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The relevance of the study consists in highlighting the principles of cybernetics in separating relatively self-sufficient whole economic systems from reality, considering their functioning and the relationship between them and the environment, and discovering analogies and general patterns of development and action in an innovative atmosphere. The purpose of this study is to identify and then apply in practice the general laws and principles governing economic processes in Ukraine, and the transformation of cybernetic information elements in innovative development. Cybernetics, which is an interdisciplinary science, studies the operation and functioning of particularly complex economic systems without regard to the material from which they are created. The cybernetic aspect represents the ability to perceive and capture the surrounding economic reality, to observe the changes occurring in it, their causes, and consequences comprehensively and dynamically. For this purpose, the article used the following methods: functional analysis, logical method, and scientific abstractions. The management principles and general laws of cybernetics look for analogies between all components of economic organisms and social systems, discovering common laws borrowed from various sciences. Cybernetics allows these laws to be transposed into a completely different field, providing a variety of practical applications. The findings indicated the potential for the development of an innovative national economy as a set of interrelated resources and opportunities for their realisation in the context of cybernetic individual, collective and societal systems. The categories of innovative development in the investment potential of Ukraine were considered. Its components are analysed predominantly from the perspective of an innovation management principle, which was implemented gradually according to the achievement of objectives at defined assessment points. The practical relevance lies in the analysis of the principles of cybernetics in the innovation segment, and the examination of the current state of the investment sphere and its policies from the perspective of the cybernetic component of the economic system.

The relevance of the study consists in highlighting the principles of cybernetics in separating relatively self-sufficient whole economic systems from reality, considering their functioning and the relationship between them and the environment, and discovering analogies and general patterns of development and action in an innovative atmosphere. The purpose of this study is to identify and then apply in practice the general laws and principles governing economic processes in Ukraine, and the transformation of cybernetic information elements in innovative development. Cybernetics, which is an interdisciplinary science, studies the operation and functioning of particularly complex economic systems without regard to the material from which they are created. The cybernetic aspect represents the ability to perceive and capture the surrounding economic reality, to observe the changes occurring in it, their causes, and consequences comprehensively and dynamically. For this purpose, the article used the following methods: functional analysis, logical method, and scientific abstractions. The management principles and general laws of cybernetics look for analogies between all components of economic organisms and social systems, discovering common laws borrowed from various sciences. Cybernetics allows these laws to be transposed into a completely different field, providing a variety of practical applications. The findings indicated the potential for the development of an innovative national economy as a set of interrelated resources and opportunities for their realisation in the context of cybernetic individual, collective and societal systems. The categories of innovative development in the investment potential of Ukraine were considered. Its components are analysed predominantly from the perspective of an innovation management principle, which was implemented gradually according to the achievement of objectives at defined assessment points. The practical relevance lies in the analysis of the principles of cybernetics in the innovation segment, and the examination of the current state of the investment sphere and its policies from the perspective of the cybernetic component of the economic system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many factors play a vital role in the development of agriculture, which include the technology of production, the size of farms in the country and the national policy (including trade policy) in relation to producers of these products. Therefore, the analysis of the above-mentioned factors in Ukraine stays relevant. The purpose of this study was to investigate the situation in the agricultural sector of both countries to form methods of further development of the sector in Ukraine based on the Canadian practices. The leading research method is analysis, thanks to which the agricultural sector was studied. In addition, the comparison method was used in the study of agriculture in Ukraine and Canada. Canada uses the latest methods of growing and tending produce, while in Ukraine there is still manual labour in some enterprises. It was proved that the main reason for this difference in development is the limited ability of Ukrainian companies to attract investment or use credit. The authors concluded that there are fundamental differences in agricultural development in Ukraine and Canada, the reasons for which are explained not only by different geographical, but also by institutional and historical conditions. Meanwhile, the level of agricultural development in Canada is much higher than in Ukraine, showing the need to borrow some principles of the sector. The main ones among them include active attraction of investments, emphasis on technology development, minimal state interference in the sector and others. A more detailed consideration of finding new opportunities to attract investment in the agricultural sector of Ukraine will remain relevant in the future. The article can be useful for studying the specific features of economic development of the agriculture in Canada and Ukraine; for formation of national policy in this sector; for entrepreneurs to make their investment decisions

As a result of the military conflict in 2022, in all regions of Ukraine, the economy was destroyed, and poverty increased. More than 15 million refugees, 8 million went to European countries. Economists calculate damage. Data for September and October 2022 were used in the paper. The main donors of the Ukrainian economy are now European countries, the United States, and International Financial Institutions. The war will end and the process of renewing the economy will begin. It is important here to have a national recovery strategy based on the study of such experiences in other countries. The only way to restoration is attracting of investment. Investments can only be involved based on safety, transparency, insurance. The goal is to restore the ability of the national economy to ensure quality life. The strategy of the post-war organization of the Ukrainian economy should be realized in accordance with the plan of its entry into EU membership.

