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Copyright of Revista Española de Cardiología (18855857) is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective. Trusses and frames are widely used in the design and construction of buildings and structures, since they have high load-bearing capacity and rigidity. At the same time, they have a significant mass. In order to reduce the mass and cost of rafter and frame structures, this article develops optimal design and calculation schemes using steels of different strengths. Method. The study is based on the theory and methods of design optimization. By studying the features of the frame and truss operation, the most loaded elements of the structures are determined. In accordance with this, steels of different strengths are selected, which ensures a decrease in the mass of the structure and its cost. Comparing various design and calculation schemes, the optimal distribution of steels of different strengths along the span of the structures is proposed. Result. The developed design and calculation schemes make it possible to reduce the mass and cost of frames and trusses by optimally distributing steels of different grades. Conclusion. The proposed solutions can find application in the practice of designing and constructing metal structures. Structural schemes of trusses and frames have been developed, where steels of different strengths are used, which in terms of weight and cost compare favorably with corresponding structures made of steels of the same strength (one grade).

The study aimed to present a proposed model for planning innovation units in Egyptian universities using the PERT technique, based on the belief in the pivotal role of innovation as a tool for progress and development within societies, as innovation has become one of the most important engines of economic growth in the world, and a source of competitive advantage in the twenty-first century, and considering universities as the main incubators. For innovative capabilities, the study paid great attention to developing the university’s role in preparing innovative human capabilities through establishing innovation units within it. The study used the descriptive approach to analyze the reality of innovation in Egyptian universities. And its components, and the most important obstacles and challenges facing innovation in Egyptian universities are known. The study relied on the use of the PERT technique as one of the future planning methods in determining the activities necessary to implement projects, in order to present a proposed model for planning innovation units in Egyptian universities, and then achieve the goal of the study, The study came up with some requirements for the proposed model, including: the necessity of providing technological infrastructure to support the unit’s activities, concluding company contracts between the unit and production institutions to support and sponsor the unit’s projects, and disseminating the culture of innovation widely within the university community through holding conferences, seminars, and workshops on innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. This study aims to develop and create a specialized acute kidney injury (AKI) predictor score for the intensive care unit (ICU) patients in Padang, Indonesia. Patients and Methods. This study was a prospective observational study on 352 ICU patients at three specialized hospitals in Padang City; Dr. M. Djamil General Hospital, Dr. Rasidin General Hospital, and Siti Rahmah Islamic Hospital. Data regarding demographics, clinical characteristics, laboratory results, and outcomes related to AKI were gathered. The factors that predict AKI were identified using multivariate logistic regression analysis to determine independent factors. The predictor scores were created using regression coefficients and then internally confirmed. Results. Out of a total of 352 patients, 128 individuals (36.4%) suffered from AKI. Factors that independently predict the occurrence of AKI include age over 60 years old, having a history of chronic kidney disease, having sepsis, need for vasopressors, and having creatinine level 1.3 mg/dL (IQR 1.0-1.8) upon admission to ICU. An area under the curve (AUC) of 0.85 (95% CI 0.80-0.90) indicated the strong performance of the constructed predictor score. Conclusion. The constructed AKI predictor score a scale factor of 10, resulting in a range of 0-10 for the AKI predictor score. It demonstrates a good level of accuracy in predicting AKI in ICU patients in Padang. This score can be used by healthcare professionals to quickly identify and categorize individuals based on their risk level, facilitating timely intervention and personalized treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We significantly strengthen results on the structure of matrix rings over finite fields and apply them to describe the structure of the so-called weakly n-torsion clean rings. Specifically, we establish that, for any field F with either exactly seven or strictly more than nine elements, each matrix over F is presentable as a sum of of a tripotent matrix and a q -potent matrix if and only if each element in F is presentable as a sum of a tripotent and a q -potent, whenever q > 1 is an odd integer. In addition, if Q is a power of an odd prime and F is a field of odd characteristic, having cardinality strictly greater than 9, then, for all n ≥ 1, the matrix ring Mn(F) is weakly (Q − 1)-torsion clean if and only if F is a finite field of cardinality Q. A novel contribution