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This is an Open Access article, published by EDP Sciences, under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited., The dayside atmospheres of ultra-hot Jupiters (UHJs) are predicted to possess temperature inversion layers with extremely high temperatures at high altitudes. We observed the dayside thermal emission spectra of WASP-18b and WASP-76b with the new CRIRES+ high-resolution spectrograph at near-infrared wavelengths. Using the cross-correlation technique, we detected strong CO emission lines in both planets, which confirms the existence of temperature inversions on their dayside hemispheres. The two planets are the first UHJs orbiting F-type stars with CO emission lines detected; previous detections were mostly for UHJs orbiting A-type stars. Evidence of weak H2O emission signals is also found for both planets. We further applied forward-model retrievals on the detected CO lines and retrieved the temperature-pressure profiles along with the CO volume mixing ratios. The retrieved logarithmic CO mixing ratio of WASP-18b (−2.2−1.5+1.4) is slightly higher than the value predicted by the self-consistent model assuming solar abundance. For WASP-76b, the retrieved CO mixing ratio (−3.6−1.6+1.8) is broadly consistent with the value of solar abundance. In addition, we included the equatorial rotation velocity (υeq) in the retrieval when analyzing the line profile broadening. The obtained υeq is 7.0 ± 2.9 km s−1 for WASP-18b and 5.2−3.0+2.5 km s−1 for WASP-76b, which are consistent with the tidally locked rotational velocities. © The Authors 2023., The project is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany) through Grants 05A11MG3, 05A14MG4, 05A17MG2 and the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation. Based on observations collected at the European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere under ESO programmes 108.22PH.001 and 108.22PH.002. F.Y. acknowledges the support of Frontier Scientific Research Program of Deep Space Exploration Laboratory (2022-QYKYJH-ZYTS-016). D.S. acknowledges the financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the “Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa” award to the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (SEV-2017-0709). M.R. acknowledges the support by the DFG priority program SPP 1992 “Exploring the Diversity of Extrasolar Planets” (DFG PR 36 24602/41)., With funding from the Spanish government through the "Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence" accreditation (CEX2021-001131-S).

The CRyogenic InfraRed Echelle Spectrograph (CRIRES) Upgrade project CRIRES+ extended the capabilities of CRIRES. It transformed this VLT instrument into a cross-dispersed spectrograph to increase the wavelength range that is covered simultaneously by up to a factor of ten. In addition, a new detector focal plane array of three Hawaii 2RG detectors with a 5.3 μm cutoff wavelength replaced the existing detectors. Amongst many other improvements, a new spectropolarimetric unit was added and the calibration system has been enhanced. The instrument was installed at the VLT on Unit Telescope 3 at the beginning of 2020 and successfully commissioned and verified for science operations during 2021, partly remotely from Europe due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The instrument was subsequently offered to the community from October 2021 onwards. This article describes the performance and capabilities of the upgraded instrument and presents on sky results.

The paper describes the preliminary design of the MICADO calibration assembly. MICADO, the Multi-AO Imaging CAmera for Deep Observations, is targeted to be one of the first light instruments of the Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) and it will embrace imaging, spectroscopic and astrometric capabilities including their calibration. The astrometric requirements are particularly ambitious aiming for ~ 50 μas differential precision within and between single epochs. The MICADO Calibration Assembly (MCA) shall deliver flat-field, wavelength and astrometric calibration and it will support the instrument alignment to the Single-Conjugate Adaptive Optics wavefront sensor. After a complete overview of the MCA subsystems, their functionalities, design and status, we will concentrate on the ongoing prototype testing of the most challenging components. Particular emphasis is put on the development and test of the Warm Astrometric Mask (WAM) for the calibration of the optical distortions within MICADO and MAORY, the multiconjugate AO module.