The confectionery industry is of significant importance for the stable development of the country for many economic reasons, it’s an ancient and effective industry, creating serious competition in the international market of confectionery products. Therefore the purpose of the scientific article is the analysis of the market of confectionery products in Ukraine and estimation of features of promo campaigns of the Ukrainian manufacturers of confectionery products. In the course of writing the article, both theoretical and statistical methods of data analysis were used. The found information about differences in marketing campaigns of Ukrainian manufacturers of confectionery products is supported by graphs, tables, and diagrams for clarity and ease of perception. It is pointed out that Ukrainian confectionery companies are competitive both on foreign and domestic markets. It has been found that the success of Ukrainian confectionery companies is based on many factors that influence their results to a different extent: management, product quality, logistics, start-up capital, the economic and political situation in the country, luck, and others. It is determined that the marketing campaign of the enterprise is used mainly to attract customers. The article also describes the promo campaigns of major national confectionery companies, their features, and differences, since even a few major players in this market have significant differences in marketing campaigns. The article, for practical purposes, can be used to study marketing methods often applied by large product manufacturers; to research the Ukrainian economy as a whole; to evaluate Ukrainian companies that are major suppliers to the Ukrainian confectionery market; by students to study marketing and advertising issues and various economic disciplines related to entrepreneurship

The relevance of the scientific article lies in the need to substantiate the importance of the role of currency exchange rates for the robust functioning of the country’s economy. The purpose of the article is to analyse the dynamics of foreign currency exchange rates, mainly the dollar, and the euro, in Ukraine, taking into account factors of seasonality and demand for government bonds. The main methods used in the paper are statistical empirical research methods, in particular modelling. It was determined that the export of raw materials, mainly steel, and various agricultural crops such as wheat, corn, sunflower oil, soybeans, etc., plays a particularly important role in Ukraine. It was found out that the mentioned fluctuations in export are one of the reasons for the currency seasonality, but not the only one or the main reason, as the exchange rate is strongly influenced by oil, gas, and other energy resources prices, which the country needs constantly, especially during the heating season. The exchange rate of the hryvnia over the last five years within the context of the National Bank of Ukraine has also been analysed. It was found that the demand for government loans bonds is one of the most important factors in considering the foreign currencies exchange rates in Ukraine. To make models more plausible and to reduce the influence of other factors in determining seasonality of the currency with certain currency pairs with the dollar, euro, yen, zloty, and ruble, the data for the last several years has been used, which are less likely to be distorted by the influence of external factors. It has been confirmed that a successful trade policy is a key source of currency stabilisation in Ukraine. The article is useful for studying the functioning of currencies in general; for studying the economy of Ukraine, especially the country’s currency issues; for students of various economic disciplines

The article analyzes the works of economists who deal with the impact of COVID-19 on the economic development of European countries. The COVID-19 pandemic has already inflicted severe damage on the Ukrainian economy despite relatively mild public health implications so far. The authors analyzed the impact of COVID-19 on the activities of certain sectors of the Ukrainian economy, namely: catering, real estate, the judiciary and more. The direct impact of the pandemic on the economy has been channelled through stopped domestic economic activity in sectors affected by the shutdown, as well as lower demand for Ukrainian exports and lower remittances from abroad. Travel restrictions almost completely stopped local and international tourism. Second round effects stem from reduced household income, redirection of government spending and disruption of investment plans of companies, resulting in lower demand for a wide range of goods and service. For example, reduced electricity demand caused disruptions in energy system balance and lower demand for coal. “Forecast for 2020–2021” has been proposed, developed by experts on the basis of generalized consensus assumptions obtained from the results of the survey. The position of the Union of Ukrainian Entrepreneurs on reducing the tax burden on Ukrainian enterprises during the COVID-19 pandemic and the need to implement radical measures to support business has been revealed. The author has identified short- and medium-term measures that can improve the financial situation of the business after their release from quarantine. Several scenarios for overcoming the post-crisis period for the Ukrainian economy have been proposed.

