Author: "U. Knorr" - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

Your search keyword '"U. Knorr"' showing total 128 results

Start Over Author "U. Knorr"

128 results on '"U. Knorr"'

1. P.654 Central oxidative stress of RNA damage in patients with bipolar disorder and healthy control individuals. A prospective longitudinal case-control study

Author: U. Knorr, A.H. Simonsen, P. Roos, A. Weimann, T. Henriksen, E.M. Christensen, M. Vinberg, R.L. Mikkelsen, T. Kirkegaard, R.N. Jensen, M. Akhøj, J. Forman, H.E. Poulsen, S.G. Hasselbalch, and L.V. Kessing
Subjects: Pharmacology, Psychiatry and Mental health, Neurology, Pharmacology (medical), Neurology (clinical), Biological Psychiatry
Published: 2019
Full Text: View/download PDF

2. Extrakorporale Stoßwellentherapie beim symptomatischen Fersensporn – eine Übersicht

Author: W. E. Siebert, M. Buch, C. Bachmann, G. Theodore, Lamar L. Fleming, C. Zingas, A. Amendola, and U. Knorr
Subjects: Gynecology, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, medicine, Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, business
Abstract: Extrakorporale Stoswellen werden seit Jahren in Europa zur Behandlung von Insertionstendinopathien wie der plantaren Fasziitis mit klinischem Erfolg eingesetzt. Bislang existierte jedoch kein Wirksamkeitsnachweis anhand placebokontrollierter Studien.
Published: 2002
Full Text: View/download PDF

3. Cerebral networks in sensorimotor stroke

Author: U. Knorr, N.P. Azari, and Rüdiger J. Seitz
Subjects: Infarction, General Medicine, Cerebral metabolism, Blood flow, medicine.disease, Functional imaging, Hemiparesis, medicine, In patient, medicine.symptom, Psychology, Diaschisis, Stroke, Neuroscience
Abstract: Brain infarctions induce direct abnormalities within the damaged hemisphere and in distant areas, as well as indirect changes in the brain reflecting the lesion-induced deficit. As the patients recover, recovery-related changes occur. The lesion-related, deficit-related and recovery-related changes were studied by measurements of the regional cerebral metabolism and blood flow in patients with their first hemiparetic brain infarction. Since brain lesions are expected to affect cerebral networks subserving information processing and control of behaviour, multivariate types of image analysis were applied to functional brain imaging data. Here, we report our results on disease-related abnormalities and postlesional reorganisation of neural networks after sensorimotor stroke.
Published: 2002
Full Text: View/download PDF

4. Cerebral networks in sensorimotor disturbances

Author: N.P. Azari, Rüdiger J. Seitz, Bruno Weder, and U. Knorr
Subjects: Adult, Cerebral Cortex, Artificial neural network, General Neuroscience, Central nervous system, Information processing, Parkinson Disease, Cerebral Infarction, Human brain, Middle Aged, Functional imaging, Functional Brain Imaging, medicine.anatomical_structure, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Sensation Disorders, Principal component analysis, medicine, Humans, In patient, Nerve Net, Psychology, Neuroscience, Aged, Tomography, Emission-Computed
Abstract: Increasing evidence suggests that the human brain employs multiple, interconnected brain areas for information processing and control of behavior, including the performance of laboratory tasks. Brain diseases are expected to affect these networks directly by interference and indirectly as a consequence of deficit compensation. Covariance analyses applied to functional brain imaging data open the opportunity to study neural networks and their disease-related changes in the human brain. Here, we review our analytic approach based on principal component analysis (PCA) to address such questions. We will discuss its methodological foundations and applications in patients with sensorimotor disorders. We will show that PCA in combination with, both, hypothesis-driven testing and correlation statistics provides a powerful tool for elucidating disease-related abnormalities and postlesional reorganization of neural networks in the human brain.
Published: 2001
Full Text: View/download PDF

5. The Role of Diaschisis in Stroke Recovery

Author: U. Knorr, Rüdiger J. Seitz, Nina P. Azari, Hans-Joachim Freund, Ferdinand Binkofski, and Hans Herzog
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Movement, medicine.medical_treatment, Hemiplegia, computer.software_genre, Brain mapping, Fingers, Central nervous system disease, Reference Values, Voxel, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Stroke, Diaschisis, Aged, Advanced and Specialized Nursing, Neuronal Plasticity, business.industry, Brain, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Surgery, Cerebrovascular Disorders, Hemiparesis, Cerebral blood flow, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Cardiology, Female, Neurology (clinical), Nerve Net, medicine.symptom, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Stroke recovery, business, computer, Tomography, Emission-Computed
Abstract: Background and Purpose —Recovery from hemiparesis after stroke has been shown to involve reorganization in motor and premotor cortical areas. However, whether poststroke recovery also depends on changes in remote brain structures, ie, diaschisis, is as yet unresolved. To address this question, we studied regional cerebral blood flow in 7 patients (mean±SD age, 54±8 years) after their first hemiparetic stroke. Methods —We analyzed imaging data voxel by voxel using a principal component analysis by which coherent changes in functional networks could be disclosed. Performance was assessed by a motor score and by the finger movement rate during the regional cerebral blood flow measurements. Results —The patients had recovered ( P P P Conclusions —Motor recovery after hemiparetic brain infarction is subserved by brain structures in locations remote from the stroke lesion. The topographic overlap of the lesion-affected and recovery-related networks suggests that diaschisis may play a critical role in stroke recovery.
Published: 1999
Full Text: View/download PDF

