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COVID-19 (coronavirus) has had an enormous impact on nearly every country in the world. However, Iraq, Jordan and Lebanon were already facing difficult to extreme circumstances even before the pandemic erupted, making them particularly vulnerable. This report looks at the impact of the pandemic, associated lockdowns and economic shocks and other misfortunes which have compounded the crisis, such as sharply lower oil revenues in Iraq and the Port of Beirut explosion in Lebanon, as well as political instability in both. The report estimates that 4.4 million people in the host communities and 1.1 million refugees or IDPs were driven into poverty in the immediate aftermath of the crisis, and while this considers all of Lebanon, it only includes three governorates in Jordan and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, due to data limitations. A response commensurate with the magnitude of the shock is needed to prevent further misery. The poverty impact of COVID-19 and the ensuing confinement policies and economic contractions have been felt throughout the world, not least by marginalized communities. However, COVID-19 has compounded existing vulnerabilities or crises in Jordan, the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) and Lebanon. Syrian refugees – most of whom have been displaced for up to nine years – are particularly exposed given their perilous pre-crisis situation. Host communities in these three countries, who have supported and accommodated such large numbers of refugees, have also been heavily affected; all three countries were in strained positions prior to COVID-19, ranging from economic stagnation and high public debt in Jordan, to a collapse in public revenues due to international oil price shocks in KRI, to complete political and economic crisis in Lebanon. By March 2020, all three countries had witnessed their first cases of COVID-19 and introduced stringent containment policies ranging from partial closures of schools and shops to full curfew. While these measures were initially largely successful in containing the spread of the pandemic, they also led to a decline in economic activity across most sectors, particularly in the informal market. In Jordan and Iraq, the losses are estimated at around 8.2 and 10.5 percent of 2019’s GDP respectively. In Lebanon where the COVID-19 crisis is compounded by economic and political crises the losses are much higher, around 25 percent of GDP. Lebanon has experienced inflation of over 100 percent, largely due to its import dependence and currency depreciation. Unsurprisingly, given the magnitude of these shocks, recent rapid needs assessments and UNHCR administrative data show that refugees, who are highly concentrated in low-skilled jobs in the informal sector, have had to reduce food intake, incur additional debt and in some instances suffered eviction.

This report estimates the cost of educating refugee children in the countries in which they currently reside. The cohort-average annual cost of providing education to all refugee students in low, lower-middle and upper-middle income host countries is 4.85 billion US Dollars. A sensitivityanalysis, relaxing model assumptions, suggests the estimate lies in the range of 4.44 billion and 5.11 billion US Dollars. The total financing envelope required to provide K-12 years of education over a 13-year period to 2032 is 63 billion. As data on the impact of COVID-19’s (coronavirus)impact on education costs and public expenditure is still evolving, this paper provides a pre-COVID-19 baseline for the estimated costs of educating all refugee children. The Global Compact on Refugees (GCR) has placed enhanced responsibility-sharing at the center of the international refugee protection agenda. It commits stakeholders to specific measures to achieve that goal, including a proposal to measure their contributions. Thisrequires a standardized and transparent methodology, developed through a participatory process, that can be used across all host countries; and provides the motivation for this work. The report is cognizant of the fact that education in emergencies is not only a humanitarian crisis but also a development crisis with large numbers of refugee children spending their whole education life cycle in displaced settings. These environments are often already stretched to deliver quality education services. Eighty-five percent of the world’s displaced persons are hosted in low and lower middle-income countries. Where refugees are concentrated in border or rural regions, inclusive education systems can direct resources to previously underserved areas in host countries. Inclusive national education systems promote a streamlined response to the large influx of refugees by building resilient systems with benefits for refugees and host communities alike. It creates a framework for the international community to harmonize efforts and share the collective burden and responsibility of refugee education. The costing methodology developed in this report is based on the key premise that refugee education is embedded in the host country education system, facing the same cost drivers and efficiency and quality constraints. This implies that refugee students receive an education that is "no better, no worse" than host country students in terms of teacher quality, school infrastructure, access to learning materials and other inputs. It starts with the public unit cost of education in each country for each level of education. Refugee education coefficients are then added to the unit costs to provide education services essential to the integration ofrefugees into national systems. These services include accelerated learning programmes, psychosocial support, support in the language of instruction, teacher training in refugee inclusiveness and so on. In addition, given the historical levels of low investment in earlychildhood education (ECE), this paper adds an ECE coefficient to primary public unit costs to estimate pre-primary costs for each country. While this paper uses uniform coefficients acrossall countries, these are likely to vary based on the local context.