The paper considers the evolution of household consumption in Ukraine to study the changes in consumer behaviour over time. The purpose of this study is to analyse patterns of consumer behaviour in Ukraine and their historical roots. This will facilitate a better understanding of factors driving consumer behaviour of Ukrainians, help forecast its future changes and develop mechanisms and instruments for Ukrainian companies to manage consumer behaviour. Research results reveal that Soviet consumption habits are still affecting Ukrainian patterns of consumer behaviour. Even younger population that has never experienced the Soviet system is affected by its consumptive patterns to some extent. After the USSR's collapse, Ukraine started to adopt consumer behaviour patterns from the Western world, first of all the consumerism and its inherent consumer protection, as well as the more recent fight against excessive consumption. At the same time, another global consumption trend - creative consumerism - is being actively adopted by Ukrainians, partly because such forms of behaviour are inherited from Soviet society. Modern technologies along with the COVID-19 crisis effect the patterns of consumer behaviour in Ukraine, primarily through the increasing role of online technologies in consumer decision making, in purchasing and post-purchasing processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is precisely in the course of adjusting the activities of these subjects, the main task of state regulation of the bankruptcy institute is the formation of such conditions for the functioning of the national economy, which will reduce the risk of doing business for all its entities and promote the internal reorganization of its structure in accordance with the requirements of global transformations. The system of indicators describing the situation in a certain area of the functioning of national economic entities allows us to determine, directly or indirectly, the effectiveness of the bankruptcy institute at the macro-level. To analyze the impact of each of the factors on GDP, a sensitivity analysis was conducted according to which input data X were recorded at the values of 2018 and alternately changed by 10%. For each such change, GDP was calculated as compared to the model value for 2018. As a result of the calculations, the most sensitive factors were identified, and features of the functioning of the bankruptcy institute in the Ukrainian economy were identified. The main provisions of a state policy aimed at increasing the functional effectiveness of the bankruptcy institute are formulated. First of all, it is necessary to promote the country's position in the Doing business rankings, as well as the Indexes of Economic Freedom and Corruption Perceptions. On the other hand, the annual growth of the inflation index of around 10% and the level of the fiscal tax burden will also have a positive effect on GDP dynamics.

In the article the authors consider the European experience of tax consulting. A comparative analysis of tax consulting in countries with a system of "state regulation" and a system of "self-regulation". Based on the results of the study, the authors conclude that tax consulting in Ukraine is at an early stage of development, the legal basis exists only for tax advice provided by the state tax service. The market of independent tax consulting in Ukraine has the number of unresolved issues regarding the further development of the institute of tax consulting in Ukraine. From this point of view, the need to reform domestic tax consulting is justified. Based on the generalized European experience in the regulation of tax consulting, the authors outline the key areas for the development of tax consulting in Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The most important task of every state is ensuring of citizens’ welfare continuous growth. For centuries, the most famous economists of the world devoted their researches to this issue; they have substantiated the theoretical aspects and have given the practical recommendations for the effective management of national economies. However, using these recommendations, one should be aware that during the last two centuries in the organization and operation of complex economic systems, which are national economies, the significant changes associated with globalization and monopolization of markets, and strengthening the role of the state took place. Purpose of the study. In the article, the reasons that led to the deepening of the gap between Ukraine and mature economies over the last twenty-five years are researched, and it was proposed to use the experience of the European integration of neighbouring countries to overcome them. Results. It is substantiated that the cause of periodic recession of the Ukrainian economy in the nineties of the XX and early XXI century is neglecting of changes that have occurred in the laws of complex economic systems development in the XX century, the loss of state control over social and economic processes in the country, insufficient financing of scientific researches, and implementation of new technologies. It is shown the discrepancy in actions of the National Bank of Ukraine, the Ukrainian government and demands of the national economy for loans. Conclusion. In order to eliminate these causes and providing dynamic development of Ukraine, it is suggested to use the experience of the European integration of neighbouring countries, to create a favourable legal and tax climate to attract foreign and domestic investment, strengthen law enforcement activities for the unshadowing of the national economy, provide structural transformation of cost-inefficient and unprofitable industries, improve the system of taxation entities and persons incomes, ensure equitable distribution of incomes in the country. It is recommended to increase spending on state funding for science and innovation, and implement a set of measures in order to make loans available to local manufacturers and consumers.