to the ring-theoretical theme of this study is the classification of finite fields FQ of odd order in which every element is the sum of a tripotent and a potent. In this regard, we obtain an expression for the number of consecutive triples γ − 1, γ, γ + 1 of nonsquare elements in FQ ; in particular, FQ contains three consecutive nonsquare elements whenever FQ contains more than nine elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research considers the design and simulation of 30 000 tons per year of cumene plant using Aspen HYSYS as the simulation tool. The feed (material content) used is the characterized natural gas from Utorogu Gas Field with composition of 0.9019 methane, 0.0694 ethane, 0.0209 propane, 0.00361 n-butane, 0.00414 i-butane, 0.00005 n-pentane and 0.00007 i-pentane. The cumene plant consist of the cryogenic distillation column, de-hydrogenator (Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor), Alkylator (Plug Flow Reactor), storage tanks, separators, pumps, heat exchanger and mixers. The size/design models of basic plant units such as de-hydrogenator, alkylator, separators, storage tanks and distillation column were developed using the principles of mass and energy balance. The result of design or size specifications in terms of equipment diameter of basic plant units obtained from HYSYS simulation are 0.8 m and 0.319 m for the cryogenic and cumene columns; 1.931 m, 2.244 m and 1.366 m for the propane, propene and cumene storage tanks; 1.868 m and 2.076 m for the de-hydrogenator and alkylator; 1.931 m and 2.146 m for propene and cumene separators respectively. The power or capacity of propane and propene pumps configured in the plant are 0.02 kW and 0.005 kW respectively. The result of the reactor and distillation column thickness specification to withstand corrosion, pressure or stress during plant operation in terms of cylindrical shell and ellipsoidal doomed head are 17.36 mm and 4.31 mm respectively. The economic evaluation (overall cost) including the cost of utilities, catalyst, operating, and maintenance for entire plant is $ 3.004 M. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The units of a number field k act naturally on the real vector space k ⊗ Q R , and so on open subsets of (k ⊗ Q R) ⁎ that are stable under the units. A Shintani domain for this action consists of a finite number of polyhedral cones, all having generators in k , whose union is a fundamental domain. Aside from the trivial case of imaginary quadratic fields, no practical method for computing Shintani domains for totally complex number fields has been published. Here we give a quick way to compute Shintani domains for totally complex quartic number fields. To construct these domains we exploit the existence of a forward attractor and backward repeller set for this action. We prove that the number of polyhedral cones needed for the Shintani domain is bounded by an absolute constant, a fact previously known only for cubic or quadratic fields. We also show that our algorithm for finding a Shintani domain runs in polynomial time and we give a table describing the results of running the algorithm on more than 168,000 fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a number field k having at least one embedding into the real numbers we give an algorithm to obtain a Shintani domain for the action of the totally positive units of k under its geometric embedding. Our algorithm modifies a known signed, or virtual, fundamental domain until it becomes a true one. We examine the results of extensive runs of our algorithm for cubic, quartic and quintic number fields. We also give some data for totally real sextic fields where our algorithm is still often practical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Saudi Art & Design Journal is the property of Saudi Art & Design Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We investigate connections between near-rings and cellular automata. Near-rings are the nonlinear generalisation of rings. Collections of linear cellular automata are rings, the generalisation to near-rings allows us to look at nonlinear cellular automata in an algebraic setting, providing new tools. We show that cellular automata with group structured state sets form a centralizer near-ring under composition and cell-wise addition. The property of being a unit is undecidable in certain near-rings of cellular automata, introducing a new type of undecidability into near-ring theory. Non continuous, infinite radius generalised cellular automata are investigated. The continuous near-ring of cellular automata with finite arity local functions is shown to be 2-primitive. The radical for cellular automata on a finite space group is shown to be large, in contrast to the case of torsion free space groups. The quotient near-ring is determined in this case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the many usages and meanings of the term species in biology, as currently applied (1) to named taxa such as Homo sapiens and Panthera tigris, (2) to a rank (usually but not necessarily the lowest and/or the most fundamental one) of the biological classification, and (3) as a variegated set of notions, the most important among them being the morphospecies, the biospecies, the ecospecies, the evolutionary species, the agamospecies and the taxonomic species. The debatable relationship between the Aristotelian "definition by species and genus" and the historical roots of the usage of genus and species as basic ranks in biological classification are outlined, as