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Purpose This study aimed to implement a child abuse prevention program and evaluate its effectiveness based on the Nursing Model of Resilience and Coping Skills Training Model for unmarried mothers during pregnancy and puerperium. Methods This study had a prospective single-case, AB design with four repeated self-questionnaire measures and three observational measures. Seven unmarried mothers were provided with 10 sessions child abuse prevention program through individual visits from 32 to 34 weeks of pregnancy to six weeks after childbirth. The questionnaire was composed related to resilience, maternal stress, maternal attitude, parent-child interaction, child abuse potential. The observation was measured by video recording (total 16 times) the interaction of parent-child during feeding and analyzing it by three experts. Data were analyzed by Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Friedman’s test. Results Maternal attitude and parent-child interaction were statistically significantly improved after intervention compared to before intervention. However, maternal stress decreased after intervention compared to before intervention, but it was not statistically significant. Additionally, resilience and child abuse potential were not statistically significant. This program is partially effective in preventing child abuse by promoting parenting attitudes and parent-child interactions. Conclusion This study focused on individual resilience and applied systematic intervention as coping skills training to prevent child abuse. This study is meaningful in that interventions were conducted through individual visits to unmarried mothers at high risk of child abuse, and the program was applied, including pregnancy and postpartum periods, to prevent child abuse early.

In the 1840s, newspaper reporters and prosecutors in New York City began to use literary tropes about seduction to characterise unmarried women who had abortions. This article uses an 1844 trial over an abortion performed on a young French immigrant woman to demonstrate how the uptake of such tropes obscured women's own perspectives about sexual relations and vilified abortion providers. This process ultimately fostered growing anti‐abortion attitudes in the decade before the American Medical Association's campaign to criminalise abortion, revealing the cultural, not just medical, roots of anti‐abortion activism in the USA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines high school diploma or equivalent (HS/E) attainment by mothers who had a nonmarital birth (“unmarried mothers”) and the associations between state‐level Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) policies and their postnatal HS/E attainment. Using an analytic sample of 1154 unmarried mothers without HS/E from the restricted‐use Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study, we tracked postnatal HS/E attainment patterns for 15 years, and conducted discrete‐time event history analysis with mixed effects to test the relationships between states' TANF policies and postnatal HS/E attainment. Only 35.1% of the sample attained HS/E after childbirth, while nearly half of mothers who attained HS/E were not able to do so within 3 years of childbirth. A $100 higher maximum monthly benefit amount is associated with 86.1% higher odds of postnatal HS/E attainment, indicating the need to consider increasing TANF benefit amounts as a means to promote educational attainment among unmarried mothers with educational disadvantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the representation of unmarried mothers, particularly in the Belle Epoque, examining the societal attitudes and historical context surrounding the struggles faced by these women in France during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Topics include the changing terminology used for unmarried mothers, the societal challenges they encountered, the options available to them, and the legal and societal support provided for these mothers and their children.