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Copyright of Revista Espacios is the property of Talleres de Impresos Oma and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An introduction is presented that discusses issues on topics including Ukraine's incomplete democratization, such as Soviet legacies, weak rule of law, economic inequality, or Russia's foreign policy; liberal democratic worldview; and the myth of communitarian self-reliance.

Copyright of Revista Espacios is the property of Talleres de Impresos Oma and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Espacios is the property of Talleres de Impresos Oma and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The functioning of each state is ensured by the effective public administration and functioning of the enterprises that form the basis of its economy. The current state of the Ukrainian economy has defined the problem for many business entities regarding reforming management systems by introducing organizational models that maximize profits in the short term, increase capital, in the long run, and address social issues of staff. Logistical management greatly influences the state of financial and economic and legal support in the market conditions of various economic relations. The article deals with the essence of logistics in the process of doing business. The basic methods of logistics are investigated, namely: system analysis method; method of cybernetics; economic and mathematical modeling; method of operations research; predictive method. It is determined that the application of each of them depends on the competence of the specialists who apply them. It is suggested to use expert computer support of logistics processes to increase the effectiveness of managerial decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - Labor motivation plays a significant role in the successful development of an agricultural enterprise, because only creative workers who display initiative will be able to make the business entity effective and competitive in the market environment. Research method - This caused the need to conduct an in-depth study of theoretical and methodological foundations of intensification of labor motivation of employees in agricultural enterprises as prerequisites for their competitive functioning. In the course of researching this issue, the authors of the article proposed a methodological approach, which envisages determining the productivity of labor based on the indicator of gross output at the prices of the current year. Results - As a result, it was determined that the index of productivity in agricultural enterprises of the researched region is significantly higher than the similar figure of 2010 which was determined by the constant prices. At the same time, the correlation between the productivity growth rate and the wage in the period from 2016 to 2018 was respectively 1.031 - 1.269. Implications/originality/value - The article and methodical provisions on the balanced scorecard according to the balanced scorecard concept (BSC) are further developed, which enables an in-depth analysis of the impact of certain aspects of business entities on such indicators as productivity and production efficiency, level of competitiveness, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the analysis of measurement approaches for stable competitiveness. The authors substantiate that promotion the stable competitiveness requires the creation of modern theoretical approaches for its measurement and understanding the relevant trends in the national business sector. The analysis results prove that green competitiveness is the part of national economy competitiveness and modern trends indicate that the European countries create new market opportunities for green growth promotion and ecological competitiveness increase. The objective of the paper is to investigate the measurement system for the global stable competitiveness and to analyze the Ukraine internal peculiarities in comparison with the post-Soviet and European countries. The analysis results prove that today’s worldwide trends and tendencies of the countries green competitiveness measurement are described in the approach implemented by the Global Stable Competitiveness Index. The given methodology includes three basic aspects of stable development: economy, environment and society and defines the investigated areas within the framework of five basic fields: natural capital; social capital; resource management; intellectual capital and innovations; managerial efficiency. TOP-20 countries representation according to the Global Stable Competitiveness Index is considered, the leading developed high-income countries are determined and analyzed in this investigation. Ukraine’s position among the European and Post-Soviet countries is shown in this papers. It ranks the 74th place among 180 countries and its score level is 44.7. The authors estimate the prospects for the Ukraine stable competitiveness increase within the framework of its five main determinants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the authors proposed their own idea of innovative sweatshirt that can be developed and introduced into the national market for young clothing brand VOVK. The target of the investigation is the creation of the new innovative product in youth clothes segment focused on national fashion market. The research target is chosen for a good reason since there are contradictions in this segment, such as supply and demand disproportion. The Ukrainian young people need really fashionable, high-quality and interesting clothes from national manufacturers, so they have to buy foreign substitute goods. The national manufacturer losses its profit. The authors meaningfully and by stages highlight the organizational and economic peculiarities of innovation development – from the distinct problem vision solved by this product to the latest trends in the world fashion culture that make the proposed solution possible. The project competitors among the clothes manufactures in Ukraine are analyzed. The technological solution and marketing parameters of the future supply (target audience, pricing approaches, methods of product promotion, etc.) are described. Planned efficiency indices for this project are calculated. The evaluation of potential risks and the level of their impact on the project as a whole is carried out. The carried out investigation and its visual representation is relevant for entrepreneurs engaged in tailoring and promoting their own brands in the Ukrainian market, for people interested in fashion market innovations, as well as for researches analyzing determinants and imperatives of the national