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When compared to high performers, low performers generally have more difficulty to accurately estimate their own performance. This has been explained by low performers being both unskilled and unaware about their performance. However, Miller and Geraci Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 37(2), 502–506, (2011) found that low performing university students also assigned less confidence to their estimates (i.e., second-order judgments, SOJs), indicating some metacognitive awareness of their poor calibration. The current study examined whether the relationship between calibration accuracy and confidence in performance estimates is more general, and exists irrespective of performance level, not only for university students but also for secondary school students. We asked university students and secondary school students to estimate their exam grade after taking their exam, and to provide a second-order judgement). The results showed that for university students, poor calibration accuracy was indeed accompanied by low confidence scores, independent from performance level. For secondary school students however, calibration accuracy was unrelated to confidence scores, suggesting a less developed metacognitive awareness.

In this paper, we investigate the role of metacognitive postdiction skills, intrinsic motivation and prior proficiency in mathematics as Propensity factors within the opportunity-propensity (O-P) model of learning. We tested Belgian children from Grade 1 till 6 in January and June. The study revealed overlapping yet different predictors for mathematical accuracy and fluency, which led us to the practical recommendation for teachers to pay attention to both aspects of mathematics. The metacognitive postdiction skills of children were related to accuracy in mathematics during the whole elementary school period. In addition, we observed that children evaluated their own performance as worse when they were slower in Grades 3 and 4. Intrinsic motivation was related to accuracy but not to fluency in Grade 3. Especially prior mathematical accuracy mattered as a propensity factor. More than half of the variance in accuracy and less than one-fifth of the variance in fluency in January predicted the performances of children for mathematics in June, a finding that highlights the importance of longitudinal designs including students' prior mathematical accuracy' as well. Finally, we observed that poor mathematics performers are less intrinsically motivated, and less metacognitively accurate. Moreover, they overestimate their performances more often than well-performing peers in all grades, stressing the importance of paying attention to these aspects in mathematics education.

Self-efficacy and outcome expectations regarding client activation determine professionals' level of actively engaging clients during daily activities. The Client Activation Self-Efficacy and Outcome Expectation Scales for nurses and domestic support workers (DSWs) were developed to measure these concepts. This study aimed to assess their psychometric properties. Cross-sectional data from a sample of Dutch nurses (n=150) and DSWs (n=155) were analysed. Descriptive statistics were used to examine floor and ceiling effects. Con-struct validity was assessed by testing research-based hypotheses. Internal consistency was determined with Cronbach's alpha. The scales for nurses showed a ceiling effect. There were no floor or ceiling effects in the scales for domestic support workers. Three out of five hypotheses could be confirmed (construct validity). For all scales, Cronbach's alpha coefficients exceeded 0.70. In conclusion, all scales had moderate construct validity and high internal consistency. Further research is needed concerning their construct validity, test-retest reliability and sensitivity to change.(c) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Kazneno djelo nesavjesnog liječenja ulazi u red medicinskih kaznenih djela stricto sensu. Objekt zaštite kod ovog kaznenog djela jest zdravlje pacijenata koje se štiti od postupaka zdravstvenih radnika koji nisu učinjeni lege artis. Nestručno i nesavjesno postupanje zdravstvenih radnika može imati dalekosežne posljedice, uključujući i smrt. Hrvatska sudska praksa pokazuje da joj takvi predmeti nisu nepoznati. Ipak, hrvatska kaznenopravna literatura je do sada uglavnom zaobilazila ovo vrlo osjetljivo područje, pa je izostala sustavnija rasprava o dometima i granicama kaznene odgovornosti za nesavjesno liječenje. Rješavajući konkretne predmete sudska praksa se može naći u dvojbi oko pitanja pod kojim uvjetima se ponašanje zdravstvenog radnika ima ocijeniti kao nesavjesno, odnosno gdje prestaje odgovornost za nehaj a započinje objektivna odgovornost kod ovog kaznenog djela. Ovaj je rad posvećen upravo toj problematici. Nakon izlaganja općih obilježja ovog kaznenog djela, autori nastoje uspostaviti mjerila za procjenu (ne)postojanja nehajne odgovornosti za nesavjesno liječenje. Svoje teze potom provjeravaju na jednom vrlo složenom predmetu iz novije hrvatske prakse., Criminal offence of medical malpractice is one of core medical criminal offences. Protected object is health of patients. Application of inadequate methods in health treatment can have severe consequences for patient’s health, even death. Croatian jurisprudence is familiar with such cases. However, Croatian literature until now did not deal with this sensitive area of criminal law. Scope and limits of responsibility for negligent form of medical malpractice can cause doubts in court’s practice when deciding about criminal liability. This paper is dedicated to this topic. After presentation of main characteristics of this criminal offence, the authors are making an effort to establish criteria for estimation of negligence in case of medical malpractice. They are testing their thesis on one very complicated case from recent Croatian jurisprudence.