This article gives an overview of postcolonial cinema in the Maghreb while focusing on the two Maghrebi filmmakers, Meryem Benm'Barek-Alosï and Maryam Touzani, whose films take a more daring stance on the problem of filles-mères (unmarried mothers) and childbearing out of wedlock in the Moroccan society. This article examines the development of Moudawana (family law) in Morocco, its effects on women's lives, and the concept of shame in Maghrebi culture through a detailed analysis of Sofia (2018) and Adam (2019). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, unmarried mothers have suffered greatly in Irish society. Advocacy for unmarried mothers began in the 1970s with the emergence of the women's movement in Ireland. 'Cherish' became one of the first organisation in Ireland to push for rights for unmarried mothers. This article is the first comprehensive study into the organisation exploring its establishment and development throughout the late twentieth century. Against the backdrop of the larger women's movement, this article focuses on the early years of the campaign incorporating the push for unmarried mothers allowance; accommodation assistance offered; advice on legal issues including maintenance; as well as lobbying politicians on legislative change. It incorporates the organisation's connection with the Catholic Church whilst simultaneously and unapologetically challenging Archbishop Dermot Ryan on prejudices against unmarried mothers. In the 1980s, the group faced new challenges as more women with unplanned pregnancies sought information on abortion. The organisations link with the Catholic Church diminished throughout the 1980s as Cherish began to direct women to abortion information helplines and openly supported the Defend the Clinics Campaign, despite their receipt of state funding. The establishment of Cherish and its commitment to advocacy for women in crisis pregnancy has been somewhat overlooked in the historical analysis of the Irish women's movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate Finnish unmarried mothers' (n = 195) subjective understanding of their newborns' families. In contrast to studies focusing on the mother's household or union status, we asked the mothers who they felt to belong to their baby's family. Latent class analysis detected four family types, varying in their inclusion of baby's father, siblings, wider kin group and parents' friends. Most of the mothers subsumed extra‐household relationships in their baby's family, although one in four mothers limited the family to their household members. The results indicate notable differences in the newborns' relational contexts, which may turn into differences in children's social resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While stigmatisation is universal, stigma research in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) is limited. LMIC stigma research predominantly concerns health-related stigma, primarily regarding HIV/AIDS or mental illness from an adult perspective. While there are commonalities in stigmatisation, there are also contextual differences. The aim of this study in DR Congo (DRC), as a formative part in the development of a common stigma reduction intervention, was to gain insight into the commonalities and differences of stigma drivers (triggers of stigmatisation), facilitators (factors positively or negatively influencing stigmatisation), and manifestations (practices and experiences of stigmatisation) with regard to three populations: unmarried mothers, children formerly associated with armed forces and groups (CAAFAG), and an indigenous population. Group exercises, in which participants reacted to statements and substantiated their reactions, were held with the 'general population' (15 exercises, n = 70) and 'populations experiencing stigma' (10 exercises, n = 48). Data was transcribed and translated, and coded in Nvivo12. We conducted framework analysis. There were two drivers mentioned across the three populations: perceived danger was the most prominent driver, followed by perceived low value of the population experiencing stigma. There were five shared facilitators, with livelihood and personal benefit the most comparable across the populations. Connection to family or leaders received mixed reactions. If unmarried mothers and CAAFAG were perceived to have taken advice from the general population and changed their stereotyped behaviour this also featured as a facilitator. Stigma manifested itself for the three populations at family, community, leaders and services level, with participation restrictions, differential treatment, anticipated stigma and feelings of scapegoating. Stereotyping was common, with different stereotypes regarding the three populations. Although stigmatisation was persistent, positive interactions between the general population and populations experiencing stigma were shared as well. This study demonstrated utility of a health-related stigma and discrimination framework and a participatory exercise for understanding non-health related stigmatisation. Results are consistent with other studies regarding these populations in other contexts. This study identified commonalities between drivers, facilitators and manifestations—albeit with population-specific factors. Contextual information seems helpful in proposing strategy components for stigma reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With a particular focus on differences within social groups, this article describes the multiple forename system as it emerged between 1720 and 1890 in the area of Skellefteå in the north-east of Sweden. Female and male forenames are compared, as is the introduction of the multiple forename system in different social groups in the study data. Theoretical starting points are taken from the discipline of cultural sociology, especially the work of Simmel (1957) and Bourdieu (1984; 1989; 1997). The results indicate that this naming pattern was introduced in the naming of girls prior to the naming of boys. Analysis of the social aspects of the process takes its starting point in fields like ‘names and social identity’, ‘status and (group) solidarity’, and ‘the importance of taste’. The data studied are divided into six social groups based on the father’s social rank at the time of the child’s birth, one group comprising unmarried mothers and one ‘miscellaneous’ group. The results illustrate that the practice of giving children at least two forenames was introduced by the upper middle class (upper bourgeoisie), who then either returned to giving one forename or increased the number of forenames to three for each child. (...)