innovative economy development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Market value is one of the most important kind of information for every type of business – for startups on the planning stage, as well as for already grown business. It allows to make more accurate revenue predictions at financial planning stage and therefore investment decisions. In some cases, identification of market value can be a trivial task, when, for example, we deal with open organized information, but mostly, estimation of this parameter is very complex task that can be time consuming and requires the involvement of experts in various areas. It becomes even more difficult while trying to estimate the value of illiquid assets such as assets on real estate markets. The objective of the paper is the estimation the real estate market value using the approach of extracting and structuring data from web-sources and available data by web scraping based on Python programming language. Web crawler is more advanced software, it is the artificial intelligence that can navigate the web sites, follow the search links and extract data using specific rules. As the data source, ria.ua web site is chosen. The total market value, according to information represented on ria.ua is approximately $ 10,9 billion. The evaluation shows the concentration of market mostly in Kiev, except business property, country houses, hotels, land and warehouses. At the same time, Kiev is the leader in the sphere of office complexes, parking places, recreation. The leaders of apartment sales are Kiev and Odesa regions, other regions are significantly behind Kiev and Odesa. On the basis of carried out analysis, we can come to the conclusion that the price is highly correlated with the type of real estate and moderately correlated with region of sale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is part of the special cluster titled Conceptualizations of the Holocaust in Germany, Lithuania, Poland, and Ukraine since the 1990s, guest edited by Grzegorz Rossoliński-Liebe. This special section examines how debates on local participation in the mass murder of the Jews during the Second World War have evolved in Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, and Ukraine. The comparative approach adopted in this collection has highlighted the common problems in these four countries in coming to terms with the "dark past"—those aspects of the national past that provoke shame, guilt, and regret. Like the contributors to this collection I believe it is debate among historians that offers the best chance to move forward and that the intervention of politicians has had a clearly deleterious effect. This debate needs to be conducted in an open and collegial manner although we may differ strongly in our conclusions. We should always remember that the past cannot be altered. We can only accept the tragic and shocking events that have occurred and try to learn from them. This is a process that could begin in northeastern Europe only after the collapse of the communist system—a coming to terms with the many neglected and taboo aspects of the past in all four countries. The first stage of approaching such issues has usually been from a moral point of view—a settlement of long-overdue accounts, often accompanied by apologies for past behaviour. It seemed that we were reaching a second stage, where apologetics would increasingly be replaced by careful and detailed research based on archives and reliable first-hand testimony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Roczniki Ekonomiczne Kujawsko-Pomorskiej Szkoly Wyzszej w Bydgoszczy is the property of Kujawy & Pomorze University in Bydgoszcz and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Theoretical background: The growth in government borrowing, carried out in connection with the banks' capitalisation, significantly increased the state budget expenditures aimed at servicing the capitalisation domestic public debt, which reinforces the general tendency regarding the exacerbation of the budget risk in the debt sphere in Ukraine. A weighty debt-creating factor was the budget deficit, which was covered by borrowing. Proceeding ahead of the rate of increase in debt volumes in comparison with gross domestic product (GDP) growth rates under the influence of internal and external destabilising factors contributed to the excess of the debt levels security indicators and increased the insolvency risk of the state. The increase of the obligations share denominated in foreign currency or linked to the exchange rate in the overall debt structure as an important indicator of the financial system's vulnerability to exchange rate fluctuations creates additional threats to debt sustainability regarding the increasing currency risk and the national currency devaluation. Purpose of the article: The article is focused on studying the dynamics and structure of Ukraine's public debt, its ratio to GDP, and an empirical analysis of the relationship between public debt (external and domestic) and economic growth in Ukraine. Research methods: To empirically test the relationship between public debt and economic growth in Ukraine over the 1992 to 2018 period, multiple regression models were conducted. A real GDP per capita was used as an indicator for economic growth and the debt-to-GDP ratio was used as an index of public debt. Research hypotheses were the following: H1: The public external debt-to-GDP ratio and GDP per capita have a strong negative and statistically relevant correlation; H2: The public domestic debt-to-GDP ratio and GDP per capita have a strong negative and statistically relevant correlation. Main findings: Examining the dynamics and structure of Ukraine's public debt by borrowing market (external and domestic), it is concluded that there is no strong negative or positive statistically relevant correlation between the public debt-to-GDP ratio and GDP per capita for Ukraine. The impact of this factor is so insignificant that it encourages further research to verify that low GDP growth rate causes the increase in Ukraine's public debt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews the changes of consumption patterns in the Ukrainian society over the last 25 years and the impact this transformation had on Ukrainian consumers. The author researches the market forces and the influence those market forces had on the consumer behavior. Finally, the author concludes that the market forces present on the Ukrainian market resulted in transforming consumption patterns and consumer behavior. In this scientific research also presents a critical analysis of the implications for the Ukrainian society and the possible choices of market models.