Hollow cathode lamps of U and Th are the standard frequency calibrators in astronomical spectrographs. In an effort to optimize precision radial velocity measurements at near-IR wavelengths for the CARMENES survey, we are characterizing 12 commercial U-Ne hollow cathode lamps using a high resolution Fourier Transform Spectrograph and an InGaAs detector to analyze the wavelength range between 950 and 1700 nm. We have recorded spectral atlases of UNe operated at 8, 10 and 12 mA, which are typical values used at astronomical observatories in order to maximize lamp lifetimes. In addition to the spectral atlas, we analyze properties like warm-up times, average intensities from lines of different elements, positions and the width of emission lines, and blends. None of our lamps show strong peculiarities in the spectra or significant contamination. The identification of the uranium lines is based on the line widths and consistent with the Redman et al. (2011) catalog. Our line list can add a significant number of lines particularly in the range around 9000 cm -1 (1.1 μm) where the catalog is incomplete because of limited detector sensitivity. We are able to identify the elements emitting additional lines by measuring the line width. The increased number of U lines at wavelengths relevant to radial velocity surveys can yield a significant improvement in the accuracy of radial velocity measurements.

CRIRES, the ESO high resolution infrared spectrometer, is a unique instrument which allows astronomers to access a parameter space which up to now was largely uncharted. In its current setup, it consists of a single-order spectrograph providing long-slit, single-order spectroscopy with resolving power up to R=100,000 over a quite narrow spectral range. This has resulted in sub-optimal efficiency and use of telescope time for all the scientific programs requiring broad spectral coverage of compact objects (e.g. chemical abundances of stars and intergalactic medium, search and characterization of extra-solar planets). To overcome these limitations, a consortium was set-up for upgrading CRIRES to a cross-dispersed spectrometer, called CRIRES+. This paper presents the updated optical design of the crossdispersion module for CRIRES+. This new module can be mounted in place of the current pre-disperser unit. The new system yields a factor of >10 increase in simultaneous spectral coverage and maintains a quite long slit (10"), ideal for observations of extended sources and for precise sky-background subtraction., 14 pages, 9 figures, 22 tables. Presented at SPIE Astronomical Telescope + Instrumentation 2014 (Ground-based and Airbone Instrumentation for Astronomy 5, 9147-289). To be published in Proceeding of SPIE Volume 9147

(Abridged) WASP-5b is a highly irradiated dense hot Jupiter orbiting a G4V star every 1.6 days. We observed two secondary eclipses of WASP-5b in the J, H and K bands simultaneously. Thermal emission of WASP-5b is detected in the J and K bands. The retrieved planet-to-star flux ratios in the J and K bands are 0.168 +0.050/-0.052% and 0.269+/-0.062%, corresponding to brightness temperatures of 2996 +212/-261K and 2890 +246/-269K, respectively. No thermal emission is detected in the H band, with a 3-sigma upper limit of 0.166%, corresponding to a maximum temperature of 2779K. On the whole, our J, H, K results can be explained by a roughly isothermal temperature profile of ~2700K in the deep layers of the planetary dayside atmosphere that are probed at these wavelengths. Together with Spitzer observations, which probe higher layers that are found to be at ~1900K, a temperature inversion is ruled out in the range of pressures probed by the combined data set. While an oxygen-rich model is unable to explain all the data, a carbon-rich model provides a reasonable fit but violates energy balance., Comment: 13 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

(Abridged) We observed one transit and one occultation of the hot Jupiter WASP-43b simultaneously in the g'r'i'z'JHK bands using the GROND instrument on the MPG/ESO 2.2-meter telescope. From the transit event, we have independently derived WASP-43's system parameters with high precision, and improved the period to be 0.81347437(13) days. No significant variation in transit depths is detected, with the largest deviations coming from the i', H, and K bands. Given the observational uncertainties, the broad-band transmission spectrum can be explained by either a flat featureless straight line that indicates thick clouds, synthetic spectra with absorption signatures of atomic Na/K or molecular TiO/VO that indicate cloud-free atmosphere, or a Rayleigh scattering profile that indicates high-altitude hazes. From the occultation event, we have detected planetary dayside thermal emission in the K-band with a flux ratio of 0.197 +/- 0.042%, which confirms previous detections obtained in the 2.09 micron narrow band and Ks-band. The K-band brightness temperature 1878 +108/-116 K favors an atmosphere with poor day- to night-side heat redistribution. We also have a marginal detection in the i'-band (0.037 +0.023/-0.021%), which is either a false positive, a signature of non-blackbody radiation at this wavelength, or an indication of reflective hazes at high altitude., Comment: 14 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