6. On two methods of statistical image analysis

Author: K. L. Leenders, R. J. Seitz, Hans Herzog, U. Knorr, RP Maguire, L. Tellman, and John Missimer
Subjects: Adult, Gaussian, Statistics as Topic, Statistical parametric mapping, computer.software_genre, symbols.namesake, Voxel, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Humans, Computer Simulation, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Research Articles, Statistic, Mathematics, General linear model, Random field, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, business.industry, fungi, Brain atlas, Brain, Pattern recognition, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Neurology, Cerebrovascular Circulation, symbols, Neurology (clinical), Artificial intelligence, Anatomy, Nuclear medicine, business, computer, Smoothing, Tomography, Emission-Computed
Abstract: The computerized brain atlas (CBA) and statistical parametric mapping (SPM) are two procedures for voxel‐based statistical evaluation of PET activation studies. Each includes spatial standardization of image volumes, computation of a statistic, and evaluation of its significance. In addition, smoothing and correcting for differences of global means are commonly performed in SPM before statistical analysis. We report a comparison of methods in an analysis of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in 10 human volunteers and 10 simulated activations. For the human studies, CBA or linear SPM standarization methods were followed by smoothing and computation of a statistic with the paired t‐test of CBA or general linear model of SPM. No standardization, linear, and nonlinear SPM standardization were applied to the simulations. Significance of the statistic was evaluated using the cluster‐size method common to SPM and CBA. SPM employs the theory of Gaussian random fields to estimate the cluster size distributions; simulations described in the Appendix provided empirical distributions derived from t‐maps. The quantities evaluated were number and size of functional regions (FRs), maximum statistic, average resting rCBF, and percentage change. For the simulations, the efficiency of signal detection and rate of false positives could be evaluated as well as the distributions of statistics and cluster size in the absense of signal. The similarity of the results yielded by similar methods of analysis for the human studies and the simulated activations substantiates the robustness of the methods for selecting functional regions. However, the analysis of simulated activations demonstrated that quantitative evaluation of significance of a functional region encounters important obstacles at every stage of the analysis. Hum. Brain Mapping 8:245–258, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Published: 1999
Full Text: View/download PDF

7. Multimodal output mapping of human central motor representation on different spatial scales

Author: Erwin Kunesch, Rüdiger J. Seitz, Konrad J. Werhahn, Leonardo G. Cohen, Reiner Benecke, U. Knorr, Joseph Classen, and Gottfried Schlaug
Subjects: Adult, Male, Physiology, medicine.medical_treatment, Models, Neurological, Poison control, Electromyography, Biology, behavioral disciplines and activities, Functional Laterality, Cog, Reference Values, medicine, Humans, Muscle, Skeletal, Motor Neurons, Brain Mapping, Scalp, medicine.diagnostic_test, Motor Cortex, Magnetoencephalography, Precentral gyrus, Original Articles, Index finger, Human brain, Evoked Potentials, Motor, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Transcranial magnetic stimulation, Forearm, medicine.anatomical_structure, Brain Injuries, Female, human activities, Neuroscience, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Motor cortex
Abstract: 1. Non-invasive mapping by focal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is frequently used to investigate cortical motor function in the intact and injured human brain. We examined how TMS-derived maps relate to the underlying cortical anatomy and to cortical maps generated by functional imaging studies. 2. The centres of gravity (COGs) of TMS maps of the first dorsal intersosseus muscle (FDI) were integrated into 3-D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data sets in eleven subjects. In seven of these subjects the TMS-derived COGs were compared with the COG of regional cerebral blood flow increases using positron emission tomography (PET) in an index finger flexion protocol. 3. Mean TMS-derived COG projections were located on the posterior lip of the precentral gyrus and TMS-derived COG projections were in close proximity to the mean PET-derived COG, suggesting that the two methods reflect activity of similar cortical elements. 4. Criteria for a reliable assessment of the COG and the number of positions with a minimum amplitude of two-thirds of the maximum motor-evoked potential (T3Ps) were determined as a function of the number of stimuli and extension of the stimulation field. COGs and T3Ps were compared with an estimate of the size of the human motor cortex targeting alpha-motoneurons of forearm muscles. This comparison suggests that TMS can retrieve spatial information on cortical organization below the macroanatomic scale of cortical regions. 5. Finally, we studied the cortical representation of hand muscles in relation to facial and foot muscle representations and investigated hemispherical asymmetries. We did not find any evidence for a different ipsi- or contralateral representation of the mentalis muscle. Also, no difference was found between FDI representations on the dominant versus the non-dominant hemisphere.
Published: 1998
Full Text: View/download PDF

8. Dynamic scanning of 15O-butanol with positron emission tomography can identify regional cerebral activations

Author: N.P. Azari, Klaus Martin Stephan, U. Knorr, Rüdiger J. Seitz, Hans Herzog, Gilbert Wunderlich, and Lutz Tellmann
Subjects: Physics, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Subtraction, Human brain, Statistical parametric mapping, Brain mapping, medicine.anatomical_structure, Neurology, Cerebral blood flow, Positron emission tomography, medicine, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Neurology (clinical), Anatomy, Cerebral perfusion pressure, Nuclear medicine, business, Image resolution, Biomedical engineering
Abstract: To determine task-specific activations of the human brain in individual subjects, we applied pixel-by-pixel t-map statistics to the regional cerebral perfusion data obtained sequentially by dynamic scanning of [15O]-butanol with positron emission tomography (PET). The listmode data were binned into frames of 2 sec, and multiple corresponding pixel-by-pixel activation-minus-control subtractions were used for t-map calculation. The subtraction frames covering 10–40 sec after tracer arrival in the brain showed the activation-related increase of regional cerebral perfusion. A mismatch of the activation and control data by 2 sec resulted in a mean error of
Published: 1997
Full Text: View/download PDF

9. Decreased levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the remitted state of unipolar depressive disorder

Author: B J, Hasselbalch, U, Knorr, B, Bennike, S G, Hasselbalch, M H Greisen, Søndergaard, and L, Vedel Kessing
Subjects: Adult, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Depressive Disorder, Major, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Denmark, Remission Induction, Middle Aged, Severity of Illness Index, Young Adult, Humans, Regression Analysis, Female, Biomarkers
Abstract: Decreased levels of peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) have been associated with depression. It is uncertain whether abnormally low levels of BDNF in blood are present beyond the depressive state and whether levels of BDNF are associated with the course of clinical illness.Whole-blood BDNF levels were measured in blood samples from patients with unipolar disorder in a sustained state of clinical remission and in a healthy control group. Participants were recruited via Danish registers, a method that benefits from the opportunity to obtain well-matched community-based samples as well as providing a high diagnostic validity of the patient sample.A total of 85 patients and 50 controls were included in the study. In multiple linear regression analyses, including the covariates age, gender, 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores, body-mass index, education, smoking and physical exercise, patients with unipolar depressive disorder had decreased levels of BDNF compared to healthy control individuals [B = -7.4, 95% CI (-11.2, -3.7), = 0.21 P0.001]. No association between course of clinical illness and BDNF levels was present.Whole-blood BDNF levels seem to be decreased in patients remitted from unipolar depressive disorder, suggesting that neurotrophic changes may exist beyond the depressive state.
Published: 2012