are the historical roots of the scientific nomenclature applied to biological species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro and Small Industries (MSI) are part of the processing industry which is known for its labor-intensive nature and minimal capital. This research aims to examine and analyze the influence of inflation, wages, units, labor and income of micro and small industries (MSI) on the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) of Processing Industry Sector in The Provinces of Java Island. The research method used in this research is Ordinary Least Square Multiple Linear Regression and panel data. The research variables used are inflation, inflation, wages, units, labor and income of micro and small industries (MSI) which are then used as independent variables that influence the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) of Processing Industry Sector, which is used as the independent dependent variable. The research results show that inflation, wages, units, labor and income of MSI partially or simultaneously have a positive and significant effect on GRDP of processing industry sector reaching 79.91 percent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Terra Latinoamericana is the property of Sociedad Mexicana de la Ciencia del Suelo A.C. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article provides a report of the recent workshop on “The metrology of quantities which can be counted” organised jointly by the International Committee for Weights and Measures’ Consultative Committees for Amount of Substance (CCQM) and for Units (CCU). The workshop aimed to trigger a discussion on counting and number quantities across the metrological community so that a common understanding of counting and a common nomenclature could be achieved and there was clarity on the differences between these increasingly important concepts. This article details the background to the workshop, provides a summary of the presentations given and the discussions on the topics raised. It also reports the conclusions, agreed actions and next steps resulting from the workshop.

This article reveals the geographical distribution, structures, and problematic aspects of business migration to the oblasts of the Carpathian region of Ukraine and abroad. In the context of the Russian–Ukrainian war, the article assesses the risks and threats that internal and international business migration pose to the Ukrainian economic system, economies of the Carpathian region, the internal consumer market, and business entities. Measures to mitigate the threats of business migration to the Carpathian region are offered. The implementation of certain measures will eliminate the identified threats to relocated businesses and minimise the risks to the social and economic development of the Carpathian region and Ukraine as a whole.

This exploratory article provides groundwork towards a tentative framework for exploring how lay measures and units – what is here called 'lay metrology' – intersect with formal metrology, and its various mediations. This article concerns itself with the role that everyday 'units' – grounded in part in the material culture of bodies and experience – play in relation to a metrological landscape, or 'metroscape' that is also inhabited by standardised units routinely popularised through various media. After a brief overview of the relevant literature on metrology, examples of lay metrology are provided that examine the relation of everyday units of, for example, length and area, to particular forms of bodily experience, social identity and sensorial capacities. This article draws on elements from science communication and affect theory to develop the notion of 'metroscoping' and to articulate a series of orienting questions for engaging with lay metrological processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gestures are hand movements that are produced simultaneously with spoken language and can supplement it by representing semantic information, emphasizing important points, or showing spatial locations and relations. Gestures' specific features make them a promising tool to improve spatial thinking. Yet, there is recent work showing that not all learners benefit equally from gesture instruction and that this may be driven, in part, by children's difficulty understanding what an instructor's gesture is intended to represent. The current study directly compares instruction with gestures to instruction with plastic unit chips (Action) in a linear measurement learning paradigm aimed at teaching children the concept of spatial units. Some children performed only one type of movement, and some children performed both: Action-then-Gesture [AG] or Gesture-then-Action [GA]. Children learned most from the Gesture-then-Action [GA] and Action only [A] training conditions. After controlling for initial differences in learning, the gesture-then-action condition outperformed all three other training conditions on a transfer task. While gesture is cognitively challenging for some learners, that challenge may be desirable—immediately following gesture with a concrete representation to clarify that gesture's meaning is an especially effective way to unlock the power of this spatial tool and lead to deep, generalizable learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shott (2022, American Antiquity 87:794–815) argues that making inferences from ceramic data requires first inferring use lives of vessels—something that is difficult to do. This comment argues