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This Essay examines the impact of foreign policy collaborations, leading up to the Los Angeles Declaration on Migration and Protection, signed by twenty Western Hemisphere governments in 2022, on peoples' possibilities for migration and residence. Engaging Critical Legal Rhetoric and Rhetorical Historiography methodologies, this Essay examines the long history of foreign policy and interstate partnerships in the Americas to manage human migration in the region. We argue that foreign policy collaborations are yet another method to augment US power and influence in the region, limit possibilities for human migration northward, and completely remake the regional landscape of borders and nation-state sovereignty in the Americas. After outlining our methodology, our analysis begins with the collaborative response to the Central American civil wars of the 1980s and 1990s and the rhetoric deployed to warrant the political arrangements. In Part II.B., we examine discourse and political arrangements from the period between 2014-2021 when more Central Americans, especially families and minors, began presenting at the USMexico border than Mexican migrants. Our final section considers the regional collaborations implemented since 2021 to manage and regulate movement from South America to North America. Reading the moments together, we see the development of a regional migration management infrastructure through foreign policy collaborations to shift human migration south, farther away from the US southern border, and to prevent individuals from reaching territories where they may be able to seek asylum and other forms of humanitarian immigration relief. To conclude, we discuss the implications of a regional migration management system and suggest a need to rethink what nation-state borders are, how they function, and how collaborating countries serve each other's goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. To determine facility-level factors associated with COVID-19 outbreaks in US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) detention centers. Methods. We obtained COVID-19 case counts at 88 ICE detention facilities from May 6, 2020, through June 21, 2021, from the COVID Prison Project. We obtained information about facility population size, facility type (dedicated to immigrants or mixed with other incarcerated populations), and facility operator (public vs private contractor) from third-party sources. We defined the threshold for a COVID-19 outbreak as a cumulative 3-week incidence of 10% or more of the detained population. Results. Sixty-three facilities (72%) had at least 1 outbreak. Facilities with any outbreak were significantly more likely to be privately operated (P <.001), to have larger populations (113 vs 37; P =.002), and to have greater changes in their population size over the study period (‒56% vs −26%; P <.001). Conclusions. Several facility-level factors were associated with the occurrence of COVID-19 outbreaks in ICE facilities. Public Health Implications. Structural and organizational factors that promote respiratory infection spread in ICE facilities must be addressed to protect detainee health. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(9):909–912. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307704) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. To examine the relationship between health care discrimination and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy attributed to fears of immigration status complications among unvaccinated Latino adults and to determine whether the association differs among immigrants and US-born individuals. Methods. After universal adult eligibility for the COVID-19 vaccine, a nationally representative sample of 12 887 adults was surveyed using online and mobile random digit dialing from May 7 to June 7, 2021. The analytic sample (n = 881) comprised unvaccinated Latino adults. We examined the association between individual and cumulative health care discrimination measures and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy assignable to immigration-related fears. Results. Using a cumulative measure of health care discrimination, each additional experience corresponded to a 28% higher odds of reporting vaccine hesitancy Because of immigration-related fears. Findings were consistent across US-born and immigrant Latino adults. Four of the 5 discriminatory experiences were positively associated with vaccine hesitancy, including the absence of optimal treatment options, denial or delayed access to necessary health care, physician communication barriers, and lack of specialist referrals. Conclusions. Findings confirm a positive association between health care discrimination and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy attributable to immigration-related fears among Latino adults, regardless of immigration status. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(S6):S505–S509. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307668) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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We evaluate the performance of a widely used technique for imputing the legal immigration status of U.S. immigrants in survey data—the logical imputation method. We validate this technique by implementing it in a nationally representative survey of U.S. farmworkers that includes a well-regarded measure of legal status. When using this measure as a benchmark, the imputation algorithm correctly identifies the legal status of 78% of farmworkers. Of all the variables included in the algorithm, we find that Medicaid participation poses the greatest challenge for accuracy. Using the American Community Survey, we show that increased Medicaid enrollments stemming from the implementation of the Affordable Care Act in 2014 led to sizable changes in the share of immigrants imputed as legal over time and across space. We explore the implications of these changes for two previous studies and conclude that including Medicaid criteria in the imputation algorithm can significantly impact research findings. We also provide tools to gauge the sensitivity of results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corresponding to the growth of the immigrant population in the late-20th and early-21st centuries, immigrants' difficulties have been intensified and diversified in the United States. Drawing on the lens of social exclusion, this study aims to synthesize recent qualitative studies on immigrants' challenges in the United States. This study conducted a systematic review with 22 studies