Introduction To fulfil the need for a basic level of competence in robotic surgery (Brinkman et al., Surg Endosc Other Interv Tech 31(1):281-287, 2017; Dutch Health inspectorate (Inspectie voor de gezondheidszorg), Insufficient carefulness at the introduction of surgical robots (in Dutch: Onvoldoende zorgvuldigheid bij introductie van operatierobots), Igz, Utrecht, 2010), the NIVEL (Netherlands Institute for Healthcare Research) developed the 'Basic proficiency requirements for the safe use of robotic surgery' (BPR). Based on the BPR a 1-day robotic surgery training was organised to answer the following research questions: (1) Are novice robot surgeons able to accurately self-assess their knowledge and dexterity skills? (2) Is it possible to include the teaching of all BPRs in a 1-day training?Materials and methods Based on the BPR, a robot surgery course was developed for residents and specialists (surgery, gynaecology and urology). In preparation, the participants completed an online e-module. The 1-day training consisted of a practical part on robot set-up, a theoretical section, and hands-on exercises on virtual reality robot simulators. Multiple online questionnaire was filled out by the participants at the end of the training to evaluate the perceived educational value of the course and to self-assess the degree to which BPRs were reached.Results 20 participants completed the training during the conference of the Dutch Association for Endoscopic Surgery (NVEC) in 2017. Participants indicated nearly all competency requirements were mastered at the end of the training. The competency requirements not mastered were, however, critical requirements for the safe use of the surgical robot. Skill simulation results show a majority of participants are unable to reach a proficient simulation score in basic skill simulation exercises.Conclusion Results show novice robot surgeons are too positive in the self-assessment of their own dexterity skills after a 1-day training. Self-assessment revealed uncertainty of the obtained knowledge level on requirements for the safe use of the surgical robot. Basic courses on robotic training should inform trainees about their results to enhance learning and inform them of their competence levels.

The Dunning-Kruger effect states that low performers vastly overestimate their performance while high performers more accurately assess their performance. Researchers usually interpret this empirical pattern as evidence that the low skilled are vastly overconfident while the high skilled are more accurate in assessing their skill. However, measurement error alone can lead to a negative relationship between performance and overestimation, even if skill and overconfidence are unrelated. To clarify the role of measurement error, we restate the Dunning-Kruger effect in terms of skill and overconfidence. We show that we can correct for bias caused by measurement error with an instrumental variable approach that uses a second performance as instrument. We then estimate the Dunning-Kruger effect in the context of the exam grade predictions of economics students, using their grade point average as an instrument for their exam grade. Our results show that the unskilled are more overconfident than the skilled. However, as we predict in our methodological discussion, this relationship is significantly weaker than ordinary least squares estimates suggest. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Four experiments introduced a new conceptual and methodological approach to hindsight bias, traditionally defined as the tendency to exaggerate the a priori predictability of outcomes after they become known. By examining likelihood estimates rooted to specific time points during an unfolding event sequence (videos and short text stories), judged both in foresight and hindsight, we conceptualized hindsight bias as a contrast between two "inevitability curves," which plotted likelihood against time. Taking timing into account, we defined three new indicators of accuracy: linear accuracy (how well hindsight judgments capture the linear trend of foresight judgments over time), rate accuracy (how well hindsight judgments reflect the slope of foresight judgments over time), and temporal accuracy (how well hindsight judgments specify the overall timing of the full envelope of foresight judgments). Results demonstrated that hindsight judgments showed linear and rate accuracy, but were biased only in terms of lack of temporal accuracy. The oft-used catchphrase "knew it all along effect" was found to be a misnomer, in that participants were well aware in hindsight that their earlier foresight judgments reflected uncertainty. The current research therefore points to one way in which retrospective judgments can be considered biased, yet simultaneously suggests that considerable accuracy exists when people render such judgments. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Esta investigación pregunta por los alcances y límites de los actos volitivos. Partiendo de la descripción husserliana de la estructura y génesis de los actos voluntarios, surge el interrogante por las determinaciones no conscientes de las tomas de decisión y por las resoluciones volitivas. La descripción fenomenológica de la voluntad está primordialmente conectada con las consideraciones éticas, sobre las condiciones para la realización de una vida plena y feliz. Sin embargo, la fenomenología de Husserl ofrece la base para estudiar la voluntad en general. Si bien es cierto que el psicoanálisis no proporciona una descripción de la voluntad, presenta una descripción de sus límites y brinda la posibilidad de entender la importancia del fracaso, como vía de moderación de una voluntad soberbia. A pesar de sus restricciones y condicionamientos, la voluntad forma parte de la naturaleza humana. La aclaración de tales límites y condiciones de la voluntad, es un tema en donde las investigaciones -empíricas- del psicoanálisis y las investigaciones de la fenomenología trascendental, coinciden fructíferamente This research questions about the scope and limits of the volitional acts. From Husserl's description of the structure and genesis of voluntary acts, the question arises about unaware determinations of the decisions and about the volitional resolutions. The phenomenological description of the will is primarily connected with the ethical considerations on the conditions for the realization of a full and happy life. However, Husserl's phenomenology provides the basis for studying the will in general. While it is true that psychoanalysis does not provide a description of the will, it offers a description of its boundaries and the ability to understand the importance of failure as a way of moderating a proud will. Despite its restrictions and constraints, the will forms a part of human nature. The clarification of such limits and conditions of the will is an issue where the empirical investigations of psychoanalysis and those of transcendental phenomenology fruitfully coincide. Cette recherche pose la question de la portée et des limites des actes de volonté. A partir de la description husserlienne de la structure et la genèse des actes volontaires, on peut s'interroger sur les déterminations non conscientes des prises de décision et sur les résolutions de la volonté. La description phénoménologique de la volonté se connecte avant tout avec les considérations éthiques sur les conditions pour réussir une vie pleine et heureuse. Cependant, la phénoménologie d'Husserl nous donne des bases pour examiner la volonté de manière plus générale. Certes, la psychanalyse ne fournit pas de description sur la volonté, elle présente plutôt une description de ses limites et offre la possibilité de comprendre l'importance de l'échec comme moyen pour tempérer la volonté arrogante. Ainsi la volonté fait partie de la nature humaine malgré ses restrictions et ses conditionnements. L'explication de ces limites et conditions de la volonté est un sujet à traiter à travers la recherche-empirique- de la psychanalyse et la recherche sur la phénoménologie transcendantale puis qu'elles coïncident avec succès. Esta investigação questiona o alcance do limite dos atos volitivos. Partindo da descrição husserliana da estrutura e Genesis dos atos voluntários, surge a pergunta para as determinações não conscientes das tomadas de decisão e para as resoluções volitivas. A descrição fenomenológica da vontade está primordialmente conectada com as considerações éticas, sobre as condições para a realização de uma vida plena e feliz. Contudo, a fenomenologia de Husserl oferece a base para estudar a vontade em geral. E se é certo que a psicanálise não proporciona uma descrição da vontade, apresenta uma descrição dos seus limites e oferece a possibilidade de entender a importância do fracasso, como via de moderação duma vontade soberba. Apesar das suas restrições e condicionamentos, a vontade forma parte da natureza humana. O esclarecimento de tais limites e condições da vontade, é um tema onde as investigações -empíricas- da psicanálise e as investigações da fenomenologia transcendental, coincidem frutiferamente.