that the problem of differential use life becomes more tractable if the assemblage, rather than the vessel, is the unit of analysis. Aside from empirical reasons, theoretical considerations also favor the assemblage as the appropriate unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bylye Gody is the property of Cherkas Global University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article provides a report of the recent workshop on "The metrology of quantities which can be counted" organised jointly by the International Committee for Weights and Measures' Consultative Committees for Amount of Substance (CCQM) and for Units (CCU). The workshop aimed to trigger a discussion on counting and number quantities across the metrological community so that a common understanding of counting and a common nomenclature could be achieved and there was clarity on the differences between these increasingly important concepts. This article details the background to the workshop, provides a summary of the presentations given and the discussions on the topics raised. It also reports the conclusions, agreed actions and next steps resulting from the workshop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A ring R is said to be n-fine if every nonzero element in R can be written as a sum of a nilpotent and n units in R. The class of these rings contains fine rings and n-good rings in which each element is a sum of n units. Fundamental properties of such rings are obtained. One of the main results of this paper is that the m × m matrix ring Mm(R) over any arbitrary ring R is 2-fine. Furthermore, the m × m matrix ring Mm(R) over a n-fine ring R is n-fine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reveals the geographical distribution, structures, and problematic aspects of business migration to the oblasts of the Carpathian region of Ukraine and abroad. In the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war, the article assesses the risks and threats that internal and international business migration pose to the Ukrainian economic system, economies of the Carpathian region, the internal consumer market, and business entities. Measures to mitigate the threats of business migration to the Carpathian region are offered. The implementation of certain measures will eliminate the identified threats to relocated businesses and minimise the risks to the social and economic development of the Carpathian region and Ukraine as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study the main numerical characteristics of the reliability indicators for the Komatsu SAA4D104E-1 engines of the KOMATSU WB93R-5 backhoe loader have been determined, and the laws of resource allocation have been established.To study the level of reliability of machines, a methodology for experimental research has been developed, where the complex, comparative and formal methods, as well as the systematic, cybernetic and statistical approach have been used. It has been found that increasing the level of reliability of the engine elements can be improved by increasing the quality and timeliness of the repair and maintenance activities and compliance with the rules of operation.This study is a continuation of a study conducted by the author.

This short article discusses the units of rate constants as used in chemical kinetics and, in particular, the aspect of non-integral powers of base units, which some might find unusual for units in the SI system. In many ways the fact that the units of the rate constants as usually defined convey information about the order of the reaction or reactions involved is very useful, but in other ways having the same (or at least very similar) quantity that has different units under different conditions is not so desirable. Furthermore, just as with chemical equilibrium constants, taking functions of the rate constant (such as the logarithm when representing the Arrhenius equation in the form ln k vs. 1 / T ) needs special attention. Here we examine a possible alternative definition of rate constants in terms of an explicit ratio to the concentration standard state and although we acknowledge that this approach unlikely to be adopted by the community, it serves as a basis to discuss the meaning of rate constants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past, my mathematics students have frequently complained at any suggestion that they should communicate ideas through the medium of a written report. This article discusses student responses when they were asked to write a short report for the mayor of a (hypothetical) small town in response to the mayor's plan to eliminate a contagious disease by locking the town down for three weeks. I discuss the approaches that students took in constructing their reports and summarize some of the great ideas that they had. Many students could see the parallel between what they were asked to do in the assignment and concurrent discussions in the communities that they came from with regard to the spread of COVID-19. The idea that mathematicians might have to communicate ideas in the form of a written report was not dismissed out of hand. I also reflect on ways in which the learning experience could have been improved. This hinges on providing a mechanism by which an individual student has the opportunity to read the reports of all the other students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1979, Shintani showed the existence of a fundamental domain, consisting of a finite number of k -rational polyhedral cones, for the action of