on immigrants' exclusion experiences. Results from this study indicate several types of immigrants' social exclusion and barriers to their inclusion. The findings of this study fortify our understanding of the social exclusion dynamics among immigrants and provide meaningful implications for their social inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Good moral character" and acts of "moral turpitude" remain significant US standards for citizenship hopefuls and potential deportees. However, there is little scholarship examining whether morality standards have been used as effective exclusionary tools in the history of US immigration law. This article addresses this incomplete picture by raising topical questions about democratic process in lawmaking and prompting historical reassessment of moral expectations as barriers to immigration. It highlights the leading role of federal appellate judge Learned Hand in exposing the interpretive challenges that moral-based standards presented to courts in the early to mid-twentieth century. The article argues that Hand attempted to reduce the discretionary scope of judges by relying on society's "common conscience" to decide legal disputes in this deeply subjective field of law. However, in applying this more layered, context-specific view of moral standard, Hand also exposed flaws in his own philosophical adherence to judicial restraint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article informs about a crime scene in American history that involves the butchering of an emigrant caravan in Mountain Meadows, Utah. Topics include Mormons and the Indians allied with murdered around a hundred and fifty emigrants including men, women, and children; and Mormons established their hierarchical community under Brigham Young's leadership in Utah, in the service of the Mormon Church.

This article explores the experiences of some Black South African families affected by international migration. Historically, emigration from South Africa has occurred in waves, and has been associated with specific political moments. Such migration has often been perceived as a predominantly "White phenomenon", but recent trends reveal a more complex picture. Prior research on Black migration has focused primarily on internal labour migration, exilic migration and the "brain drain" phenomenon of medical professionals. So far, little research has been done on the impact of international outward migration on the Black family system. This article addresses this gap, drawing on a larger qualitative project exploring the impact of South African emigration on elderly family members staying behind. The findings highlight the significance of close relational ties in the Black South African family system. Familial separation through emigration brings feelings of loss and apprehension for the wellbeing of family members living abroad, including potential racism in destination countries. Migrants abroad highlighted the value of family and of maintaining a Black South African identity, despite separation from the country of origin and the extended family. Significantly, migration is often perceived as a temporary state, in contrast to White South African counterparts. Given increased international migration, the results shed light on the interplay between racial identity and emigration, and the impact of international migration by Black South Africans on family that they leave behind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policy PointsInclusive state immigrant policies that expand rights and resources for immigrants may improve population health, but little is known about their local‐level implementation.Local actors that have anti‐immigrant attitudes can hinder the implementation of state policies, whereas the persistent influence of anti‐immigrant federal policies reinforces barriers to accessing health and other resources granted by state policies.Local actors that serve immigrants and support state policy implementation lack the resources to counter anti‐immigrant climates and federal policy threats. Context: In the United States, inclusive state‐level policies can advance immigrant health and health care access by extending noncitizens' access to public benefits, workplace rights, and protections from immigration enforcement. Although state policies carry promise as structural population health interventions, there has been little examination of their implementation at the local level. Local jurisdictions play multiple roles in state policy implementation and possess distinct immigration climates. Examining the local implementation of state immigrant policy can address challenges and opportunities to ensure the health benefits of inclusive policies are realized equitably across states' regions. Methods: To examine the local implementation of state immigrant policies, we selected a purposive sample of California counties with large immigrant populations and distinct social and political dynamics and conducted and analyzed in‐depth interviews with 20 community‐based organizations that provided health, safety net, and other services. Findings: We found that there were tensions between the inclusionary goals of state immigrant policies and local anti‐immigrant climates and federal policy changes. First, there were tensions between state policy goals and resistance from local law enforcement agencies and policymakers (e.g., Board of Supervisors). Second, because of the ongoing threats from federal immigration policies, there was a mismatch between the services and resources provided by state policies and local community needs. Finally, organizations that served immigrants were responsible for contributing to policy implementation but lacked resources to meet community needs while countering local resistance and federal policy threats. Conclusions: This study contributes knowledge regarding the challenges that emerge after state immigrant policies are enacted. The tensions among state immigrant policies, local immigration climates, and federal policy changes indicate that state immigrant policies are not implemented equally across state communities, resulting in challenges and limited benefits from policies for many immigrant communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 'health paradox' is a phenomenon in which immigrants report better health than their native-born counterparts despite experiencing numerous adversities. This study examines the 'health paradox' among adolescent girls in the U.S. and evaluates the understudied pathways and conditions in the immigration status-health link, including the role of emotional (i.e. depressive symptoms) and cognitive (i.e. decision-making) domains. Drawing on Wave I (1994–1995) and Wave II (1996) of a nationally representative longitudinal study of adolescents (Add Health), a series of regression models was conducted to explore the relationship between girls' immigration status and health (N = 6,543). Further, mean centered multiplicative terms and the KHB decomposition procedure were used to assess the moderating and mediating effects of depressive symptoms and decision-making. Results reveal that, in general, foreign-born girls enjoy better health as compared to their native-born counterparts, which is partially explained by their fewer depressive symptoms. Importantly, however, the experience of higher levels of depressive symptoms appears to decrease immigrant girls' resilience. The ability to be thoughtful and reflective when making choices serves as a health protective factor among girls overall, suggesting the need to foster adolescent girls' decision-making skills to improve their health. Policy recommendation based on our findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The norteño band Los Tigres del Norte (LTDN) are widely known as the 'voice' of the undocumented community for using their music as a vehicle to create and raise social consciousness on pressing issues of immigration. Utilizing Griswold's cultural diamond approach to analysing culture, I examine the culture/society relationship that emerges from their musical repertoire. Using this sociological model of culture, I argue that the wide receptiveness of their music is based on the constructed phenomenon that more than just a celebration of dance rhythms and entertainment their music poses itself as a cultural object attached with ideologies. By appropriating the dominant national discourse that has traditionally belittled, discriminated and dehumanized immigrants in the United States, in particular immigrants of Latin American descent, the music of LTDN markets itself less as a product and more as a cultural component of identity empowering marginalized communities by not only telling their stories but also nurturing a sense of pride. Analysing 56 songs within the musical repertoire of LTDN from 1970 to 2022, I demonstrate how their music on immigrant‐related struggles serves to reinforce a Latina/o collective identity by fostering solidarity, educating the public and instilling pride. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parent characteristics at childbirth influence children's internalizing and externalizing behaviors, which are critical determinants of broader socioemotional outcomes. The current study employed a longitudinal, person-centered, latent class analytic (LCA) approach to examine subgroup differences among key parent characteristics and associations with children's distal internalizing and externalizing behavior outcomes. The study sample (n = 2460) was drawn from baseline and Year 9 waves of the nationally representative Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Project. LCA results supported a 3-class solution to the data, comprising a married, well-educated, wealthy, English-speaking, U.S.-born subgroup; an unmarried, English-speaking, U.S.-born subgroup with low SES and educational attainment levels; and an immigrant, Spanish-preferred, low-SES, low educational attainment subgroup with moderate marriage probability. Children of the wealthy subgroup demonstrated the lowest internalizing and externalizing behavior scores, followed by the low-SES, Spanish-preferred subgroup. Children of the low-SES, English-speaking subgroup had the highest internalizing and externalizing scores. Results suggest a protective effect for children of the immigrant, Spanish-preferred subgroup despite low parental SES and educational attainment levels. Highlights: Latent class analysis uncovered subgroup heterogeneity and facilitated nuanced exploration of parent predictors of child behavior outcomes. Predictors for maladaptive child behavior outcomes (e.g., parent's social and financial stressors) may differ across sociocultural groups. Results suggest a protective effect for children of Spanish-preferred immigrants despite low parental SES and educational attainment levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Over the past decade, the United States (US) has seen a spike in migration across the US-Mexico border with an increase in hospital admissions of migrants and asylum-seekers under the custody of immigration law enforcement (ILE). This study aimed to determine how the presence of ILE officials affects patient care and provider experience in a teaching hospital setting. Methods: This cross-sectional online survey solicited quantitative and qualitative feedback from medical students, residents, and attending physicians (n = 1364) at a teaching hospital system with two campuses in Arizona. The survey included participant demographics and addressed participants' experience caring for patients in ILE custody, including the perception of respect, violations of patients' privacy and autonomy, and the comfort level with understanding hospital policies and patient rights. Thematic analyses were also performed based on respondent comments. Results: 332 individuals (24%) responded to the survey. Quantitative analyses revealed that 14% of participants described disrespectful behaviors of ILE officials, mainly toward detained patients. Qualitative thematic analyses of respondent comments revealed details on such disrespectful encounters including ILE officers violating the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and using intimidation tactics with patients. Nearly half of the respondents did not have knowledge of policies about ILE detainees' medical care, detainees' privacy rights, or ILE's authority in patient care. Conclusions: This study points out the complexities, challenges, and ethical considerations of caring for patients in ILE custody in the hospital setting and the need to educate healthcare professionals on both patient and provider rights. It describes the lived experiences and difficulties that providers on the border face in trying to achieve equity in the care they provide to detained migrant patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the experiences and perspectives of three first-generation college graduate Latinas from immigrant families regarding abolition and the need to dismantle the prison industrial complex. Topics include their personal journeys, reflections on policing, challenges within the criminal justice system, and their commitment to community-centered solutions for justice and safety.