This article examines cases of child custody which came before the Irish courts from the introduction of the 1937 Constitution to the Guardianship of Infants Act 1964. It examines ten cases of child custody in the courts from 1937 to 1964 and focuses in particular on the influence of religion in the determination of child custody. It incorporates parental rights for unmarried parents and in cases of "mixed marriage." It critically analyzes the family under the Irish Constitution and highlights significant cases of child custody during the period which led to legislative change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to apply and evaluate the effectiveness of a child abuse prevention program based on the Nursing Model of Resilience and Coping Skills Training Model for unmarried mothers during pregnancy and puerperium., Methods: This study had a prospective single-case, AB design with four repeated self-questionnaire measures and three observational measures. Seven unmarried mothers were provided with 10 sessions child abuse prevention program through individual visits from 32 to 34 weeks of pregnancy to 6 weeks after childbirth. The questionnaire was composed related to resilience, maternal stress, maternal attitude, parent-child interaction, child abuse potential. The observation was measured by video recording (total 16 times) the interaction of parent-child during feeding and analyzing it by three experts. Data were analyzed by Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Friedman's test., Results: Maternal attitude and parent-child interaction were statistically significantly improved after intervention compared to before intervention. However, maternal stress decreased after intervention compared to before intervention, but it was not statistically significant. Also, resilience and child abuse potential were not statistically significant. This program is partially effective in preventing child abuse by promoting parenting attitudes and parent-child interactions., Conclusion: This study focused on individual resilience and applied systematic intervention as coping skills training to prevent child abuse. This study is meaningful in that interventions were conducted through individual visits to unmarried mothers at high risk of child abuse, and the program was applied, including pregnancy and postpartum periods, to prevent child abuse early.

Having Casablanca as a field site, this article situates heterosexual love and intimacy in the lives of young women experiencing social precariousness, including the uncertain non-status of unmarried mothers. Ethnographic insights broadly question love ideals and practices in Morocco, suggesting that these are simultaneously informed by socio-cultural and political-economic processes. It will be argued that women imagine and craft potential futures from an uncertain condition at the intersection of normative boundaries to non-marital sexuality and childbirth and socio- economic inequalities.

The article focuses on treatment of the "unmarried mother" in twentieth-century Ireland, it is important to regard the encompassing institutional order that evolved after the Free State attained a limited measure of independence in 1922. It mentions legislative history of the Irish Free State, with a strong influence on the soft authoritarian world of post- 1922 social reform and social control. It also mentions process of developing what Michel Foucault would view as specific ideologies.

In wartime Harlem, liberal mental health professionals, eager to serve the black freedom struggle, sought to depict the minds of troubled black children as human without reinforcing pernicious racial stereotypes. This paper examines how psychiatrist Viola W. Bernard and the Community Service Society struggled to portray the black community as both psychologically damaged and morally beyond reproach when publicly presenting the cases of her male and female clients. As a consequence, liberals helped champion the mental health needs of delinquent black males as a matter of racial justice while rendering young unmarried mothers effectively invisible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the mid-1990s, more and more stories about reunions of adoptees with birth families in Greece are being made public via the media, mostly television. These stories have brought to the fore, for the first time, past violence that had been inflicted by the state, by close relatives, and by local communities upon poor unmarried mothers. This article focuses on the birthmothers' social and precarious economic position, the violence of the normative values of "honor and shame" and the total lack of state and affiliation networks to support these vulnerable women, whose only available legitimate choice was to relinquish their child for adoption. Years after they had relinquished their newborn children for adoption, and when attitudes within Greek society towards the status of women had changed, these birthmothers had found various ways to keep their memories alive and to claim their position as mothers of their relinquished infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2016, the Egyptian Government has made several changes in the Alternative Families System that aims to provide children without parental care, especially abandoned ones, with families. The study assesses this flagship programme using the UN Guidelines for Alternative Care for Children as the main guiding framework, combined with qualitative methodological approaches, based on a purposive sample of key informants, consisting