 min (only oils). Changes in free fatty acid (FFA), peroxide value (PV), para‐anisidine value (AnV), and fatty acid (FA) composition and phytosterol content were determined after 20 min (margarines) and 120 min (oils) of HT and compared to their control/pre‐HT/unheated (UH) counterparts. The FA composition did not change significantly with HT. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)‐rich oils such as NSO and SBO showed significantly higher increase in FFA content with HT compared with oils with higher saturated fatty acid content (BMO and CCO). Oils with higher proportions of linoleic acid, such as SBO (68.3%) and NSO (60.35%), had higher AnV at the end of the HT compared with oils with lower content, such as BMO (0.51%). Phytosterol content fluctuated with HT, and changes in content were generally more pronounced in β‐sitosterol than in stigmasterol and campesterol. Both principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least‐squares discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA) were carried out to observe possible clusters. The results suggest that changes in quality and content of oils and margarines during heating are dependent on more than their fatty acid composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is crucial for the optimal (Opt) growth of bivalves, but the precise dietary DHA requirement remains undetermined in bivalves. Our study identifies the optimal dietary DHA requirement for razor clam Sinonovacula constricta and demonstrates its effects on fatty acid profiles and gene expression related to inflammation and detoxification. Microencapsulated feeds with different DHA levels (DHA1–6 groups: 1.68, 4.85, 9.49, 12.6, 15.59, and 16.95 mg g−1 dry matter) were prepared using spray drying. Razor clams (initial wet weight: 3.8 ± 0.6 mg) were fed these microcapsules for a period of 20 days. The present study showed that the clams in the DHA1 group exhibited significantly lower weight and shell length gain rates compared to those in the DHA3, DHA4, DHA5, and DHA6 groups. Based on the shell length gain rate, the Opt dietary requirement of DHA for clam is approximately 6.42 mg g−1 dry matter. The clams in the DHA2 group had significantly higher crude lipid content compared to those in the DHA1 and DHA6 groups, while the clams in the DHA1 group had the highest ash content, significantly higher than that in the DHA4 and DHA6 groups. The DHA levels in the clams increased with the increase in DHA content in the microcapsules, while the levels of total n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), linoleic acid (LA), and alpha‐linolenic acid (ALA) decreased. The mRNA levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (cox2) and 5-lipoxygenase type 2 (5-lox-2) were higher in the DHA1 and DHA6 groups compared to other microcapsule groups. As dietary DHA levels increased, the mRNA levels of nuclear factor kappa B (nfκb) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (nrf2) decreased. Additionally, the mRNA levels of glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (gclc) and glutathione S-transferase (gst) were highest in the DHA1 group. This is the first study to determine the Opt DHA requirement for juvenile razor clams using microcapsules with different DHA levels, and this study further reveals that dietary DHA can help reduce inflammation and oxidative status in clams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hydroxy fatty acids represent an emerging class of compounds with promising applications in the chemical, medicinal and functional food sectors. The challenges associated with their chemical synthesis have spurred exploration of biological synthesis as an alternative route, particularly through the use of fatty acid hydratases. Fatty acid hydratases catalyse the regioselective addition of a hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl group from a water molecule to the carbon–carbon cis-double bond of unsaturated fatty acids to form hydroxy fatty acids. Despite having been discovered in the early 1960s, previous research has primarily focused on characterizing single fatty acid hydratase variants with a limited range of substrates. Comprehensive studies that systematically examine and compare the characteristics of multiple variants of fatty acid hydratases are still lacking. Results: In this study, we employed an integrated bioinformatics workflow to identify 23 fatty acid hydratases and characterized their activities against nine unsaturated fatty acid substrates using whole-cell biotransformation assays. Additionally, we tested a dual-protein system involving two fatty acid hydratases of distinct regioselectivity and demonstrated its suitability in enhancing the biosynthesis of di-hydroxy fatty acids. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that fatty acid hydratases can be classified into three subtypes based on their regioselectivity and provides insights into their preferred substrate structures. These understandings pave ways for the design of optimal fatty acid hydratase variants and bioprocesses for the cost-efficient biosynthesis of hydroxy fatty acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The sucrose yield in sugarcane largely depends on stem morphology, including length, diameter and sugar content, making sugarcane stem a key trait in breeding. The “Bainianzhe” variety from Songxi County, Fujian Province, possesses both aerial stems and rhizomes, providing a unique model for studying stem development. We performed a spatiotemporal transcriptomic analysis of the base, middle and apical sections of both aerial stems and rhizomes. The analysis categorized transcriptomes by developmental stage—base, middle and apical—rather than environmental differences. Apical segments were enriched with genes related to cell proliferation, while base segments were linked to senescence and fibrosis. Gene regulatory networks revealed key TFs involved in stem development. Orphan genes may be involved in rhizome development through coexpression networks. Plant hormones, especially genes involved in ABA and GAs synthesis, were highly expressed in rhizomes. Thiamine‐related genes were also more prevalent in rhizomes. Furthermore, the apical segments of rhizomes enriched in photosynthesis‐related genes suggest adaptations to light exposure. Low average temperatures in Songxi have led to unique cold acclimation in Bainianzhe, with rhizomes showing higher expression of genes linked to unsaturated fatty acid synthesis and cold‐responsive calcium signalling. This indicates that rhizomes may have enhanced cold tolerance, aiding in the plant's overwintering success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examined Strychnos pungens Soler. (family LOGANIACEAE) fruit as a potential source of vegetable oil. Ripe fruits collected from a forested site in Zimbabwe were processed to determine the partitioning of fresh and dry fruit biomass. The oil was extracted from the seed coat using a hand–operated screw press, and its physiological properties were analyzed. Seeds contributed the most to the fresh weight of the fruit, followed by the shell and pulp. The seed coat was a significant component of the seeds. The seed coat, but not the pulp of the fruit, was found to contain screw press‐extractable oil, the yield of which was substantial, amounting to around 39% of the dry weight of the seed coat. The oil was found to have a high free fatty acid content and a moderate iodine value (83 gI2/100 g), indicating a degree of unsaturation. Furthermore, the oil contained carotenoids and tocols, which serve as antioxidants that help to protect the oil from oxidation. The oil had a high content of monounsaturated oleic acid (78.3%), which is known for its stability and health benefits. The low levels of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids make it a high oleic oil. The volatile profile of the oil included compounds with pleasant fruity aromas that enhance its flavour and fragrance. The results highlighted the need for waste management strategies if S. pungens is industrialized as an oil crop. Significant waste, including shells, pulp, cake residue, and seed kernels, would need proper handling and valorisation. In summary, the research showed that S. pungens has the potential to be a valuable source of high‐quality vegetable oil with good oxidative stability and health benefits, primarily due to its high content of oleic acid and antioxidant compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantitative Raman spectroscopy provides information-rich imaging of complex tissues. To illustrate its ability to characterise early-stage disease, we compared live P4E6, a low-grade Gleason-3 prostate-cancer cell line, to PNT2-C2, a normal prostate cell-line equivalent, thereby elucidating key molecular and mechanistic differences. Spectral changes from statistically relevant population sampling show P4E6 is defined by reduced DNA/RNA signatures (primarily base-pair modifications), increased protein-related signatures (synthesis), decreased whole-cell measured saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, and increased cholesterol and cholesterol ester (lipid storage). Signatures in the live-cell disease state point to the Warburg effect for aerobic glycolysis as the mechanism for cellular energy generation. A follow-on study involving catastrophic desiccation showed a key survival pathway in the cancer state in the structural robustness of DNA/RNA. Metabolic changes, namely in Warburg-to-oxidative-phosphorylation rerouting and reduced protein synthesis, were also shown. Such modifications limit cancer's resistance to oxidative damage, and thus its ability to utilise a higher redox homeostasis for metabolic advantage. The results demonstrate the ability of quantitative Raman spectroscopy to uncover, with full molecular-heterogeneity capture, mechanistic vulnerabilities in lowest-grade tumorigenic prostate cancer, thereby revealing underlying targets for disease disruption at early stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]