We aim to construct a spectral energy distribution (SED) for the emission from the dayside atmosphere of the hot Jupiter WASP-46b and to investigate its energy budget. We observed a secondary eclipse of WASP-46b simultaneously in the g'r'i'z'JHK bands using the GROND instrument on the MPG/ESO 2.2m telescope. Eclipse depths of the acquired light curves were derived to infer the brightness temperatures at multibands that cover the SED peak. We report the first detection of the thermal emission from the dayside of WASP-46b in the K band at 4.2-sigma level and tentative detections in the H (2.5-sigma) and J (2.3-sigma) bands, with flux ratios of 0.253 +0.063/-0.060%, 0.194 +/- 0.078%, and 0.129 +/- 0.055%, respectively. The derived brightness temperatures (2306 +177/-187K, 2462 +245/-302K, and 2453 +198/-258K, respectively) are consistent with an isothermal temperature profile of 2386K, which is significantly higher than the dayside-averaged equilibrium temperature, indicative of very poor heat redistribution efficiency. We also investigate the tentative detections in the g'r'i' bands and the 3-sigma upper limit in the z' band, which might indicate the existence of reflective clouds if these tentative detections do not arise from systematics., 8 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

Background: Periorbital eczema may be an expression of a constitutional disease or an irritant or allergic dermatitis. An allergic contact dermatitis is believed to be the most comm

The optimal stimulus position for a figure-8-shaped coil for magnetic stimulation of the ulnar nerve at the wrist was not coincident with the optimal electrical stimulus point but was shifted 18.3 mm to the ulnar side (P < 0.01). For the median nerve the optimal stimulus site was 9.6 mm radial to the optimal position for electrical stimulation (P < 0.05). This shift of the stimulus point for magnetic stimulation is significantly smaller after interposition of a homogenous electrically conducting medium between coil and arm but not changed after interposition of distilled water. This so-called boundary effect is therefore due to the different conductivities of the medium interposed between coil and nerve. It may also distort precise localisation of other excitable structures such as cranial nerves, nerve roots and cortical areas by means of magnetic stimuli. The amplitudes of the compound muscle action potentials elicited with identical magnetic stimulus strength were larger after the interposition of isotonic solution between coil and skin but not after interposition of distilled water. Consideration of the boundary effect provided an improved response amplitude to magnetic stimulation, but this could not adequately compensate for its poor localisation compared to electrical stimulation.

The response functions of Si surface barrier detectors (depletion depth: 2 mm, active area: 200 mm 2 ) to monoenergetic electrons and positrons have been measured in the energy range 0.8–3.5 MeV at the Giessen electron linear accelerator. Lower peak-to-total ratios were observed in the positron response functions compared to electrons. The measured response functions were compared with Monte Carlo simulations enabling a separation of the individual contributions to the response function such as: total energy loss, backscattering, transmission, bremsstrahlung emission. A parametrization of the response function for electrons is given, which allows a reliable approximation of the response function in the investigated energy range.

Nuclear resonance fluorescence (NRF) experiments on the isotopes 13 C, 23 Na, 27 Al, 31 P, 35 Cl, and 48 Ti with transitions of known strengths have been performed to determine the relative spectral shape of low energy, thick target bremsstrahlung spectra. The experimental results (endpoint energy E 0 = 4.1 MeV) are compared with Monte Carlo simulations. It is concluded that a linear function represents a rather precise approximation of the shape of this bremsstrahlung spectrum near the endpoint energy. Therefore, a linear interpolation of the photon flux between well known data points enables a fast and sufficiently precise analysis of NRF experiments using photon sources of this kind.