the units of a number field k under its geometric embedding. Explicit construction of such cones is only known for totally real fields of degree [ k : ℚ ] ≤ 3. Here, we extend this to complex cubic fields using Espinoza's work on signed Shintani domains for such fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measurements are performed every day by anaesthetists. An under-standing of measurement is required for examinations in anaesthesia and daily clinical practice. This article describes the history behind the International System of Units (SI), current definitions and the most recent changes. Non-SI units are also described. A summary of SI unit naming conventions is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to a worsening homelessness crisis, Los Angeles City and County have recently looked to accessory dwelling units (ADUs) — small second homes on the same lot as a single-family home — as a part of the solution. Pilot programs in both jurisdictions offer homeowners subsidies for ADU construction in exchange for housing a person experiencing homelessness for between three and 10 years. In this paper, I evaluate the scalability, longevity, efficacy, political feasibility, and cost-effectiveness of these programs compared to traditional multifamily supportive housing. In doing so, I employ the metric of cost per year of affordability, to compare cost- effectiveness for programs of varying duration. I find that while ADU programs may be more politically feasible and have moderate potential to be scaled up, they will encounter significant difficulties in reaching that potential. They lack the longevity of traditional supportive housing, will either prove less cost-effective or will depend on homeowner contributions that may not materialize, and will have mixed effects on quality of life for formerly unhoused residents, among other hurdles. With private lenders still wary of the ADU market, greater scale and cost-effectiveness may be achieved by fostering private ADU investment, offering fee waivers to homeowners who agree to house a person experiencing homelessness, and supporting unhoused residents more directly with housing vouchers.

Consumers typically infer greater quantity from larger numbers. For instance, a 500 gram box of chocolates appears heavier than a.5 kilogram box. By expressing quantities in alternative units or attribute dimensions, one can represent an otherwise identical quantity in a more versus less discretized manner (e.g. a box containing 25 chocolates vs. a box weighing 500 grams). Seven experimental studies show that a difference between more discretized quantities (e.g. 25 vs. 50 chocolates) appears larger relative to a difference between less discretized quantities (e.g. 500 grams vs. 1,000 grams), above and beyond effects of number magnitude. More discretized quantity expressions enhance the consumers' ability to discriminate between choice options and can also nudge consumers to more favorable choices. Because more discretized quantities are more evaluable, expressing a quantity in terms of a collection of elements particularly helps individuals who are less numerically proficient. By identifying how discretization functions as a novel antecedent of evaluability and by distinguishing two different conceptualizations of numerosity (i.e. symbolic and perceptual numerosity), this article draws important connections between the numerical cognition literature and General Evaluability Theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current US science education reforms call for integrating engineering design in science instruction requires teachers to develop and teach engineering design-integrated science (EDIS) lessons. However, very few teachers have received training in engineering and how to integrate engineering design into science lessons. In response to this challenge, our teacher education program has been training secondary pre-service science teachers in engineering design and how to develop EDIS instructional materials. Thus, this study reports on the representation of science and engineering practices and engineering design skills in the EDIS instructional units developed by participant pre-service teachers, in aggregate and by science discipline and by different sections within the units. Results show that all science and engineering practices and design skills were included in the units. However, engineering practices and design skills were covered more than science practices in the EDIS instructional units. Pre-service teachers did not treat engineering design as an add-on or culminating activity. Instead, they planned the units to teach science through engineering design process, which was consistent to the model of our intervention, and the Next Generation Science Standards. We conclude that instruction on engineering design process and how to integrate it in science instruction through intensive professional development activities can enhance pre-service science teachers' abilities to develop EDIS instructional units, even for science subjects like life science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many patients with outlet obstruction secondary to prostatic enlargement have lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTSs) and an increased frequency of micturition. The standard treatment is transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), which alleviates obstruction and symptoms. However, after TURP, 20–40 percent of patients continue to experience LUTSs. The aim of the present study in