of governmental officials, national and international organisations, using in-depth interviews as the main tool for data collection. On one hand, the state declares its responsibility towards children without parental care. Moreover, it involved the assembly of a new national committee for alternative families. On the other hand, there are limitations which affect the increasing number of abandoned children, such as the inability of unmarried mothers to register their children and thus find proper support. In addition there was the non-existence of preventive strategies such as families' rehabilitation programmes. Finally, negative societal stereotyping towards abandoned children was identified especially by government officials administering the programme. The study recommends reviewing the existing legal framework to ensure its proper execution through allocating financial resources, upgrading the existing human capital and related systems, and developing a national alternative care strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A substantial proportion of unmarried mothers with young children live with new partners (stepfathers), and the stability of these unions is important to outcomes for mothers and children. This study examined effects of both step- and biological fathers' co-parenting, parenting, and financial contributions on union stability among mothers and stepfathers. Data were from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 370), and the sample included mothers with 3-year-old children who were mostly unmarried and low-income. Results from discrete-time event history analysis indicated that mothers' residential unions with stepfathers were more stable when stepfathers were working and less stable when biological fathers paid formal child support. Results from interactions in the model showed that differences in the likelihood of dissolution between working and nonworking stepfathers were greater when stepfathers had more supportive co-parenting relationships with mothers and when stepfathers engaged in activities with the child more often. Findings suggest that economic contributions of both biological and stepfathers affect the stability of mother-stepfather residential unions, and stepfathers' co-parenting and parenting contributions may provide additional protection against union dissolution, particularly when stepfathers are working. Prevention and intervention programs could benefit these fragile families by attending to economic contributions of both fathers and stepfathers and helping stepfathers develop roles as co-parents and parents in this context. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the consequences of the Second World War and, at the same time, one of the biggest social problems in post-war Poland was an unprecedented number of single mothers and children born out of wedlock. The shaken foundations of the world, omnipresent violence, migrations, the chaos and broken family ties accompanying them as well as a decline of values resulted in a more lenient approach to sexuality and caused a significant rise in sexual violence, especially towards the end of the war. So far this topic has not been examined in any great detail, with the documents in state archives being scattered and incomplete. Yet thanks to the documents kept in the Łódź University Library it has become possible to reconstruct the situation of single mothers and their children in 1947-1948 and, indirectly, also shortly after the end of the war. A team from the Polish Institute of Social Service established at the University of Łódź earned out a study of extramarital motherhood and the operation of Mother and Child Homes in Poland. The picture emerging from the surviving surveys, interviews and reports is depressing -- only 2 out of the 34 existing homes met the basic standards. One of them was the Mother and Child Home in Słupsk, the first such institution founded in Poland after 1945. Sources indicate that it was a unique institution in Poland, attracting women from all over Poland, women who were convinced that it was the only place guaranteeing anonymity, which they wanted so badly. They were treated there with respect and dignity, which, as is suggested by the Łódź study, was by no means obvious and common. The Słupsk Home owed this reputation to its founder and its first manager. In the article the author describes a 1947 study of Mother and Child Homes, particularly taking into account the Mother and Child Home in Słupsk. In addition, its operation in 1945-- 1949, from its founding to a change of its management, is presented in the light of other available sources, primarily from private collections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dissociation between sexuality and reproduction, thanks to the widespread use of contraceptives, has been one of the main catalysts of fertility decline and family change since the 60s in Europe and since the 80s in Spain. However, it is the dissociation between reproduction and marriage that has marked family dynamics since the late 20th century. At present, we are witnessing a new significant dissociation, although it is still in an emerging stage: the dissociation between reproduction and conjugality, i.e. motherhood without partnership and motherhood without sex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on a late-fourteenth-century defamation suit from the ecclesiastical court of York to demonstrate the granular nature of gender identity and homosocial cooperation and competition across status groups. In this