10. Cerebral hemodynamics during sensorimotor activation in humans

Author: M. Sitzer, U. Knorr, and R. J. Seitz
Subjects: Adult, Male, Adolescent, Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial, Physiology, Movement, Central nervous system, Sensation, Hemodynamics, Vibration, Fingers, Physiology (medical), medicine.artery, medicine, Humans, Pulse, business.industry, Respiration, Osmolar Concentration, Body movement, Carbon Dioxide, Hand, medicine.anatomical_structure, Cerebral blood flow, Cerebral hemodynamics, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Anesthesia, Middle cerebral artery, Circulatory system, business, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Blood vessel
Abstract: We studied the time course and magnitude of cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) changes in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the MCA territory during stimulation of the left sensorimotor cortex. Healthy right-handed male subjects were examined during performance of right-hand finger movement sequences, vibratory stimulation, and somatosensory discrimination. In somatosensory discrimination there were significant increases of the mean CBFV (4.8 +/- 9.9 cm/s; P < 0.01) and the mean rCBF (10.2 +/- 4.2 ml.100 g-1.min-1; P < 0.01), whereas no significant changes of the mean CBFV and rCBF occurred in finger movement sequences or vibratory stimulation. During all stimulation sessions the mean CBFV changes increased rapidly and reached a first maximum 3.3 +/- 0.3 s after stimulation onset. Simultaneous measurements of relative mean CBFV changes in both MCAs revealed left-right differences during voluntary finger movement sequences (left MCA, 14.3 +/- 10.6%; right MCA, 0.9 +/- 11.6%; P < 0.001) corresponding to a higher mean rCBF change in the left MCA territory. In the two tasks involving finger movements there was an increase of the respiratory rates (4.3 +/- 3.8 breaths/min; P < 0.05) and the pulse rates (11.6 +/- 5.5 beats/min; P < 0.05), respectively. Our data demonstrate a correspondence of mean CBFV and rCBF changes evoked by sensorimotor activation in the human brain. Furthermore, cerebral hemodynamic changes related to motor activity are accompanied by cardiorespiratory effects.
Published: 1994
Full Text: View/download PDF