We examined whether academic and professional bachelor students with dyslexia are able to compensate for their spelling deficits with metacognitive experience. Previous research suggested that students with dyslexia may suffer from a dual burden. Not only do they perform worse on spelling but in addition they are not as fully aware of their difficulties as their peers without dyslexia. According to some authors, this is the result of a worse feeling of confidence, which can be considered as a form of metacognition (metacognitive experience). We tried to isolate this metacognitive experience by asking 100 students with dyslexia and 100 matched control students to rate their feeling of confidence in a word spelling task and a proofreading task. Next, we used Signal Detection Analysis to disentangle the effects of proficiency and criterion setting. We found that students with dyslexia showed lower proficiencies but not suboptimal response biases. They were as good at deciding when they could be confident or not as their peers without dyslexia. They just had more cases in which their spelling was wrong. We conclude that the feeling of confidence in our students with dyslexia is as good as in their peers without dyslexia. These findings go against the Dual Burden theory (Krüger & Dunning, 1999), which assumes that people with a skills problem suffer twice as a result of insufficiently developed metacognitive competence. As a result, there is no gain to be expected from extra training of this metacognitive experience in higher education students with dyslexia.

Esta investigación pregunta por los alcances y límites de los actos volitivos. Partiendo de la descripción husserliana de la estructura y génesis de los actos voluntarios, surge el interrogante por las determinaciones no conscientes de las tomas de decisión y por las resoluciones volitivas. La descripción fenomenológica de la voluntad está primordialmente conectada con las consideraciones éticas, sobre las condiciones para la realización de una vida plena y feliz. Sin embargo, la fenomenología de Husserl ofrece la base para estudiar la voluntad en general. Si bien es cierto que el psicoanálisis no proporciona una descripción de la voluntad, presenta una descripción de sus límites y brinda la posibilidad de entender la importancia del fracaso, como vía de moderación de una voluntad soberbia. A pesar de sus restricciones y condicionamientos, la voluntad forma parte de la naturaleza humana. La aclaración de tales límites y condiciones de la voluntad, es un tema en donde las investigaciones –empíricas– del psicoanálisis y las investigaciones de la fenomenología trascendental, coinciden fructíferamente. This research questions about the scope and limits of the volitional acts. From Husserl´s description of the structure and genesis of voluntary acts, the question arises about unaware determinations of the decisions and about the volitional resolutions. The phenomenological description of the will is primarily connected with the ethical considerations on the conditions for the realization of a full and happy life. However, Husserl´s phenomenology provides the basis for studying the will in general. While it is true that psychoanalysis does not provide a description of the will, it offers a description of its boundaries and the ability to understand the importance of failure as a way of moderating a proud will. Despite its restrictions and constraints, the will forms a part of human nature. The clarification of such limits and conditions of the will is an issue where the empirical investigations of psychoanalysis and those of transcendental phenomenology fruitfully coincide.