Nuclear resonance fluorescence experiments have been performed on the deformed actinide nucleus $^{236}\mathrm{U}$. Bremsstrahlung of 3.9 MeV endpoint energy has been used as the photon source. The scattered photons were detected by three high resolution Ge-\ensuremath{\gamma}-spectrometers installed at scattering angles of 92\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 128\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, and 150\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, respectively. Precise excitation energies, decay branching ratios, and ground state decay widths of numerous previously unknown spin 1 states in the excitation energy range 1.8--3.2 MeV have been extracted. The dipole strength has been found to be concentrated in the energy range 2.1--2.5 MeV. The systematics of the so-called scissors mode observed as a result of the previous (\ensuremath{\gamma},\ensuremath{\gamma}') and (e,e') experiments on $^{232}\mathrm{Th}$ and $^{238}\mathrm{U}$ and, in particular, their combined analysis suggests likewise to attribute these new dipole excitations in $^{236}\mathrm{U}$ to the orbital M1 scissors mode.

Nuclear resonance fluorescence experiments have been performed on the nuclei 142,146,148,150 Nd, which are located in the mass region of a nuclear shape transition from a spherical ( 142 Nd) to a well-deformed shape ( 150 Nd). Bremsstrahlung of 4.1 MeV endpoint energy served as the photon source. The scattered photons were detected by high-resolution Ge-spectrometers. Precise excitation energies, decay branching ratios, and ground-state decay widths of numerous new spin-1 states have been extracted.

Precise experimental data have been obtained on the distribution of low lying collective spin-one states in the rare-earth nuclei 172,174,176 Yb using high-resolution nuclear resonance fluores cence. We report on excitation energies, spins and decay-widths of these states. The data show that the dipole strength below 4 MeV is strongly fragmented. We discuss the influence of the fragmentation on the so-called M1 “scissors mode”, and compare upper limits for M1 strengths to those measured for the neighbouring nuclei.

Measurements of the linear polarization of resonantly scattered photons have been used for model-independent parity determinations in nuclear resonance fluorescence experiments. Two different Compton polarimeters, a five Ge detector arrangement and a sectored Ge(Li) detector, have been installed at the bremsstrahlung facility of the Stuttgart Dynamitron Accelerator. The following spin and parity assignments have been achieved to excited states (excitation energy E x ): 142 Nd: E x = 3.425 MeV, J π = 1 − ; 150 Nd: E x = 2.894 MeV, J π = 1 + ; E x = 2.994 MeV, J π = 1 + ; E x = 3.058 MeV, J π = 1 + ; 232 Th: E x = 2.043 MeV, J π = 1 + .

Schizophrenia clinical practice guidelines are developed to provide expert- and evidence-based advice to practicing psychiatrists in order to improve the management of this disorder. However, the application of these guidelines in everyday health care can still be described as nonsatisfying. Within the project "Guideline-supported quality management in outpatient treatment", we investigated whether guideline adherence and quality of outcome can be improved by implementing a computer-based, guideline-oriented decision-support system. Therefore, a disease-specific decision-support system was developed interactively presenting guidelines to support the physicians decision-making process during the treatment of schizophrenia patients. We evaluated the system in a control group design: An experimental group consisting of 15 psychiatrists in private practice used the decision-support system, thus documenting the treatment of schizophrenic patients. Guideline-based algorithms were interactively and case specifically displayed on the PC-screen as soon as predefined triggers were met. A first control group in Munich provided treatment-as-usual, documenting the treatment via paper-pencil. Two further physician groups served as additional comparison groups: one also documented electronically using the decision-support system, however without receiving electronic guideline support, the second group carried out traditional quality circles while also using the paper-pencil approach. As a result of the intervention, we observed a strong initial but time-limited improvement with respect to the core aspects of outpatient treatment in schizophrenia in the experimental group. The findings suggest that decision-support systems, despite their limitations, can be used to enhance treatment outcome in schizophrenia outpatient care.