11. Fourth meeting of the European Neurological Society 25–29 June 1994 Barcelona, Spain

Author: H. Hattig, C. Delli Pizzi, M. C. Addonizio, Michelle Davis, A. R. Giovagnoli, L. Florensa, M. Roth, J. de Kruijk, Francisco Lacruz, Ph. Dewailly, A. Toygar, C. Avendano, P.P. De Deyn, J. F. Hurtevent, F. Lomeila, T. W. Wong, Gordon T. Plant, M. Bud, H. J. Willison, DH Miller, D. W. Langdon, R. Cioni, J. Servan, A. Kaygisiz, E. Racadot, D. B. Schens, E. Picciola, L. Falip, C. Bouchard, J. Jotova, A. Jorge-Santamaria, P. Misra, A. Dufour, C. P. Panagopoulos, A. Venneri, B. Sredni, B. Angelard, M. Janelidze, M. Carreno, J. Obenberger, J. Pouget, H. W. Moser, R. Kaufmann, J. A. Molina, D. Linden, A. Martin Urda, E. Uvestad, A. Krone, J. P. Cochin, J. Mallecourt, A. Cambon-Thomsen, K. Violleau, P. Osschmann, A. M. Durocher, E. Bussaglia, D. M. Danielle, H. Efendi, C. Van Broeckhoven, K. G. Jordan, W. Rautenberg, C. Iniguez, J. M. Delgado, Graham Watson, M. Lawden, Gareth J. Barker, K. Stiasny, James T. Becker, G. Campanella, E. Peghi, A. Poli, A. Haddad, T. Yamawaki, Giacomo P. Comi, S. Sotgiu, B. Ersmark, A. Pomes, M. Ziegler, P. Ferrante, P. Ruppi, H. KuÇukoglu, R. Bouton, U. K. Rinne, P. Vieregge, M. Dary, P. Giunti, Peter J. Goadsby, S. Jung, E. Secor, A. Steinberg, N. Vila, M. A. Hernandez, M. Cursi, A. Enqelhardt, A. Engelhardt, J. Veitch, F. Di Silverio, F. Arnaud, B. Neundörfer, R. Brucher, Dominique Caparros-Lefebvre, B. Meyer, Marianne Dieterich, M. H. Snidaro, R. Gomez, R. Cerbo, M. Ragno, J. M. Vance, S. Nemni, A. Caliskan, F. Barros, I. Velcheva, D. Ceballos-Baumann, V. Barak, A. Avila, N. Antonova, F. Resche, S. Pappata, L. Varela, S. R. Silveira Santos, A. Cammarota, L. Naccache, Y. Nara, E. Tournier-Lasserves, R. Mobner, T. Chase, A. Ensenyat, J. Ulrich, G. Giegerich, M. Rother, M. Revilla, N. Nitschke, K. Honczarenko, E. Basart Tarrats, J. Blin, B. Jacob, J. Santamaria, S. Knezevic, J. L. Castillo, M. Antem, J. Colomer, O. Busse, Didier Hannequin, S. Carrier, J. B. Ruidavets, C. Rozman, J. Bogoussslavsky, J. Pascual Calvet, E. Monros, J. M. Polo, M. Zucconl, Javier Muruzabal, R. R. Allen, R. Rivolta, K. Haugaard, A. Nespolo, K. Hoang-Xuang, G. Bussone, T. Avramidis, E. Corsini, Christiana Franke, T. Vinogradova, H. Boot, K. Vestergaard, G. H. Jansen, N. Argentino, M. Raltzig, W. Linssen, Mark B. Pepys, P. Roblot, L. Lauritzen, E. Fainardi, D. Morin, T. X. Arbizu Urdiain, J. Wollenhaupt, S. Bostantjopoulou, G. Pavesi, A. D. Forman, Giovanni Fabbrini, D. Jean, J. J. Archelos, M. I. Blanchs, M. Del Gobbo, Anna Carla Turconi, Ch. Derouesné, Elio Scarpini, A. Visbeck, P. Castejon, J. P. Renou, F. Mounier-Vehier, G. Potagas, Ch. Duyckaerts, A. Filla, R. Schneider, G. Ronen, K. Nagata, J. P. Vedel, A. Henneberg, G. van Melle, C. Baratti, H. Knott, M. C. Prevett, A. Bes, B. Metin, Jos V. Reempts, L. Martorell, Mefkure Eraksoy, H. O. Handwerker, D. S. Younger, O. Oktem, D. Frongillo, C. Soriano-Soriano, L. Niehaus, F. Zipp, A. Tartaro, S Newman, R. H. Browne, P. Davous, R. Sanchez, M. Muros, M. E. Kornhuber, A. Lavarone, M. Mohr, M. R. Garcia, S. Russell, H. Kellar-Wood, M. R. Tola, B. Ostermeyer, Ch. Tzekov, K. Sartor, E. B. Ringelstein, P. P. Gazzaniga, Paul Krack, H. Fidaner, H. Rico, T. Dbaiss, F. Alameda, E. Torchiana, L. Rumbach, I. Charques, J. M. Bogaard, C. D. Frith, L. J. Rappelle, R. Brenner, A. Joutel, K. Fuxe, G. HÄcker, M. J. Blaser, J. Valls-SolÇ, G. Ulm, M. Alberdi, A. Bock, F. W. Bertelsmann, U. Wieshmann, J. Visa, J. R. Lupski, D. D'Amico, L. M. P. Ramos, A. A. Vanderbark, R. Horn, M. Warmuth, Dietmar Kühne, Mark S. Palmer, C. Ehrenheim, E. Canga, S. Viola, O. Scarpino, P. Naldi, R. Almeida, A. A. Raymond, J. Gamez, Stephan Arnold, A. DiGiovanni, J. Dalmau, C. C. Chari, H. F. Beer, J. C. Koetsier, J. Iriarte, E. Yunis, J. Casadevall, E. Le Guern, E. Stenager, S. R. Benbadis, J. M. Warter, F. Burklin, I. Theodorou, L. Johannesen, G. A. Graveland, X. Leclerc, I. Vecchio, L. Ozelius, G. Nicoletti, R. K. Gherardi, E. Esperet, M. L. Delodovici, F. Cattin, F. Paiau, Giorgio Sacilotto, C. A. J. Broere, D. Chavdarov, J. P. Willmer, C. H. Hawkes, Th. Naegele, E. Ellie, E. Dartigues, M. J. Guardiola, S. Hesse, Z. Levic, Marco Rovaris, P. Saugeir-Veber, B. A. Yaqub, H. F. Durwen, R. Larumbe, J. Ballabrina, M. Sendtner, J. Röther, M. Horstink, C. Kluglein, M.P. Montesi, H. Apaydin, J. Montoya, E. Waubant, Ch. Verellen-Dunoulin, A. Nicolai, J. Lopez-Delval, R. Lemon, G. Cantinho, E. Granieri, A. Zeviani, Wolfgang H. Oertel, U. Ficola, V. Di Piero, V. Fragola, K. Sabev, M. V. Guitera, I. Turki, F. Bolgert, P. Ingrand, J. M. Gobernado, L. M. E. Grimaldi, S. Baybas, B. Eymard, Y. Rolland, Y. Robitaille, Ta. Pampols, P. J. Koehler, A. Carroacedo, J. Vilchez, S. Di