COVID-19 (coronavirus) has had an enormous impact on nearly every country in the world. However, Iraq, Jordan and Lebanon were already facing difficult to extreme circumstances even before the pandemic erupted, making them particularly vulnerable. This report looks at the impact of the pandemic, associated lockdowns and economic shocks and other misfortunes which have compounded the crisis, such as sharply lower oil revenues in Iraq and the Port of Beirut explosion in Lebanon, as well as political instability in both. The report estimates that 4.4 million people in the host communities and 1.1 million refugees or IDPs were driven into poverty in the immediate aftermath of the crisis, and while this considers all of Lebanon, it only includes three governorates in Jordan and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, due to data limitations. A response commensurate with the magnitude of the shock is needed to prevent further misery. The poverty impact of COVID-19 and the ensuing confinement policies and economic contractions have been felt throughout the world, not least by marginalized communities. However, COVID-19 has compounded existing vulnerabilities or crises in Jordan, the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) and Lebanon. Syrian refugees – most of whom have been displaced for up to nine years – are particularly exposed given their perilous pre-crisis situation. Host communities in these three countries, who have supported and accommodated such large numbers of refugees, have also been heavily affected; all three countries were in strained positions prior to COVID-19, ranging from economic stagnation and high public debt in Jordan, to a collapse in public revenues due to international oil price shocks in KRI, to complete political and economic crisis in Lebanon. By March 2020, all three countries had witnessed their first cases of COVID-19 and introduced stringent containment policies ranging from partial closures of schools and shops to full curfew. While these measures were initially largely successful in containing the spread of the pandemic, they also led to a decline in economic activity across most sectors, particularly in the informal market. In Jordan and Iraq, the losses are estimated at around 8.2 and 10.5 percent of 2019’s GDP respectively. In Lebanon where the COVID-19 crisis is compounded by economic and political crises the losses are much higher, around 25 percent of GDP. Lebanon has experienced inflation of over 100 percent, largely due to its import dependence and currency depreciation. Unsurprisingly, given the magnitude of these shocks, recent rapid needs assessments and UNHCR administrative data show that refugees, who are highly concentrated in low-skilled jobs in the informal sector, have had to reduce food intake, incur additional debt and in some instances suffered eviction.

This report is the result of a collaboration between the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Poverty and Equity Global Practice of the World Bank Group (WBG). Repatriation or the return of refugees to their country of origin has been rarely studied, and data on their socio-economic outcomes is sparsely available. In such a context, the World Bank and UNHCR teams attempted to make good use of the existing data sources and complemented it with new data collection methods to better understand the patterns and characteristics of recent Afghan refugee returns. More specifically, the team attempted to analytically connect insights between different data sources to explore (albeit imperfectly) questions of selection among Afghans who remained in Pakistan and those documented returnees who returned to Afghanistan.

This Assessment is conducted as part of a larger platform established in 2016 through a joint World Bank and UNHCR initiative to support Afghanistan’s forcibly displaced population. The platform aims to inform and support the dialogue between stakeholders in Afghanistan in order to: (i) seek ways to ensure a meaningful inclusion of durable solutions for the forcibly displaced and returnees in the Afghanistan National Peace and Development Strategy (ANPDF) and development intervention; (ii) identify early recovery and long-term needs of the forcibly displaced persons; and (iii) identify policy level and developmental opportunities that can contribute to the well-being and self-reliance of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs), returnees, refugees and their host communities. One of the main activities under this joint initiative is Policy and Implementation Analysis, which includes an assessment of Afghanistan’s legal and policy framework on forced displacement.3 Afghanistan’s Forced Displacement Legal and Policy Framework Assessment was prepared during the period of January to May 2017 as part of efforts towards completion of this main activity. This assessment recommends that Afghanistan establish an effective and comprehensive legal and policy framework that provides protection to all categories of forcibly displaced persons, including asylum seekers, refugees, and stateless persons. Furthermore, this assessment recommends reforms in the existing legal and policy instruments that address the specific needs of forcibly displaced persons and promote their access to basic human rights and public services. These include reforms in the following areas: establishment and maintenance of effective registration and data collection system on forced displacement; facilitated access to documentation and simplified procedure for replacement of lost and/or damaged documents; promotion of the forcibly displaced persons’ access to land, shelter and housing as well of their land tenure security; harmonization of legal and policy frameworks to ensure compliance with the IDP Policy and the National Policy Framework; and provision of sufficient resources to institutions put in place or responsible for implementing the forced displacement legal and policy framework.

Study on refugee integration in Maltam produced in the two projects: Meet the Other (http://aditus.org.mt/our-work/projects/meet-the-other/) and Stakeholder Information Sessions (http://aditus.org.mt/our-work/projects/stakeholder-information-sessions/), N/A

The Horn of Africa (HOA) covers Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, and Uganda. Despite its rich endowment in human, social, and natural capital, the region is plagued by a complex history of weak governance, insecurity, increasing environmental degradation, entrenched poverty, and a range of persistent development challenges. Conflict remains endemic in the region. The complex cultural, social, and political nature of these conflicts is compounded by demographic shifts due both to population growth and the movement of people, as well as imbalanced service provision, inaccessibility, the growing threat of pandemic diseases, increasing conflicts over scarce natural resources, and harsh climatic conditions including frequent droughts and floods. This study sought to analyze the forced displacement and development nexus, explore the mixed migration phenomenon, assess the impacts of refugees and migrants on hosting areas and communities, identify ongoing innovative interventions, and propose entry points and practical steps to address the development dimensions of forced displacement and mixed migration in the HOA, including regional operations, institutional reforms, and policy changes.