rats was to identify the mechanisms that do not normalize after the removal of the obstruction and that could explain the persisting symptoms. We had microarray data from control, obstructed, and de-obstructed female rat bladders, which made it possible to study 14,553 mRNA expressions. We also had a bank of electron micrographs from similar detrusors. Microarrays: There were significant differences between the control and obstructed bladders for 1111 mRNAs. The obstructed and de-obstructed bladders differed significantly for 1059 mRNAs. The controls and the de-obstructed bladders differed significantly for 798 mRNAs. We observed many mRNAs that were increased in the obstructed bladder and then decreased to control levels after de-obstruction, and many mRNAs that were decreased in the obstructed bladder and then increased following de-obstruction. mRNAs that were significantly higher or lower in the de-obstructed bladder than in the control bladder were also found. Ultrastructure: The detrusor cells in the obstructed bladders had cross-sectional areas that were much larger than those in the controls. The control cells had smooth outlines and similar cross-sectional areas. The de-obstructed detrusor cells had larger cross-sectional areas than the controls, as well as corrugated surfaces. The cell areas varied, suggesting that the shrinkage of the de-obstructed cells was not even. We did not find any points of contact of the gap junction plaque type between the detrusor cells. There were abundant finger-like processes between the detrusor cells in the obstructed and in de-obstructed bladders, which were only occasionally found in the control detrusors. They are the only possible localization for gap junction channels. The de-obstructed rat bladder is not an organ with properties intermediate between those of the control and obstructed bladders. Instead, de-obstructed bladders have gene expressions, morphologies, and functional properties of the individual cells and their organization, which make them distinctly different from both control and obstructed bladders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study how power is configured, this article analyzes the first and second seasons of the TV Series House of Cards. The behavior patterns of the main character, Frank Underwood, were tracked to analyze his foundations, the means used, the scope and the type of power he wields. The theoretical approaches of Dahl (1957) and French and Bertram (1959) were used for constructing a group of categories that served as a guide in the search for index units. Therefore, the methodology is based on units (Barthes, 1970) identified within the dialogues, the iconic composition, and the actions of the character. The results obtained reveal that in the first season argumentation as a means to exercise power predominates, and manipulation predominates in the second season. Also, the media repertoire is much broader in the first season when the main character builds the scenarios to achieve his goals. These findings contribute to the construction of a broader understanding of power and its exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Units as they exist today are highly abstract. Meters, miles,and other modern measures have no obvious basis in concretephenomena and can apply to anything, anywhere. We showhere, however, that units have not always been this way.Focusing on length, we first analyze the origins of lengthunits in the Oxford English Dictionary; next, we reviewethnographic observations about length measurement in 111cultures. Our survey shows that length units haveoverwhelmingly come from concrete sources—body parts,artifacts, and other tangible phenomena—and are often tied toparticular contexts. We next propose a reconstruction of howabstract units might have emerged gradually over culturaltime through processes of comparison. Evidence from howchildren understand length and measurement provides supportfor this account. The case of units offers a powerfulillustration of how some of our most important, pervasiveabstractions can arise from decidedly concrete, oftenembodied origins.

This article scrutinizes interactional motivations for the sedimentation of grammatical usage patterns. It investigates how multi-unit questioning turns may have routinized into a single-unit social action format. Multimodal sequential analysis of French conversational data identifies a recurrent pattern in which a question-word question is followed by a candidate answer (formally: [question-word question + phrase/clause]). The data show a continuum of synchronic usage, the pattern being implemented as either two or one turn-constructional unit(s), with intermediate cases displaying fuzzy boundaries. In usage (i), a candidate answer emerges in response to the recipient’s lack of uptake as a way of pursuing response; in (ii) the candidate answer occurs immediately after the question, with fuzzy prosodic boundaries between the two units; in (iii) the pattern is produced as a single turn-constructional unit, showing important lexico-syntactic and prosodic consistency. It is argued that the integrated format (iii) originates in the repeated interactional sequencing of two subsequent actions, as in (i), and serves as a resource for proffering a highly tentative guess: It is the routinized product of frequent combinations in use, emerging from the interactionally motivated two-unit format. The findings support an understanding of interaction as a driving force for the routinization of patterns of language use.