Vittorio, I. R. Rise, T. Nagy, M. Kuffner, E. Palazzini, A. Ott, J. Pruim, T. X. Arbizu, E. Manetti, C. Cervera, S. Felber, G. Gursoy, J. Scholz, G. A. Buscaino, M. S. Chen, A. Pascual, J. Hazan, J. U. Gajda, J. G. Cea, G. Bottini, G. Damalik, F. Le Doze, G. Bonaldi, J. M. Hew, C. Messina, A. M. Kennedy, J. M. Carney, N. M. F. Murray, M. Parent, M. Koepp, V. Dimova, D. De Leo, K. Jellinger, G. Salemi, S. Mientus, M. L. Hansen, F. Mazzucchelli, J. Vieth, M. Mauri, E. Bartels, L. Johannsen, C. Humphreys, J. Emile, D. N. Landon, E. Kansu, R. Sanchez-Pernaute, Rsj Frackowiak, M. Gonzalez Torres, L. Oller, C. Machedo, J. Kother, M. Billiard, H. Durak, T. Schindler, A. Frank, A. Uncini, A. Sbriccoli, C. Farinas, D. W. Paty, N. Fast, A. T. Zangaladze, A. Kerkhofs, J. M. Pino Garcia, I. De la Fuente, B. Marini, L. Gomez, I. Rubio, Alessandra Bardoni, C. Brodie, P. Acin, U. Sliwka, S. A. Hawkins, S. Tardieu, F. Vitullo, J. M. Pereira Monteino, R. Gagliardi, T. Jezewski, A. Cano, T. Lempert, F. Abad Alegria, G. Rotondo, D. Ince, C. Martinez Parra, Y. Huang, H. Luders, Y. Steinvil, F. G. A. Van Der Meche, R. Bianchi, A. Sanchez, T. Sevilla, J. M. Ketelslegers, A. Domzal-Stryga, M. Pandolfo, M. O. Josse, K. W. Neff, I. Blanco, G. W. Bruyn, O. W. Witte, J. L. Thibault, G. Andersen, J. Pariset, A. Marcone, R. J. M. Lane, A. Hofman, M. Verin, T. Matilla, P. Bedoucha, J. Roche, M. Lai, M. Collard, A. Ugarte, F. Gallecho, D. Silbersweig, C. Kennard, J. P. Azulay, T. W. Ho, P. L. I. Dellemijn, R. Girardello, F. Baas, B. Voss, F. Rozenberg, E. M. Brocker, V. Stanev, A. A. J. Soeterboek, A. Marra, A. Rey, E. Ertem, M. Sawradewicz-Rybak, J. De Keyser, P. Cavallari, F. Proust, Y. Chevalier, H. C. Hansen, D. Leys, C. A. Davie, K. Hoang-Xuan, C. Bairati, H. van Crevel, Thomas T. Warner, B. Bompais, A. Dobbeleir, T Campbell, C. Macko, C. J. M. Klijn, M. Dussallant, T. P. Berlit, W. Rozenbaum, M. J. van den Bent, W. A. Rocca, M. Muller, H. Hundemer, U. Zifko, M. Campera, F. Drislane, D. Ranoux, T. M. Kloss, Anil Kumar, I. Ruolt, C. Bargnani, B. Marescau, N. A. Losseff, S. Notermans, B. Kint, E. T. Burke, C. Aykut, J. Matias Guiu, P. Maquet, T. Drogendijk, M. Leone, K. von Ammon, M. Pepeliarska, C. Prados, L. DiGiamberardino, T. Logtenberg, G. Lenoir, I. Castaldo, Damhaut, M. Radionova, G. Sirabian, R. Navon, Giovanni Antonini, K. Al Moutaery, E. Chamas, R. Schönhuber, M. Giannini, B. Debilly, I. Labatut, H. Henon, J. A. Egido, M. Baudrimont, J. N. Lorenzo, J. E. C. Bromberg, R. Antonacci, J. J. Vilchez, T. Moulin, B. Rautenstrauss, Giovanni Meola, J. Noth, S Mammi, P. Laforet, F. Lopez, C. Gehring, S. Bort, G. Rancurel, D. Decamps, S. Kostadinova, Y. Shapira, B. Neundoerfer, D. Chavrot, M. Solimena, J. P. Salier, W. Deberdt, R. Hoff-Jörgensen, A. Messina, S. Meairs, G. Rosoklija, E. Nelis, I. Bertran, C. Ertekin, J. Lohmeyer, Mitermayer Galvao dos Reis, L. Calo, E. Maccagnano, A. P. Hays, J. Verlooy, M. G. Forno, T. Blanco, L. Bail, Gabriella Silvestri, J. Montero, F. Bertrand, R. T. Ghnassia, C. Besses, T. Sereghy, F. Shalit, G. Bogliun, S. Braghi, St. Baykouchev, C. Franke, A. Lasa, L. C. Archard, J. Kriebel, S. Shaunak, M. Nocito, Alexander Tsiskaridze, E. Manfredini, T. Seigal, David G. Gadian, M. Barlas, J. D. Degos, C. Seeber, J. Caemert, J. L. Mas, R. B. Pepinsky, M. G. D'Angelo, N. Baumann, S. Yorifuji, H. P. Endtz, M. A. Cassatella, R. A. C. Hughes, V. Golzi, A. Bittencourt, A. Ferreira, M. Sanson, C. Alper, M. Vermeulen, M. A. A. van Walderveen, E. Alexiou, C. H. Lucas, M. Fiorelli, Y. N. Debbink, R. Gil, S. Congia, T. Banerjee, J. M. Bouchard, A. N. Pinto, A. Ceballos-Baumann, G. Grollier, P. I. M. Schmitz, M. D. Catata, N. Lahat, N. S. Rao, P. Papathanasopoulos, J. Valls-Solé, D. Claus, G. Schroter, A. Castro, C. Videbaek, R. Martinez Dreke, A. D. Platts, M. Hermesl, A. C. PeÇanha-Martins, M. Cardoso Silva, P. Masnou, M. J. A. Tanner, Ch. Confavreux, B. Mishu, H. Rasmussen, L. Valenciano, Carlo Pozzilli, S. W. Li, V. Salzman, Y. Vashtang, Massimo Franceschi, M. Severo, G. Deuschl, S. Setien, G. Mariani, A. Protti, J. Castillo, M. J. B. Taphoorn, M. Frontali, I. Milonas, D. Decoq, J. A. Navarro, S. Castellvi-Pel, C. Ertikin, M. Urtasun, Y. Lajat, B. E. Kendall, E. Verdu, B. Gueguen, E. Boisen, R. Couderc, A Danek, JM Stevens, F. Nicoli, L. Feltri, M. L. Vazquez-Andre, J. A. Morgan-Hughes, L. D'Angelo, F. Y. Liew, L. F. Pascual, J. Patrignani Ochoa, Vittorio Martinelli, J. Cophignon, L. Zhang, S. Martin, J. F. Meder, H. C. Buschmann, L. Bertin, J. van