Background: Stress during pregnancy can lead to significant adverse outcomes for maternal mental health. Early evaluation of prenatal stress can help identify treatment needs and appropriate interventions. Disparities in the social determinants of health can contribute to stress, but what constitutes stress during pregnancy within the social determinants of health framework is poorly understood. Objective: To scope how prenatal stress is defined and measured among pregnant people exposed to three prominent social stressors in the United States: insecurity pertaining to food, housing, and immigration. Eligibility Criteria: We included all studies that focused on stress during pregnancy in the context of food insecurity, housing instability, and immigration, given their recent policy focus due to the COVID-19 pandemic and ongoing political discourse, in addition to their importance in American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG's) social determinants of health screening tool. Sources of Evidence: We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for articles published between January 2012 and January 2022. Charting Methods: Using a piloted charting tool, we extracted relevant study information from the selected articles and analyzed the content pertaining to stress. Results: An initial search identified 1,023 articles, of which 24 met our inclusion criteria. None of the studies defined prenatal stress, and only one used the Prenatal Distress Questionnaire, a prenatal stress-specific tool to measure it. The Perceived Stress Scale was the most common instrument used in seven studies. Fifteen studies measured over 25 alternative exposures that researchers theorized were associated with stress, and 4 of the 15 studies did not explain the association between the measure and stress. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate a fundamental inconsistency in how prenatal stress is defined and measured in the context of social determinants of health, limiting the comparison of results across studies and the potential development of effective interventions to promote better maternal mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article shares insights on decarcerating immigration prisons of the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) as a tool for improved health. It cautions about the dangers posed by immigration prisons underscored by the COVID-19 pandemic such as medical mismanagement, neglect of detained individuals, harm to physical and mental health, and sexual assault. It highlights advocacy efforts to mitigate harm including population reduction to allow social distancing and vaccination.

The article discusses the development of Hispanic/Latino health and research amid the population's growth in the U.S. as of July 2024. Topics covered include the health status of Mexican American children, and the American Public Health Association's (APHA) task force request to address migrant worker conditions fifty years ago. Also noted is the need to inclusively represent Hispanic populations in public health, medicine and science to better understand their health conditions.