The recommendations given by general practitioners in the treatment of schizophrenia were investigated empirically and compared with those given by psychiatrists as well as with the accepted standards for the prophylactic treatment of schizophrenic psychoses.In an interview based on case reports, 64 randomly selected general practitioners in private practice were asked 6 questions on the treatment of schizophrenic psychoses.75% of the general practitioners recommend a duration of prophylactic measures that is significantly shorter than that recommended by international standards, and also significantly shorter than that recommended by psychiatrists. This undertreatment correlates with an overestimation of the risk of side effects and--at least in first-time patients--an underestimation of the relapse risk.Despite a number of significant differences between general practitioners and psychiatrists, both groups fall far short of international treatment standards in terms of recommended duration of prophylaxis, both underestimate the relapse risk and overestimate the risk of side effects. Possible approaches to improving the quality of relapse prevention in schizophrenia are, for example, joint educational activities for family doctors and psychiatrists, and the establishment and implementation of joint treatment guidelines.

The rate of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence was investigated in numerous studies and was found to be between 10% and 18%, boys having more problems to tackle than girls. These studies often concern school-age children, but it is sure that psychiatric disorders already occur in early childhood. In the present study, mental health was assessed in children of Jena, who were starting with school. A comparison with methodologically similar studies in Heidelberg and Cologne was possible.The study was conducted in cooperation with the health department of Jena. Parents had to fill in the CBCL (Child Behaviour Checklist), which assesses behavioural disturbances and social competence. Participation was voluntary and anonymous.From the total population of 1039 children 749 (72.0%) checklists were filled in by the parents. 674 (64.9%) checklists were completely filled in and included in the study. 86 out of 674 (64.9%) of the children had a psychiatric disorder, boys (13.4%) more often than girls (12.2%), especially in the scales "Externalizing disorders", "delinquent behaviour", "aggressive behaviour" and "attention deficit disorders". Children coming from certain areas (Lobeda, Winzerla) had not have more disturbances than children from the central part of the city. Only 8.1% of the parents of children with psychiatric disorders recognise such problems, and only 16.3% of these children had a visit with a physician or psychologist within the last year. This leads to the conclusion, that the sensitivity for psychiatric disorders of children must be improved.

In the present study the costs of schizophrenia in Germany were studied using the "bottom up" prevalence-based method. In a random sample of 180 schizophrenic patients stratified according to the most important care institutions, direct and indirect costs were retrospectively documented for a 12-month period. Depending on the place of recruitment and the extent of care provided, total yearly costs result between about DM 33,000 for a patient treated predominantly on an outpatient basis and about DM 126,000 for a patient requiring hospital care and about DM 135,000 for a patient in job rehabilitation. The direct yearly treatment costs were, as expected, lowest for patients recruited in the private practice of a psychiatrist and predominantly treated on an outpatient basis (DM 5,788), and were the highest in the psychiatric hospital (DM 64,661) and in job rehabilitation (DM 79,996). In the patients recruited in the outpatient domain, doctors' fees and medication together were responsible for only 4.5% of the total costs, whereas the indirect costs (e.g., through work incapacity) were responsible for 87% of the total yearly costs. For methodological reasons the total costs caused by schizophrenic psychoses in Germany per year can at present be estimated only roughly. A conservative estimate is between 8.5 and 18 billion DM per year. The study shows that schizophrenia is a very expensive illness, the direct and indirect costs of which are on the whole comparable to those of the common somatic illnesses. Therefore, also for economical reasons, sufficient financial means should be invested in the research and treatment of this severe illness.

The development of hand eczema is a relatively commonly seem dermatosis in housewives. In 1986 we presented a first survey of potential contact dermatitis sources for a housewife. Now, we present an update in which we analyse the different contact sources in the household and grade them in comparison to the data of 1986. The results are based on the analysis of a large population of 2633 patients with the occupation "housewife" and the diagnosis "eczema" who have been seen in departments of dermatology belonging to the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK).