Gijn, A. Barreiro, A. Cools, C. Leon, A. Berod, E. A. Anllo, E. Zanette, L. Petrov, R. Barona, B. Gallicchio, P. J. Cozzone, N. Diederich, G. Cancel, L. Schelosky, P. Orizaola, K. Yulug, S. Ozer, Valeria A. Sansone, B. Guiraud-Chaumeil, K. Voigt, P. Labauge, M. Eoli, J. Zhu, J. Aguirre, M. Ferrarini, B. Zyluk, E. Planas, A. Cadilha, C. Tortorella, H. Bismuth, C. E. Counsell, A. Laun, A. Ferlini, Rio J. Montalban, N. Biary, L. Becker, M. Fardeau, M. Poloni, V. M. S. de Bruin, C. Fornada, J. Barros, E. Ganzmann, E. Touze, D. Wallach, J. Peila, H. Fujimura, M. T. Iba-Zizen, G. Macchi, C. Villoslada, R. Gouider, Ph. Rondepierre, P. Grummich, P. Chiodi, C. Conte, M. Michels, P. Annunziata, G. Semana, C. Sommer, J. Vajsar, D. Zekin, J. Kulisevsky, David G. Munoz, B. Jacotot, M. Magoni, A. Luxen, T. Garcia-Silva, S. Di Cesare, Christophe Tzourio, M. Gomori, I. Picomell, L. Santoro, F. Villa, Giovanni Pennisi, T. Ribalta, J. M. Molto, L. Marzorati, P. Loiseau, F. Gemignani, A. Gironell, J. Wissel, A. Prusinski, F. Cailloux, P. Villanueva-Hemandez, P. Cozzone, T. Del Ser, J. Sans-Sabrafen, M. Zappia, P. W. A. Willems, G. Tchernia, D. Gardeur, R. Bauer, F. Palomo, H. Metz, S. Lamoureux, C. Chastang, I. Reinhard, A. Goldfarb, S. Harder, Jordi Río, C. Ozkara, E. Tekinsoy, P. Vontobell, J. De Recondo, M. Rabasa, L. Lacomblez, F. Boon, Dgt Thomas, V. Palma, Renato Mantegazza, A. Dervis, M. Nueckel, B. YalÇinerner, I. Duran, G. Dalla Volta, A. Zubimendi, J. Pinheiro, A. Marbini, Xavier Montalban, H. Wekerle, X. Pereira Monteino, F. Crespo, F. Koskas, N. Battistini, C. Ruiz, H. Offner, J. de Pommery, P. Kanovsky, J. Y. Barnett, J. Pardo, G. Tomei, R. Rene, H. M. Lokhorst, P. Thajeb, H. Bilgin, D. McGehee, R. Fahsold, L. Morgante, Katie Sidle, C. Delwaide, M. N. Diaye, P. H. Rice, A. Creange, C. Sabev, K. Stephan, K. WeilBenborn, G. Magnani, L. Grymonprez, F. Cardellach, M. Kaps, N. G. Meco, F. Vega, V. Bonifati, A. Desomer, M. Baldy-Moulinier, G. Kvale, F. J. Authier, B. Yegen, T. Ho, J. M. Rozet, E. A. Cabanis, L. Bruce, L. Ambrosoli, M. A. Petrella, M. Hernandez, P. Timmings, H. B. van der Worp, F. Mahieux, A. Urbano-Marquez, D. A. Krendel, A. A. Garcia, R. Divari, R. Michalowicz, M. R. Piedmonte, M. Bondavalli, M. Zanca, P. F. Ippel, Onofre Combarros, B. Tavitian, E. Hirsch, I. Anastasopoulos, A. Roses, A. Köhler, P. Vienna, V. Timmerman, P. Sergi, F. Cornelio, A. Di Pasquale, R. Verleger, S. Castellvirel, J. Proano, B. van Moll, F. Rubio, W. Hacke, I. Lavenu, L. Zetta, M. W. Tas, N. Bittmann, M. Bonamini, O. R. Hommes, V. Dousset, N. Afsar, S. Belal, R. R. Myers, J. Goes, Giuseppe Vita, E. Clementi, V. G. Karepov, M. Jueptner, A Vincent, P. Emmrich, Th. Heb, A. Caballo, J. Gallego, T. Mokrusch, C. Perla, L. Gebuhrer, O. Titlbach, Alessandro Prelle, A. Czlonkowska, M. Russo, D. Hadjiev, T. S. Chkhikvishvili, M. Oehlschlager, G. Becker, I. Günther, E. N. Stenager, J. Garcia Agundez, J. Casademont, J. Batlle, S. Podobnik-Sarkanji, C. Alonso-Villaverde, B. Delaguillaume, B. Genc, B. Mazoyer, A. Rodriguez-Al-barino, Ch. Hilger, B. Ferrero, R. Price, W. Grisold, L. Fuhry, D. Oulbani, D. Ewing, A. Petkov, W. Walther, A. Gokyigit, John Newsom-Davis, J. Tayot, D. Seliak, G. Pelliccioni, D. Campagne, K. Kessler, F. Boureau, D. Perani, J. P. N'Guyen, N. Tchalucova, B. A. Antin-Ozerkis, C. Lacroix, B. D. Aronovich, I. H. Jenkins, E. A. dos Reis, M. Hortells, H. M. Meinck, H. Ch. Buschmann, S. C. J. M. Jacobs, T. Wetter, P. Creissard, N. Martinez, J. Weidenfeldl, H. J. Sturenburg, G. Damlacik, V. Gracia, J. C. Turpin, A. Pou-Serradell, J. P. Vincent, T. Gagoshidze, U. Ozkutlu, M. McLeod, K. Siegfried, I. Tchaoussoglou, J. Hildebrand, S. Kowalska, M. C. Picot, G. Galardin, L. Crevits, F. Andreetta, S. Larumbe-Lobalde, G. de la Sierra, J. C. Alvarez-Cermeno, R. J. Seitz, P. L. Oey, L. Ptacek, A. M. J. Paans, A. Wirrwar, A. Schmied, J. Uilchez, H. Tounsi, D. Hipola, V. Avoledo, Y. Hirata, P. Vermersch, T. M. Aisonobe, J. Valls-SoIè, H. Staunton, J. Dichgans, R. Karabudak, I. Dones, G. Porta, E. Janssens, Maria Martinez, J. M. Fernandez-Real, R. Villagra, Y. Yoshino, C. Kabus, K. Schimrigk, I. Girard-Buttaz, F. Piccoli, F. Aichner, P. Zuchegna, S. M. Al Deeb, F. Bono, N. Busquets, A. Jobert, Patrizia Ciscato, M. Martin, L. Polman, S. Darbra, V. Le Cam-Duchez, F. Baldissera, B. Baykan-Kurt, D. Guez, M. Bratoeva, H. Matsui, M. Mila, H. Perron, L. Bjorge, G. Husby, Steven T. DeKosky, D. R. Cornblath, J. M. Gabriel, J. J. Poza, Y. Wu, A. Toscano, R. P. Kleyweg, J. Kuhnen, S. O. Confort-Gouny, A. Barcelo, A. M. Conti, C. Fiol, C. Steichen-Wiehn, J. Rodes, M. Cavenaile, C. Vedeler, M. Drlicek, C. Argentino, M. L. Peris, A. Cervello, A. Z. GinaÏ, S. Yancheva, D. Passingham, S. Aoba, D. L. Lopez, T. Rechlin, K. Sonka, L. Grazzi, V. Folnegovic-Smalc, Maurizio