Internal displacement, rapid growth of urban areas and proliferation of informal settlements are in the spotlight of public policy debate in Afghanistan at present. This pamphlet discusses characteristics, livelihood strategies and vulnerabilities of households living in informal settlements in three urban centers in Afghanistan. These findings summarize the analysis from a joint World Bank-UNHCR ‘research study on IDPs in urban settings’, which illustrates the complexities of displacement and of urban informal settlement growth. Motivated by an existing knowledge gap on these issues, the analysis provides a starting point for discussion among actors directly or indirectly involved with management of problems related to displacement and urban informal settlements, including departments in the Government of Afghanistan, international institutions and stakeholders from civil society. The study documents the significance of displacement as a factor underlying vulnerabilities observed in informal settlements, and identifies IDPs as an extremely deprived segment of the population, even in comparison to the profile of urban poverty in the recent national risk and vulnerability assessment.

A real-time evaluation (RTE) is a timely, rapid andinteractive review of a fast evolving humanitarianoperation undertaken at an early phase. Its broadobjectives are to gauge the effectiveness and impactof a given UNHCR response and to ensure that itsfindings are used as an immediate catalyst fororganisational and operational change.

Principle 6 stresses that an appropriate proportion, number, organization and equitable distribution of Communal Open Spaces are essential for the sustainability of any settlement on the long-term, and should consider cultural, social and environmental aspects, such as size, degrees of privacy, social function, and natural setting in their design.

The main objective of this project is to generate guidance for settlement planning on the optimisation of spatial designs in terms of: zoning, densification/decongestion, morphology of the built environment and strategic planning of public open space. Similarly, some aspects related to public services and basic infrastructure are analysed to a lesser extent

International audience; Biogas production is rising in the context of fossil fuel decline and the future circular economy, yet raw biogas requires purification steps before use. Here, we review biogas upgrading using physical, chemical and biological methods such as water scrubbing, physical absorption, pressure swing adsorption, cryogenic separation, membrane separation, chemical scrubbing, chemoautotrophic methods, photosynthetic upgrading and desorption. We also discuss their techno-economic feasibility. We found that physical and chemical upgrading technologies are near-optimal, but still require high energy and resources. Biological methods are less explored despite their promising potential. High-pressure water scrubbing is more economic for small-sized plants, whereas potassium carbonate scrubbing provides the maximum net value for largesized plants.

International audience; Nouvel intitulé du Cours d’été sur le droit des réfugiés organisé conjointement par la Représentation du HCR en France et la Fondation René Cassin – Institut international des droits de l’homme de Strasbourg depuis plus de 20 années

Il saggio analizza i desideri, le aspettative e il futuro dei MSNA , attraverso le interviste ai MSNA, i Focus group con gli operatori socio-educativi e le interviste ai Key informant istituzionale e sociali. Costituisce una parte del rapporto di ricerca di UNICEF, ISMU, OIM, UNHCR, UNIVERSITA' DI ROMA TRE E DI CATANIA.

Ci si sofferma sullo studio di caso realizzato nel Lazio, sul tema: Experiences of formal and informal relations in support of UASC and former UASC. In particolare sono state analizzate le esperienze di Civico Zero, Matemù, ALI (Accoglienza libera e integrata) e Movimento Famiglie Affidatarie e Accoglienti – Casa Salesiana Borgo Ragazzi Don Bosco ((MFAEA).

This book publishes the contributions to the University of Luxembourg/UNHCR symposium on the legal protection of people fleeing armed conflict and other situations of violence. Assembling a distinguished group of judges, scholars and practitioners, the event examined the assessment of claims for international protection in such situations under, respectively, Article 1A(2) of the 1951 Refugee Convention, Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights and Article 15(c) of the EU Qualification Directive. Although originally it was hoped that the symposium would also mark the publication of the UNHCR’s Guidelines for the Protection of People Fleeing Violence and Conflict Across Borders, this did not prove possible. Indeed, the Guidelines still remain unpublished, a testimony to the sensitivity of the topic. Nonetheless, the papers contained in this volume demonstrate how much ground was covered during the symposium and how many important issues were discussed.

Etude anthropologique menée dans les camps de réfugiés frontaliers du Mali (3 pays : Niger, Burkina Faso et Mauritanie) concernant les question d'eau, d'hygiène et d'assainissement.