Periorbital eczema may be an expression of a constitutional disease or an irritant or allergic dermatitis. An allergic contract dermatitis is believed to be the most common cause.We tried to determine which allergens may cause an allergic contact dermatitis and if there exists a leading allergen.609 patients with periorbital eczema were assessed with patch testing in 22 hospitals to evaluate the relevance of an allergic contact dermatitis in the pathogenesis of periorbital eczema. Additionally, 116 patients were tested with their own products.81% of the cases involving the eyelids were women. A relevant allergic contact dermatitis was found in 52% of the patients with periorbital eczema. Furthermore, a positive patch test was present in every third patient with the clinical diagnosis of an atopic dermatitis. Antibiotics, phenylephrine and thimerosal could be determined to be the leading allergens responsible for allergic periorbital eczema. Positive reactions for potassium dichromate and fragrance mix occurred less frequently in patients with periorbital eczema. 132 positive reactions were found in patients tested with their own products, including 33% with a positive reaction to eye ointments, 15% to face creams, 10% to eye shadows, 10% to makeup, 10% to shampoos and 4% to nail varnish. Only 6% reacted to perfume.The data underline the importance of performing patch tests in the case of periorbital eczema, especially in atopic patients.

The optimal stimulus position for a figure-8-shaped coil for magnetic stimulation of the ulnar nerve at the wrist was not coincident with the optimal electrical stimulus point but was shifted 18.3 mm to the ulnar side (P0.01). For the median nerve the optimal stimulus site was 9.6 mm radial to the optimal position for electrical stimulation (P0.05). This shift of the stimulus point for magnetic stimulation is significantly smaller after interposition of a homogenous electrically conducting medium between coil and arm but not changed after interposition of distilled water. This so-called boundary effect is therefore due to the different conductivities of the medium interposed between coil and nerve. It may also distort precise localisation of other excitable structures such as cranial nerves, nerve roots and cortical areas by means of magnetic stimuli. The amplitudes of the compound muscle action potentials elicited with identical magnetic stimulus strength were larger after the interposition of isotonic solution between coil and skin but not after interposition of distilled water. Consideration of the boundary effect provided an improved response amplitude to magnetic stimulation, but this could not adequately compensate for its poor localisation compared to electrical stimulation.

Systematic photon scattering experiments have been performed over the recent years at the Giessen Electron Linac and Stuttgart Dynamitron in order to investigate low lying dipole transitions in deformed nuclei. With the high resolution and sensitivity of these Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence (NRF) experiments detailed dipole strength distributions in numerous isotopes could be extracted. By using linearly polarized bremsstrahlung or by measuring the linear polarization of the scattered photons the parities of numerous J=1 states in 48Ti, 70,72Ge, the rare earth nuclei 142,150Nd, 162Dy and in 232Th could be determined in an unambiguous, model‐independent way.

The Southern Permian Basin of the North Sea represents an elongate E-W oriented depo-centre along the northern margin of the Variscan Mountains. During Rotliegend times, three roughly parallel facies belts of a Permian desert developed, these following the outline of the Variscan Mountains. These belts were, from south to north, the wadi facies, the dune and interdune facies, and the sabkha and desert lake facies. The bulk of the gas reservoirs of the Rotliegend occur in the aeolian dune sands. Their recognition, and the study of their geometry, is therefore important in hydrocarbon exploration. Equally important is the understanding of diagenesis, particularly of the diageneticaily-formed clay minerals, because they have an important influence on the reservoir quality of these sands. Clay minerals were introduced to the aeolian sands during or shortly after their deposition in the form of air-borne dust, which later formed thin clay films around the grains. During burial diagenesis, these clay films may have acted as crystallization nuclei for new clay minerals or for the transformation of existing ones. Depending on their crystallographic habit, the clay minerals can seriously affect the effective porosity and permeability of the sands.