Moggio, S. Rivaud, F. G. I. Jennekens, C. H. Hartard, H. Meierkord, G. Stocklin, M. D. Catala, W. C. McKay, E. Salmon, C. Navarro, I. Pastor, L. Canafoglia, M. De Braekeleer, P. K. Thomas, C. Mocellini, C. Pierre-Jerome, M. C. Dalakas, P. Pollak, M. Levivier, Niall Quinn, G. E. Rivolta, Z. Tunca, H. Zeumer, J. Garcia Tena, St. Guily, P. Gaudray, Johannes Kornhuber, V. Petrunjashev, R. Montesanti, R. J. Abbott, H. Petit, G. Kiteva-Trencevska, F. Carletto, C. Ramo, I. M. Pino, P. Beau, G. F. Mennuni, F. Moschian, F. Meneghini, B. Zdziarska, B. Fontaine, C. Stephens, G. Meco, K. Reiners, G. Badlan, M. Sessa, I. Degaey, S. M. Hassan, C. Albani, F. Caroeller, M. Schroeder, G. Savettieri, A. Novelletto, R. Kurita, P. Oschmann, I. Plaza, M. Oliveres, Simone Spuler, A. Molins, M. Schwab, J. R. Kalden, C. P. Gennaula, Y. Baklan, O. Picard, J. M. Léger, B. Mokri, E. Ghidoni, M. Jacob, D. Deplanque, W. JÄnisch, C. De Andres, P. De Deyn, G. Guomundsson, B. Herron, J. Barado, J. L. Gastaut, Guglielmo Scarlato, F. Poron, Nicola Jones, H. Teisserenc, C. P. Hawkins, A. J. Steck, H. C. Chandler, S. Blanc, J. H. Faiss, Jm. Soler Insa, I. Sarova-Ponchas, M. Malberin, A. Sackmann, G. De Vuono, K. Kaiser-Rub, K. Badhia, E. Szwabowska-Orzeszko, S. Ramm, C. Jodice, G. Franck, J. Marta-Moreno, R. Sciolla, C. Fritz, A. Attaccalite, F. Weber, E. Neuman, M. Cannata, A. Rodriguez, I. Nachainkin, R. Raffaele, T. S. Yu, N. Losseff, E. Fabrizio, C. Khati, M. Keipes, M. P. Ortega, M. Ramos-Alvarez, E. Brambilla, A. Tarasov, K. H. Wollinsky, O. B. Paulson, F. Boller, G. Bozzato, H. Wagnur, R. Canton, D. Testa, E. Kutluaye, M. Calopa, D. Smadja, G. Malatesta, F. Baggi, A. Stracciari, G. Daral, G. Avanzini, J. Perret, J. Arenas, P. Boon, I. Gomes, A. Vortmeyer, P. Cesaro, S. Venz, E. Bernd Ringelstein, N. Milani, D. Laplane, P. Seibel, E. Tournier-Lasserve, Alexis Brice, L. Motti, E. Wascher, R. J. Abbot, F. Miralles, A. Turon, P. De Camilli, G. Luz, G. C. Guazzi, S. Tekin, F. Lesoin, T. Kryst, N. Lannoy, F. Gerstenbrand, S. Ballivet, H. A. M. van Diemen, J. Lopez-ArLandis, P. Bell, A. Silvani, M. A. Garcia, S. Vorstrup, D. Langdon, S. Ueno, B. Sander, V. Ozurk, C. Gurses, P. Berlit, J. M. Martinez-Lage, M. Treacy, S. O. Rodiek, S. Cherninkova, J. Grimaud, P. Marozzi, K. Hasert, S. Goldman, S. H. Ingwersen, A. Taghavy, T. Roig, R. Harper, I. Sarova-Pinchas, Anthony H.V. Schapira, R. Lebtahi, A. Vidaller, B. Stankov, D. Link, J. p. Malin, V. Petrova, Ludwig Kappos, J. L. Ochoa, T. Torbergsen, M. Carpo, M. Donato, Simon Shorvon, J. Mieszkowski, J. Perez-Serra, Raymond Voltz, G. Comi, S. Rafique, A. Perez-Sempere, N. Khalfallah, S. Bailleul, M. Borgers, S. Banfi, S. Mossman, A. Laihinen, G. Filippini, R. A. Grunewald, E. Stern, H. D. Herrmann, A. G. Droogan, P. Xue, A. Grilo, L. La Mantia, J. H. J. Wokke, S. Pizzul, Kie Kian Ang, S. Rapaport, W. Szaplyko, B. Romero, P. Brunet, A. Albanese, C. Davie, V. Crespi, F. Birklein, H. Sharif, L. Jose, D. Auer, N. Heye, Martin N. Rossor, C. E. Henderson, M. J. Koepp, J. Rubio, P. L. Baron, S. Mahal, Juha O. Rinne, J. I. Emparanza, S. E. C. Davies, Frederik Barkhof, M. Riva, R. E. Brenner, B. A. Pope, Lemaire, E. Dupont, D. Ulbricht, G. C. Pastorino, R. Retska, E. Chroni, A. Danielli, V. Malashkhia, T. Canet, J. C. Garcia-Valdecasas, J. Serena, R. A. Pfeiffer, B. Wirk, B. Muzzetto, V. Caruso, M. L. Giros, A. Ming Wang, E. L. E. Guern, F. Bille-Turg, Y. Satoh, C. H. Franke, M. Ait-Kaci-Ahmed, D. Genis, T. Pasierski, D. Riva, M. Panisset, A. Chamorro, P.A. van Doorn, S. Schellong, H. Hamer, F. Durif, P. Krauseneck, Y. Bahou, B. A. Pickut, M. Rijnites, H. Nyland, G. Jager, L. L. Serra, A. Rohl, X. P. Li, O. Arena, Hubert Kwieciński, N. Milpied, M. C. Bourdel, S. Assami, L. Law, J. Moszkowski, J. W. Thorpe, M. Aguennouz, R. Martin, D. Hoffmann, P. Morris, A. Destée, D. J. Charron, U. Senin, A. P. SempereE, M. Dreyfus, A. L. Benabid, M. Gomez, S. Heindle, M. C. Morel-Kopp, M. Hennerici, A. I. Santos, M. Djannelidze, N. Artemis, John Collinge, T. Rundek, M. Y. Voloshin, P. de Castro, Th. Wiethege, D. A. S. Compston, D. Schiffer, A. J. Hughes, D. Jimenez, V. Parlato, A. Papadimitriou, J. M. Gergaud, R. Sterzi, J. Arpa, G. de Pinieux, F. Buggle, P. Gimbergues, H. Ruottinen, R. Marzella, W. Koehler, Y. Yurekli, A. Haase, Z. Privorkin, G. K. Harvey, B. Chave, A. J. Grau, E. M. Stadlan, J. List, C. Zorzi, B.W. van Oosten, P. Derkinderen, B. Casati, J. M. Maloteaux, K. Vahedi, W. L. J. van Putten, J. C. Sabourin, D. Lorenzetti, Plenevaux, J. W. B. Moll, A. Morento Fernandez, M. Lema, M. A. Horsfleld, P. De Jongh, S. Gikova, K. Kutluk, Monique