From its inception, the COVID-19 pandemic has been a disruptive force on U.S. health care and public health systems. President Biden's announced termination of the national public health emergency on May 11, 2023 portends a return to normalcy and relief for Americans from the greatest infectious disease scourge the nation has ever faced. In reality, closing out this pandemic presents a tempest of legal and practical complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This article examines the responses of the founders of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA; original name, the American Academy of Speech Correction) to the social trends of their day in the United States. Those trends included migrations from Europe and the rural South, the emergence of new scientific methodologies, and the birth of a professional class. Our aims are to reveal how the founders reacted to these select social changes, to show how their reactions served to shape the newly formed profession in and around 1925, and to describe how that profession is still grappling with their choices even today. Method: The writings of the founding members of ASHA were examined for evidence of their views in relation to 20th century historical trends, specifically examining their attitudes toward clients and clinical practice. Results: We identified elitist, ethnocentric, racist, regionalist, classist, and ableist statements in the writings of the founders. They promoted practices that denigrated those speaking dialects that were deemed nonstandard, including linguistic patterns originating from ethnic, racial, regional, and class differences. They also used ableist language in writing about people with communication disabilities, adopting a medical model that elevated the professional practitioner over the client. Conclusions: Our founders’ response to social and political trends led to their creation of oppressive professional practices rather than to work within a more positive social model of professional practice, which was readily available to them at the time, one that would have embraced differences rather than seeking to erase them. Once again, we are experiencing sea changes in our society, ones that offer us the opportunity to reverse the practices shaped by our predecessors. We can learn from the missteps of our founders to create practices that empower and respect those with communication differences or disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the perspectives of the authors who are highly educated immigrants from the Global South about their lived experiences and limited choices in conducting social work research, practice and education in the U.S. academic system. It focuses on the effect of restrictive migration policies on being an immigrant and social worker. It considers policies and events that impact their shared lived experiences like COVID-19, anti-racist uprisings and globalisation in the U.S.

Despite continual decreasing of blood lead levels (BLLs) in the US, Asian maintains a higher BLL than others. Since Asian is the fastest growing population in the US, exploring reasons for their high BLLs may be helpful to provide basis for policies to further lower down BLLs. Objective: The aim of this study was to explore determinants of high BLLs among the Asian population in the United States. Methods: We used the US nationally representative National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2011–2018. We conducted stratified analyses to compare the BLLs of US-born and non–US-born Asians. We used adjusted linear regression to find predictors of high BLLs. Results: Among 12,563 participants in our analysis, the length of stay in the United States is a predictor of the gradual decrease in BLL among Asian immigrants (P < 0.05). BLLs of immigrants who stayed in the United States for over 50 years were 0.36 μg/dL (95% confidence interval, 0.07 to 0.66) lower than new immigrants, but still higher than their US-born counterparts. Significance: Asian population in the US has the highest BLLs among all ethnic groups, and the exposure outside of the US among immigrants is likely the driver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the national security/foreign affairs (NS/FA) rationale for extraordinary judicial deference in immigration cases in the U.S. Topics include its origin in the anti-Chinese cases; empirical data demonstrating that over the past twenty-six years, the government has asserted a national security or foreign affairs interest in less cases; and the U.S. Supreme Court case Chae Chan Ping v. United States on Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.

This study examines the emotion work of non-migrant women as they seek to sustain family life across borders. We draw on in-depth interviews with 59 non-migrant women in Guanajuato, Mexico who had immigrant spouses in the USA to assess emotion work dynamics between partners. Our analysis reveals that non-migrant women do emotion work that entails imagining lives abroad and then tailoring emotional support that addresses the needs of spouses. We also discuss how the difficulties associated with prolonged separation leads women to suppress their own needs and feelings, which can lead to emotional burnout and marital conflict. Putting non-migrant women and their activities at the center of our analysis highlights the emotional costs of migration for those who remain behind and the ways in which emotion work is a highly gendered activity that reinforces inequality through communication. We highlight how women's subordinated status in transnational Mexican families and the need to keep the remittances flowing help explain why emotion work falls largely on women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To examine the need for and arrangements pertaining to personal care assistance among individuals 65 and older, and how life stage at migration impacts nativity differences in aging-related care. Methods: Using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (2001, 2004, and 2008), I examine the odds of needing care assistance, who provides care assistance, and the duration of time care assistance is needed, comparing U.S.-born individuals to migrants who arrived before age 50 ("earlier-life migrants") and those who arrived after age 50 ("later-life migrants"). Results: While earlier-life migrants showed similar patterns to U.S.-born, later-life migrants showed higher care needs, were more likely to receive care from an adult child, and were particularly likely to need care for longer durations compared to U.S.