The paper describes some processes and phenomena relating to snow, such as sedimentation and resedimentation, diagenesis and gravity-induced mass transports (avalanches). It is shown that the type of avalanche is largely governed by the bedding sequence within the snow cover. From this it is concluded that snow could act as a valuable correlation model to gain a better understanding of some gravity-induced sediment transport modes, e.g. slumping—sliding and turbidity flow.

Fragment angular and mass distributions have been measured simultaneously for photon energies near the fission barrier of 236 U. Different angular distributions have been observed for particular fragment mass regions. This establishes a clear relationship between the quantum numbers of the transition states and the fragment mass division. The results are discussed within the transition channel concept of the double humped barrier for different fission paths and the more recent model of multi-ecit channels.

Two experiments establish an evidence for different fission fragment mass asymmetries for specific nuclear excitations: in near barrier photofission of 236U enhanced quadrupole contributions (fission through the Jπ = 2+ , K = 0 transition state) have been observed in the fragment angular distributions for a far asymmetric mass split. On the other hand, the fission decay of the isoscalar giant quadrupole resonance exhibits larger mass symmetric contributions than the E1 and E3 resonances as observed in 235, 238U(e,e'f) coincidence experiments, where the fission width ratios Γs/ΓA have been determined as functions of excitation energy for separated multipole resonances.

High resolution photon scattering experiments on 160,162,164 Dy have revealed considerable fragmentation of dipole strength into two groups around 2.5 MeV and around 3 MeV. In assuming that the new J =1 states near 3 MeV correspond to magnetic excitations, the B (M1)↑ sums are effectively twice the sd-IBA-2 SU (3) value for g -factors obtained from magnetic moments. The new data also show a sudden drop in B (M1)↑ strength from Dy to Er.

Volcaniclastics have not as yet been considered prime hydrocarbon exploration targets. This is because they contain a high proportion of mechanically and mineralogically unstable components which generally cause a faster deterioration in reservoir quality upon burial than is found in siliciclastics. Also, their complex mineralogical composition makes the burial-related diagenesis more difficult to understand. However, under favourable circumstances—such as devitrification at shallow depth, leaching of unstable particles, fracturing, or reworking—volcaniclastics may act as good reservoir rocks. Both favourable and unfavourable case histories are discussed.

In Permian Rotliegend aeolian sandstones in the Dutch sector of the North Sea, kaolinite dominates over poorly crystallised, pore-lining illite in areas of shallow burial. Fibrous, bridging illite dominates over kaolinite in the areas of deeper burial.

Compton polarimeters have been used to measure the linear polarization of resonantly scattered photons. In the deformed nucleus /sup 150/Nd the first direct and model-independent evidence has been obtained that in a cluster of enhanced dipole excitations near 3 MeV the three strongest transitions are of the same, /ital positive/ parity.

The general tendency of the development of the sciences to differentiation is to be seen also within the discipline of internal medicine. By the formation of special tasks with a limited aim of realization the scientific subject of hypertonology developed. According to the regularities of the genesis of the discipline the process took place gradually. In the 18th and 19th century (prehistory) above all the method of measuring the blood pressure (technical prerequisite) developed. With the intensification of the process of cognition since the beginning of the 20 the century the actual development began (preparatory or initial phase). The qualitative breach (phase of constituation) was evoked by 1950 by making available highly effective remedies decreasing the blood pressure, the recommendations of the WHO concerning the limiting values of the blood pressure and the recognition of risk factors. Nowadays the scientific subject of hypertonology is fully acknowledged in research and health policy (phase of establishment); the process leads over to the phase of consolidation.

The measurement of fragment angular and mass distributions in photofission represents an important tool to investigate the properties of the double humped fission barrier, in particular the spectrum of transition states, which provides direct information on nuclear shapes and possible collective modes. Photoexcitation has the unique feature to be specific to low spin states. The ratio of quadrupole to dipole photofission is directly connected to the relative heights of the bumps of the double humped fission barrier.