case, a dispute between two gentry families developed into an accusation of sexual dishonour against the father of an unmarried pregnant woman. The analysis of networks of homosocial interaction reveals the gendered composition of reputation and identity at the social level. Male anxiety solidified around honesty in sexual and personal dealings, while concerns about social and religious status arose as the scandal became widely publicized. The study qualifies works on masculinity and insult in late-medieval society, demonstrating the significance of sexual honour and speech in men's disputes over reputation. It also illustrates the extent to which patriarchal authority could be enforced through control over the sexual activity of dependent men. Despite the involvement of gentry and lower aristocratic parties, the perspectives of women and non-elite men are visible and reveal the limits of patriarchal control in gentry households. Thus, the article delineates the nature of disputes between elite and lower-status men, tracing the boundaries of reputations, as well as their protection and maintenance in periods of conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During a few short months following the outbreak of war in 1914, Britain’s press was rife with reports of what was heralded as a new ‘social problem’. The alleged impending birth of thousands of ‘war babies’ to unmarried young women and girls, said to have been fathered by men recently departed for the Western Front, was widely discussed but ultimately proved to be largely fallacious. This article examines the extraordinary ‘war babies’ episode through the lens of the moral panic, focusing on the impact of exceptional wartime circumstances upon the shifting and conflicting sets of gendered, moral values and attitudes of the period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1993, the benefit levels of the earned income tax credit (EITC) were changed significantly based on the number of children in the household. Exploiting this policy change and employing a difference-in-differences plus mother fixed effects framework, we find significantly improved home environment quality for children of unmarried mothers, regardless of their race/ethnicity, and lowered probabilities of having accidents and improved mother-rated health for children of married white mothers. Children of unmarried black and Hispanic mothers also had better mother-rated health. Our results provide new evidence of positive spillover effects of the 1993 EITC expansion and therefore have important policy implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the relationship between premarital childbearing and the timing of women's entry into their first marriage in sub‐Saharan Africa. The study shows that African women who have a premarital birth generally experience later transitions to marriage than do their childless peers. Although the birth of a child precipitates a quicker transition to marriage initially, unmarried mothers, on average, marry at older ages than their childless peers and remain single for between 2 and 14 years. Evidence from a subsample of countries confirms that the time between having a child and first marriage has lengthened slightly in some countries; however, this reflects mainly the overall trend toward later marriage, rather than a further bifurcation of the marital trajectories of mothers versus childless women. The study raises policy concerns about the welfare of Africa's single mothers and their children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thestrategies implemented over the bodies ofyoung unmarried mothers are analyzed, as well as the representations of these at the university. Which include the health system and family support networks of university students. We conducted indepth interviews to 14 teachers and administrative staff of the Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí. This analysis was carried out from February to May 2014, in which we gathered the life stories of eight young single mothers who attended the School of Chemical Sciences. Entering motherhood as single mother does not conduce in a general way to, the use of contraceptive methods. The mothers interviewed reflected a partial use of the provided agencies of the university by attending this space with their children. There is a lack of university norms to socially legitimatize single mothers. On the other hand, the relationship between the capacity of the agency and their sexual reproductive rights are not established either in theory or in concept but rather in reflective actions that lack a theoretical support that would allow them to carry out w ith greater force their rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Over the last decades, the proportion of children born to unmarried mothers has been increasing in Latin America while unmarried cohabitation has become more common. One would expect the former to be a consequence of the latter and that the proportion of children born to unpartnered mothers remained stable or decreased. However, recent research has shown that the proportion of the total fertility rate (TFR) that is attributable to unpartnered women has, in fact, increased. OBJECTIVE This paper aims at understanding the increase in the share of the TFR attributable to unpartnered women in Latin America. METHODS We use census data and the own-children method to measure the evolution of fertility by conjugal union status. We use Poisson regression and a multivariate decomposition technique to examine the respective contributions