-born. Discussion: Aging later-life migrants have strikingly distinct care needs and arrangements, with implications for individual and family well-being, especially considering their barriers to public support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this presidential address, I argue for the importance of state-created categories and classification systems that determine eligibility for tangible and intangible resources. Through classification systems based on rules and regulations that reflect powerful interests and ideologies, bureaucracies maintain entrenched inequality systems that include, exclude, and neglect. I propose adopting a critical perspective when using formalized categories in our work, which would acknowledge the constructed nature of those categories, their naturalization through everyday practices, and their misalignments with lived experiences. This lens can reveal the systemic structures that engender both enduring patterns of inequality and state classification systems, and reframe questions about the people the state sorts into the categories we use. I end with a brief discussion of the benefits that can accrue from expanding our theoretical repertoires by including knowledge produced in the Global South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural employers have faced extreme challenges in recruiting and retaining an adequate workforce. Various societal changes have made hiring local workers into agricultural jobs difficult. Therefore, there is a growing reliance on foreign workers and visa programs to meet labor demands. One such program, the TN visa, can be an effective and useful tool for recruiting professional labor for livestock operations, and many agricultural employers have already seen its value. It is likely that the use of the TN program will continue to grow in the future. However, there is opportunity for misuse and abuse of the TN program because there are few administrative rules and limited oversight. We offer recommendations to improve the TN program and the well-being of TN professionals including additional oversight of the program, transparency in recruiting and contracting workers, educating TN workers about U.S. labor rights, ensuring fair pay, and allowing a path to work authorization for TN workers' spouses and children who accompany them in the U.S. Clearly, sustainable solutions to the farm labor shortage are needed. As a field, we need to better understand workforce recruitment and retention concerns as well as mechanisms being used to address such concerns and their impact on workers' health, safety, and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Although a number of studies have documented cognitive health among older immigrants in the United States, little is known about how the life-course immigration experiences are associated with cognitive trajectories among older Chinese immigrants. We assess patterns of cognitive functioning and change over time and examine whether age at migration, reasons for migration, acculturation, perceived discrimination, and preferred dialects are related to cognitive trajectories. Methods The sample comprised 2,075 participants from the Population Study of Chinese Elderly (PINE), who completed a battery of cognitive tests at four time points (2011–2019). Latent class growth analysis and multinomial logistic regression were utilized. Results Three latent classes of cognitive trajectories were identified: the low functioning with the fastest decline (LCF, 12%), the moderate functioning with a medium decline rate (MCF, 39%), and the high functioning with the slowest decline (HCF, 48%). Perceiving more discrimination reduced, whereas speaking Taishanese increased the odds of being in the LCF and MCF. High acculturation only distinguished MCF from HCF after controlling for the known factors of cognitive health such as age, education, and social engagement. Discussion This study identifies a group of older Chinese immigrants who are especially vulnerable to cognitive impairment and indicates that the risk of cognitive decline appears to be elevated with lower levels of acculturation and unidentified racial discrimination. More research is needed to fully understand the underlying mechanisms that link the life-course immigration experiences to cognitive health outcomes in later life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Before, during, and after their immigration to the United States, immigrants face stressful life circumstances that may render them at risk for depressive symptoms. However, there is a dearth of research on the mental health of African immigrants. We performed secondary data analyses of two studies in the Baltimore–Washington area to describe and identify correlates of depressive symptoms in older African immigrants. Chi square tests, one-way ANOVAs, and linear regressions were used to describe and examine associations between depressive symptoms and immigrant-related risk factors. This sample included 148 participants who had a mean age of 62 (SD ± 8.2). Clinical depressive symptoms were present in 8.1% of participants, and trouble falling asleep for more than half of the days was the most prevalent symptom (20%). Levels of education, income, and migration reasons differed significantly from clinical depressive symptoms, but these were not significantly associated with more depressive symptoms after controlling for covariates. Longitudinal designs may further elucidate incidence, correlates, and long-term effects of depressive symptoms within this population. Knowledge of depressive symptom burden and risk factors can inform timely assessment, referral, and treatment of depressive symptoms and other mental health outcomes in older African immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continued migration of Americans to states with favorable climates and better job opportunities results in change of residency issues that affect clients' state tax liabilities (income, estate, or inheritance). Financial advisors and tax consultants should be aware of the crucial issues in this area. Ensuring that key requirements are met during the relocation process will help clients take advantage of tax-saving opportunities and avoid audit adjustments by state tax authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Immigrant health discussions often focus on acculturation and omit discussions on historical events that may underlie health differences among immigrant older adults. This paper provides a historical overview of immigration policy and flows to the U.S. and examines insurance access and health difficulties by sending country. Methods: We analyzed the "Immigrants Admitted to the United States, Fiscal Years 1972–2000" and 2015–2019 American Community Survey datasets to examine the number of admitted immigrants, sociodemographic profiles for current immigrant older