The purpose of the paper is to study and represent the current state of the middle class in Ukraine, the problems of its formation and development prospects in the future with the definition of the complementary set of internal and external factors of its formation. Methodology. The survey is based on statistical data from open official sources, which makes it possible to confirm the thesis of the critical proportion of the middle class in Ukraine. Besides, the data are obtained from electronic sources, the State Statistics Service of Ukraine. During the study, the paper uses analytical articles on the economic development of the middle class in Ukraine. The results of the survey shows that the middle class is critically low for stable functioning of Ukraine’s modern economy. One of the main problems of the middle class development is the absence of state support of small and medium-sized businesses. The government with the repressive model of the economy in relation to business-oriented monopolization was formed in Ukraine. The distribution of the «shadow» model of social and economic relations leads to the limitation of legal opportunities of employment and income. Besides, it complicates the development of small and mediumsized businesses. As a consequence, the number of entrepreneurs and small business owners are constantly increasing, but due to the absence of a favorable business climate a significant number of small businesses were forced to move into the shadow. The peculiarity of the formation of the middle class in Ukraine is that its social basis in contrast to Western Europe is not the owners, but employees. We have a unique situation, when most of the highly skilled workers (the representatives of the spheres of education, health, public administration), which should be the core of the middle class, in terms of income are on the verge or below the poverty line. The level of wages of such specialists does not even correspond to the national average. Practical implications. On the way to the successful modernization of Ukraine in the short and long-term priority business and investment climate is favorable. This, in its turn, cannot be implemented without the improvement of the state management system in the field of entrepreneurship. Policies to promote the formation of the middle class in Ukraine should rely on the support of the working population, providing outstripping wage growth, strengthening the position of highly skilled workforce, as well as supporting entrepreneurship. The formation of the middle class in Ukrainian society must be realized not through the creation of principally new social grouping, but through the gradual transformation of corresponding social groups and their way of functioning. Value/originality. The survey is conducted to clarify the concept of the status of the middle class in Ukraine. The reasons for the low level of the middle class in Ukraine are identified on the basis of the data obtained. The resulting research findings make it possible to propose measures for the development of the middle class in Ukraine, namely – the development of small and medium-sized enterprises and the support of working population, considering the interests of the middle class.