of changes in the composition of the population and changes in the effects of the characteristics of the population on the changes in fertility. RESULTS In most countries the proportion of unpartnered women has increased. Their fertility has increased in some countries but decreased in others. In countries where it has decreased, it has done so at a slower pace than the fertility of partnered women, thus increasing the share of fertility that is attributable to unpartnered women. CONTRIBUTION Our study suggests that the main driver of the increasing share of fertility attributable to unpartnered women in Latin America is their increasing proportion of the population and that the increase (or slower reduction) of their fertility rates, compared to those of partnered women, is a contributing factor in some countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe the development and validation of the Daily Coparenting Scale (D-Cop), a measure of parents' perceptions of daily coparenting quality, to address the absence of such a daily measure in the field. A daily measure of coparenting can help us to better identify specific mechanisms of short-term change in family processes as well as examine within-person variability and processes as they are lived by participants in their everyday lives. Mothers and fathers, from 174 families with at least one child age 5 or younger, completed a 14-day diary study. Utilizing multilevel factor analysis, we identified two daily coparenting factors at both the between- and within-person level: positive and negative daily coparenting. The reliabilities of the overall D-Cop and individual positive and negative subscales were good, and we found that parents' reports of coparenting quality fluctuated on a daily basis. Also, we established the initial validity of the D-Cop, as scores related as expected to (a) an existing and already validated measure of coparenting and to (b) couple relationship quality, depressive symptoms, and child behavior problems. Further, fluctuations in daily couple relationship feelings related to fluctuations in daily coparenting quality. The D-Cop and its subscales functioned almost identically when only utilizing 7 days of data instead of 14 days. We call for future work to study day-by-day fluctuations and dynamics of coparenting to better illuminate family processes that lead to child and family outcomes in order to improve the efficacy of family interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlike prior studies that have explained racial differences in the transitions to marriage among unmarried women, our study used the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to examine racial differences in the transitions to marriage among unmarried women following a non-marital birth. We found that Black mothers were 60-65% more likely to delay marriage after a non-marital birth compared to White mothers and these racial gaps were only partially explained by economic, demographic and attitudinal factors. Our paper further contributes to this literature by examining changes in cohabitation patterns, educational attainment, poverty status and attitudes of gender distrust that are able to partially explain and reduce these racial gaps in transitions to marriage. With the general decline in marriage and rise in cohabitation, our paper tried to assess whether cohabitation is a leading factor for marriage or a substitute for marriage for unmarried mothers. Racial disparities have important implications for child wellbeing and intergenerational transmission of inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most young people in the United States express the desire to marry. Norms at all socioeconomic levels posit marriage as the optimal context for childbearing. At the same time, nonmarital fertility accounts for approximately 40 % of U.S. births, experienced disproportionately by women with educational attainment less than a bachelor's degree. Research has shown that women's intentions for the number and timing of children and couples' intent to marry are strong predictors of realized fertility and marriage. The present study investigates whether U.S. young women's preferences about nonmarital fertility, as stated before childbearing begins, predict their likelihood of having a nonmarital first birth. I track marriage and fertility histories through ages 24-30 of women asked at ages 11-16 whether they would consider unmarried childbearing. One-quarter of women who responded "no" in fact had a nonmarital birth by age 24-30. The ability of women and their partners to access material resources in adulthood were, as expected, the strongest predictors of the likelihood of nonmarital childbearing. Nonetheless, I find that women who said they would not consider nonmarital childbearing had substantially higher hazards of fertility postponement and especially of marital fertility, even after controlling for race/ethnicity, mother's educational attainment, family of origin intactness, self-efficacy and planning ability, perceived future prospects, and markers of own educational attainment and work experience into early adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efforts to improve child survival in lower-income countries typically focus on fundamental factors such as economic resources and infrastructure provision, even though research from post-industrial countries confirms that family instability has important health consequences. We tested the association between maternal union instability and children’s mortality risk in Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Asia using children’s actual experience of mortality (discrete-time probit hazard models) as well as their experience of untreated morbidity (probit regression). Children of divorced/separated mothers experience compromised survival chances, but children of mothers who have never been in a union generally do not. Among children of partnered women, those whose mothers have experienced prior union transitions have a higher mortality risk. Targeting children of mothers who have experienced union instability—regardless of current union status—may augment ongoing efforts to reduce childhood mortality, especially in Africa and Latin America where union transitions are common. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Youth ageing out of the child welfare system become parents at rates two to three times higher than their non-child welfare system involved peers. Substantial literature acknowledges that youth ageing out who are parenting are vulnerable; yet, little is known about their lived experiences. Social capital, or the actual or potential resources available from one's network, can provide essential resources for the wellbeing of parents ageing out. This qualitative study examined social capital of mothers ageing out from the perspectives of both mothers and service providers. We conducted small group interviews with 13 mothers ageing out and 14 service providers. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Findings revealed the use of a social capital framework delineates that mothers lacked beneficial social relationships and, consequently, support. A lack of trust coupled with a desire to break intergenerational patterns and norms contributed to understanding why mothers ageing out may not capitalize on resources that providers often considered available. Based on findings, we conclude that providing mothers ageing out with additional opportunities to develop trust, positive relationships with mentors and extended services may help to disrupt intergenerational patterns of maltreatment and promote child and family wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The presence of unwed mothers is a major problem that the tribal communities face today in Wayanadu. They are experiencing Multiple Social, Psychological, Economical and Educational disadvantage. The authors have studied socio-demographic profile and assessed the Self-esteemand psychological distress of this vulnerable group. Methods: the study follows cross sectional descriptive design, a sample of 40 respondents were interviewed through a proforma to collect socio-demographic details and administered Rosen Berg Self-esteem scale and self-reporting questionnaire to assess psychological distress. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics and correlation. Results: The socio demographic profile shows that majority of the unwed women are illiterate ad in the productive age group with low income and there is negative co-relation between self-esteem and psychological distress. Conclusion: Poor self-esteem is associated with a broad range of mental disorders like depression, suicide, eating disorders and anxiety. It is argued that an understanding of the development of self-esteem, its active protection and promotion are critical to the both mental and physical health. Hence, it hoped that the present study will be of great use in alleviating the distress associated with the unwed motherhood and promoting their Self-esteem and quality of life by addressing their psycho social concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In summer 2014, reports that a 'septic tank grave' containing 'skeletons of 800 babies' had been located on the site of a former home for 'unmarried mothers' in Tuam, County Galway, became an international news item. Following the media frenzy triggered by the apparent discovery, the Irish coalition government announced the setting-up of a Commission of Investigation to examine responses to 'unmarried mothers' and their children during the years between 1922 and 1998. The publication of the inquiry's report is due in 2018. Drawing on archival material and the annual reports of the Catholic Protection and Rescue Society of Ireland (CPRSI), the article historicises the evolution of Mother and Baby Homes and links past practices with how women's reproductive rights are regulated today. Connections are also made with how the state presently responds to asylum seekers in Ireland's 'modern, civilised democracy' (Flanagan, 2014). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing from a theoretical model of educational decisions and intersectionality theory, this study examined demographic, socioeconomic, and public assistance characteristics that influence unmarried mothers' postnatal enrollment. Using the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS), binomial and multinomial regression techniques were used to examine unmarried mothers' enrollment in their child's first 9 years. Results showed unmarried mothers' educational commitment coupled with the influence of race and class indicate that they need additional opportunities to optimize their educations and job opportunities. Targeting outreach and enrollment assistance to underrepresented groups can reduce social-origin inequalities. Important directions for future research include understanding unmarried mothers' rationale for school enrollment and considering how race and class work in combination to support or deter enrollment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]