adults, and the predicted probabilities of health insurance access and health difficulties. Results: Our results highlight alignment of immigration flows with immigration legislation and vast heterogeneity in migration, health, and healthcare access of immigrants by sending country. Discussion/Implications: Public health practitioners must consider how historical events and social factors contribute to the healthcare access and health of immigrant populations, as demographic shifts will require interventions that promote equitable healthy aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a qualitative phenomenological design, the objective of this study was to explore in‐depth how US‐born Latinos provide social support to their immigrant counterparts during a time of heightened anti‐immigrant rhetoric. A sample of 22 US‐born Latino adult was recruited in 2019 for qualitative interviews, following a period of intense immigration raids. Eligible participants were adults who reported experiencing an immigration‐related stressor and screened positive for a mental health concern or substance misuse. Open‐ended questions focused on topics of immigration and health. Using a thematic analysis approach, interview transcripts were coded to identify common themes within the domains of social support: instrumental; informational; emotional; and appraisal. We found that US‐born Latinos provide diverse forms of social support to immigrants with the intention of protecting them from immigration enforcement encounters (e.g. deportation), thereby safeguarding the livelihoods of their communities. US‐born Latinos are integral pillars of support and resiliency for immigrant communities, and the domains identified within this study suggest important implications for immigrant health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the Collective Knowledge Doctrine which allows law enforcement officers to satisfy the probable cause requirements collectively. Topics include authorize state and local law enforcement officers to enforce civil immigration violations, raising concerns about the role of law enforcement officers in immigration enforcement; and immigration arrests should be treated differently and proposes limiting the application of Collective Knowledge Doctrine in the immigration context.

The practice of family separation as a mechanism of oppression has a deep-rooted history in the U.S., manifesting in diverse contexts, including punitive migration policies. This systematic review aimed to provide a rigorous and updated synthesis of the research on family separation as a result of migration policies and its impacts on immigrants' mental health while making a distinction between forced family separation, family separation by constrained choices, and living with the fear of family separation. We systematically searched four bibliographic databases using keywords related to family separation, migration, transnational families, and mental health for peer-reviewed studies published in English on or before January 1st, 2022. Results of the review indicate that family separation or fear of it may result in depression, anxiety, behavioral and emotional issues, sleep disturbances, and stress or distress in affected children. Similarly, impacted parents or caregivers might experience stress or distress, depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances. Findings call for migration policy changes prioritizing family unity and comprehensive mental health interventions to respond to the pervasive consequences of family separation or fear thereof among immigrants in the U.S. • US punitive immigration policies cause stress, resulting in adverse mental health outcomes • Family separation is linked to mental and emotional distress in both children and caregivers • Separation by constrained choices is linked to higher rates of child behavioral issues • Support systems are needed to address the wellbeing of families impacted by separation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An editorial is presented that focuses on the profound impact and intricate past of Filipino American nurses' valuable contributions. It emphasizes the vital role of Filipino American nurses in healthcare leadership, discusses barriers to graduate education, and underscores the need for diverse representation in nursing leadership to advocate for underrepresented communities.

By allowing individuals to engage in remote relationships with foreign employers, online labor markets have the potential to mitigate the inefficiency costs due to the legal barriers and other frictions deterring international physical migration. This study investigates how the supply of foreign labor in digital and physical markets responds differently to monetary incentives. We use a unique data set containing information on digital labor flows from a major global online labor platform in conjunction with data on physical labor flows. We exploit short-term fluctuations in the exchange rate as a source of econometric identification: a depreciation of a country’s currency against the U.S. dollar increases the incentives of its workers to seek digital and physical employment from employers based in the United States. Using a panel count data model, we find that monetary incentives induced by depreciations of foreign currencies against the U.S. dollar are positively associated with the supply of foreign labor in digital markets, as expected from the frictionless nature of electronic markets. However, we fail to find a positive relationship between monetary incentives and the supply of foreign labor in physical markets, which might be expected due to the substantial bureaucratic restrictions and transaction costs associated with physical migration. We further examine how countries’ income and information and communications technologies development levels moderate the positive relationship between monetary incentives and digital labor flows. Our findings are useful for gauging the extent to which digital labor flows can alleviate the economic inefficiencies from the restrictions on physical migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on Mexican nationals and consuls residing in the U.S. and how they worked together to navigate the U.S. immigration laws of 1917, 1924, and 1929 during the Great Depression. It notes that consular officials, under the direction of Mexico's Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores (SRE), collaborated with various entities including migrant organizations and Spanish-language newspapers to disseminate knowledge about repatriation and immigration laws and helped Mexicans acquire specific documents to facilitate their return to Mexico and future reentry to the U.S.