Copyright of Revista Espacios is the property of Talleres de Impresos Oma and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Espacios is the property of Talleres de Impresos Oma and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The following is being revealed in the paper: evolution of land relations and retrospective of agricultural policy realization's mechanism from tribal land property, cancellation of serfdom law, period of state monopoly for land ownership and ruling of kolgosp-radgosp (agricultural economy control system, which was operation during Soviet times) system, to agricultural reforms during 1990s-2018. Per analysis of transformations, which happened during last century, the hypothesis of discrepancy between land relations and productive forces development level, and destructive socialeconomic consequences for balanced rural development. This is the reason Ukraine was not able to fulfill its agricultural potential, despite possibilities of new technical modes and possibilities of existing green and industrial revolutions. It is proven that this is one of the main reasons of Ukrainian agricultural sector to lag behind other countries, which also feature resource-based economy. Using data regarding private land shares turnover during 18 years long moratorium on market deals for agricultural land, the trend of land shares' over-concentration within certain vertically integrated agricultural holdings is substantiated. Hence the urgent need for development of organizationaleconomic mechanism, aimed at balancing of agendas of all land relations participants: farmers (land owners, family farm owners), medium and large enterprises, regional communities and state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The war in Donbas has caused significant changes in the attitudes and values of Ukrainians. The army, which was considered a completely corrupt and outdated institution before 2014, turned into one of the country's most trusted political actors. The significant stream of volunteers who joined the army, and the subsequent high level of financial support provided by Ukrainian people, are among the reasons for this shift. All of these factors, together with the ongoing low-grade war in Ukraine, explain the heightened interest in how the army communicates with the rest of the country. This research is aimed at looking more deeply at the narratives which underlie official military communication in Ukraine and to identify changes, if any, occurring throughout the period from 2014 to 2017. This study focuses on the gap in understanding how the military institution regards the war in Donbas and through which narratives it communicates the war to its audience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article contains a theoretical generalization of the essence and necessity of state borrowing, monitoring of indicators of state and state-guaranteed debt in the conditions of government aspirations and actions in the field of ensuring the sustainability of public finances in Ukraine. The main task of the authors is to monitor the indicators of state and state-guaranteed debt in the context of the need to ensure the sustainability of public finances of Ukraine. State debt in Ukraine remains a significant factor of macro-financial risk. An important measure to prevent the threat of uncontrolled growth of public debt is to strengthen financial control and the implementation of continuous monitoring of its main indicators. The cost of public borrowing and the assessment of the effectiveness of their use as a factor in ensuring the sustainable development of the economy is a constant source of discussion between officials, public organizations, and representatives of scientific analysis centers. The article uses the generally accepted methodology for calculating the main indicators characterizing the state’s debt policy. The method of expert assessments analyzes the condition of the state debt and prospects of its servicing in Ukraine. Statistical and analytical methods have been used for the processing of statistical data on the study of the dynamics of indicators of state and state-guaranteed debt in Ukraine. The sources of information were the materials of the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine, the State Treasury Service of Ukraine, as well as the Budget Code of Ukraine, laws and regulations of Ukraine relating to the budget sphere, scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists. This study aims to address the issues of analyzing and evaluating public debt indicators in the context of improving debt management. The authors propose to use 10 indicators to monitor the state of public debt and make managerial decisions in public finance. The empirical experience of developed EU countries confirms the feasibility of using the key benchmark of state debt to GDP of 60% in government debt management. At the same time, the maximum level of public debt for emerging markets is proposed in the range of 40-60%. These ideas were embodied in the position of the medium-term state debt management strategy for 2018–2020 years, where the planned gradual reduction of public debt to GDP is 60% as of 2018, up to 52.2% in 2019 and up to 49% in 2020 . Consequently, it is important to monitor compliance with the established expected values during the budget periods defined by the strategic plans for monitoring and justifying the actually obtained indicators. In this context, the actual indicator of Ukraine’s debt in 2018 was 68%, which indicates a deviation from the planned indicator, which was due to the presence of internal and external factors which were not taken into account when this indicator was planning and which need to be further studied. So, the quality of debt planning needs further improvement. In addition, the group of indicators of debt security should include the indicator of external government debt - short-term external debt as a percentage of reserves (threshold value - 100%), from 2014 this indicator is constantly exceeded. The dynamics of changes in the state debt and state-guaranteed debt to the main macroeconomic indicators and budget parameters, weaknesses of the government debt strategy, the prospects of the debt policy in Ukraine are determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a long time theoretical representations and real actions of the reformers of the socio-economic system were in the plan of the orthodox neoclassical theory. At the same time, reformist rhetoric contained leading neo-liberal ideas, which substantially discredited them. The main task of the author is to restore the reputation of the neo-liberal economic doctrine as a whole and to prove the necessity of liberalizing the Ukrainian economy in particular. The article reveals the essence of the liberalization of economic life as a movement towards economic freedom in the broadest sense. The main ideological and philosophical content of liberalization is the strengthening of human-centered economic system, the transparency of economic relations, the humanization of the economic space, the institutionalization of interactions between all economic actors. In turn, the key economic and political dimension of liberalization can be represented by an integrated index of economic freedom, which assesses the level of real support for economic freedom by the relevant institutions and policies of the countries. The author analyzes the sources and factors of the expansion or limitation of the influence of state policy and institutions on economic freedom, which determine the level of socio-economic development of countries. It has been determined that countries that have formed relevant institutions and policies that promote economic freedom have higher levels of income, wealth, investment and more rapid economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]