Immigration is a contentious topic that continues to generate debates among scholars, practitioners, and the general public in the United States. Recent increase in anti-immigration sentiments in the U.S. have led to the proliferation of studies seeking to explain this phenomenon. However, the results from these studies have been inconsistent and inconclusive due to various factors. The present study adds to these existing studies by examining the predictors of public support for police stops targeted at illegal immigrants and immigrants with a criminal background. Results from our binary logistics regression suggest that political factors, the fear of immigrants, and some socio demographic variables influence public support for police stops targeted at illegal immigrants and immigrants with a criminal background in the U.S. The present findings have serious theoretical and practical implications for understanding immigration, police-immigrant relationships, and public attitude towards immigration policy and immigrants in the U.S. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Migrant Protection Protocols (MPP) and border closure to asylum seekers during the COVID-19 pandemic created a humanitarian crisis at the U.S.-Mexico border. This paper outlines the public health challenges and health care access barriers for asylum seekers living in a tent encampment in Matamoros, Mexico resulting from these policies. Thirty participants, including asylum seekers (n=20) and health care professionals (n=10) in the Matamoros asylum camp, were interviewed. Public health challenges included environmental exposures and inadequate infrastructure; poor sanitation and disease control; and limited safety, nutrition, education, and employment. Health care access barriers included lack of continuity of care and emergency services, resource insufficiencies, and interpersonal barriers. Policy responses to address these challenges include outlawing MPP and other immigration policies that infringe on human rights, collaborating with international partners, and implementing more creative and community-based approaches to asylum processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immigrant populations typically have lower mortality rates and longer life expectancies than their nonimmigrant counterparts. This immigrant mortality advantage has been a recurrent finding in demographic and population health research focused on contemporary waves of immigration. However, historical data suggest that European immigrants to the United States in the early twentieth century had worse health and higher rates of mortality, yet it remains unclear why a mortality advantage was absent for immigrants during this period. This article combines Vital Statistics records and Lee-Carter mortality models to analyze mortality by nativity status for the U.S. White population from 1900 to 1960, examining variation by age, sex, time, and place. Contrary to contemporary expectations of a foreign-born mortality advantage, White immigrants had higher mortality rates in the early 1900s, with the largest foreign-born disadvantage among the youngest and oldest populations. Although foreign-born and U.S.-born White mortality rates trended toward convergence over time, the foreign-born mortality penalty remained into the 1950s. A decomposition analysis finds that immigrants' concentration in cities, which had higher rates of infectious disease mortality, accounted for nearly half of the nativity difference in 1900, and this place effect declined in subsequent decades. Additional evidence, such as a spike in mortality inequalities during the 1918 influenza pandemic, suggests that common explanations for the immigrant mortality advantage may be less influential in a context of high risk from infectious disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detention and removal of unauthorised immigrants by United States (U.S.) Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) has steadily increased despite declining rates of unauthorised migration. ICE detainees are held in overcrowded detention centres, often without due process and deprived of adequate food, sanitation, and medical care. Conditions of ICE detention contribute to malnutrition and increase the likelihood of infectious disease exposure, including tuberculosis (TB). TB infection interacts with Type 2 Diabetes (DM2), disproportionately affecting individuals who are routinely targeted by federal immigration practices. When two diseases interact and exacerbate one another within a larger structural context, thereby amplifying multiple disease interactions, this is called a syndemic. In this paper, we examine malnutrition in ICE detention as a pathway of bidirectional risks for and interactions between TB and DM2 among ICE detainees. Drawing from literature on detention conditions, TB, and DM2 rates along the U.S.-Mexico border, we propose an ICE-TB-DM2 syndemic model. We present a map displaying our proposed syndemic model to demonstrate the spatial application of syndemic theory in the context of ICE detention, strengthening the growing scholarship on syndemics of incarceration and removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]