M.B. Breteler, P. Saddier, A. Berbinschi, R. E. Cull, P. Echaniz, H. Kober, C. Minault, V. Kramer, A. L. Edal, S. Passero, T. Eckardt, K. E. Davies, A. Salmaggi, R. Kaiser, A. A. Grasso, Claudio Mariani, G. Egersbach, Hakan Gurvit, O. Dereeper, C. Vital, L. Wrabetz, A. Vecino, M. Aguilar, G. Bielicki, H. Becher, J. Castro, S. Iotti, M. G. Natali-Sora, E. Berta, S. Carlomagno, L. Ayuso-Peralta, P. H. Rondepierre, I. Bonaventura, B. V. Deuren, N. Van Blercom, M. Sciaky, J. Faber, M. Alberoni, M. Nieto, F. Sellal, C. Stelmasiak, M. Takao, J. Bradley, D. Zegers de Beyl, H. Porsche, G. Goi, H. Pongratz, F. Chapon, S. Happe, Robin S. Howard, B. Weder, S. Vlaski-Jekic, J. M. Ferro, R. Nemni, A. Daif, Herbert Budka, W. Van Paesschen, B. Waldecker, F. Carceller, J. Lacau, F. Soga, J. Peres Serra, E. Timmerman, A. M. vd Vliet, J. L. Emparanza, N. Vanacore, A. Pizzuti, N. Marti, A. Davalos, N. Ayraud, U. Zettl, J. Vivancos, Z. Katsarou, H. M. Mehdorn, G. Geraud, M. Merlini, M. Schröter, A. Ebner, M. Lanteri-Minet, R. Soler, G. P. Anzola, S. L. Hauser, L. Cahalon, S. DiDonato, R. Cantello, M. Marchau, J. Gioanni, F. Heidenreich, J. Manuel Martinez Lage, P. Descoins, F. Woimant, J. F. Campo, M. H. Verdier-taillefer, M. S. F. Barkhof, G. J. Kemp, A. O. Ceballos-Baumann, J. Berciano, M. Guidi, Tarek A. Yousry, B. Chandra, A. Rapoport, P. Canhao, A. Spitzer, T. Maeda, J. M. Pereira Monteiro, V. Paquis, Th. Mokrusch, F. J. Arrieta, I. Sangla, F. Canizares-Liebana, Lang Chr, André Delacourte, V. Fetoni, P. Kovachev, D. Kidd, L. Ferini-Strambi, E. Donati, E. Idman, A. Chio, C. Queiros, D. Michaelis, S. Boyacigil, A. Rodrigo, S. M. Yelamos, B. Chassande, P. Louwen, C. Tranchant, E. Ciafalon, A. Lombardo, A. Twijnstra, A. L. Fernandez, H. Kott, A. Cannas, N. Zsurger, T. Zileli, E. Metin, P. C. Bain, G. Fromont, B. Tedesi, A. Liberani, X. Navarro, M. C. Rowbotham, V. Hachinski, F. Cavalcanti, W. Rostene, R. M. Gardiner, F. Gonzalez, B. Köster, E. A. van der Veen, J. P. Lefaucheur, C. Marescaux, D. Boucquey, E. Parati, S. Yamaguchi, A. S. Orb, R. Grant, G. D. P. Smith, P. Goethals, M. Haguenau, G. Georgiev, I. N. van Schaik, Guy A. Rouleau, E. Iceman, G. Fayet, M. G. Kaplitt, C. Baracchini, H. Magnusson, G. Meneghetti, N. Malichard, M. L. Subira, D. Mancia, A. Berenguer, D. Navarrete Palau, H. Franssen, G. Kiziltan, M. P. Lopez, J. Montalt, S. Norby, R. Piedra Crespo, T. L. Rothstein, R. Falip, B. YalÇiner, F. Chedru, I. W. Thorpe, F. W. Heatley, D. S. C. Ochoa, C. Labaune, M. Devoti, O. Lider, Jakob Korf, N. Suzuki, E. A. Maguire, A. Moulignier, J. C. van Swieten, F. Monaco, J. Cartron, A. Steck, B. Uludag, M. Alexandra, H. Reichmann, T. Rossi, L. E. Claveria, A. M. Crouzel, M. A. Mena, J. Gasnault, J. W. Kowalski, S. I. Mellgren, V. Feigin, L. Demisch, J. Montalban, J. Renato, J. Mathieu, N. Goebels, L. Bava, K. Kunre, M. Pulik, S. Di Donato, C. Tzekov, H. Veldman, S. Giménez-Roldan, B. Lechevalier, L. Redondo, B. Pillon, M. Gugenheim, E. Roullet, J. M. Valdueza, C. Gori, H. J. Friedrich, L. de Saint Martin, F. Block, E. Basart, M. Heilmann, B. Becq Giraudon, C. Rodolico, G. Stevanin, Elizabeth K. Warrington, A. T. M. Willemsen, K. Kunze, C. Ben Hamida, M. Alam, J. R. ùther, A. Battistel, G. Della Marca, Richard S. J. Frackowiak, F. Palau, T. Brandt, Chicoutimi, L. Bove, L. Callea, A. Jaspert, T. Klopstock, K. Fassbender, Alan J. Thomas, A. Ferbert, V. Nunes, Douglas Russell, P. Garancini, C. Sanz-Sebastian, O. Santiag, G. Dhaenens, G. Seidel, I. Savic, A. Florea-Strat, M. Rousseaux, N. Catala, E. O'Sullivan, M. J. Manifacier, H. Kurtel, T. Mendel, P. Chariot, M. Salas, D. Brenton, R. Lopez, J. Thorpe, Jimmy D. Bell, E. Hofmann, E. Botia, J. Pacquereau, A. Struppler, C. d'Aniello, D. Conway, A. Garcia-Merino, K. Toyooka, S. Hodgkinson, E. Ciusani, Stefano Bastianello, A. Andrade Filho, M. Zaffaroni, G. Pleiffer, F. Coria, A. Schwartz, D. Baltadjiev, I. Rother, K. Joussen, J. Touchon, K. Kutlul, P. Praamstra, H. Sirin, S. Richard, C. Mariottu, L. Frattola, S. T. Dekesky, G. Wieneke, M. Chatel, O. Godefroy, C. Desnuelle, S. OzckmekÇi, C. H. Zielinski, P. van Deventer, S. Jozwiak, I. Galan, J. M. Grau, V. Vieira, T. A. Treves, S. Ertan, A. Pujol, S. Blecic, E. M. Zanette, F. Ceriani, W. Camu, L. Aquilone, A. Benomar, F. Greco, A. Pascual-Leone Pascual, T. Yanagihara, F. A. Delfino, R. Damels, S. Merkelbach, J. Beltran, A. Barrientos, S. Brugge, B. Hildebrandt-Müller, M. H. Nascimento, M. Rocchi, F. Cervantes, E. Castelli, R. M. Pressler, S. Yeil, A. del Olmo, J. L. Herranz, L. J. Kappelle, Y. Demir, N. Inoue, R. Hershkoviz, A. Luengo, S. Bien, F. Viallet, P. Malaspina, G. De Michele, G. Nolfe, P. Adeleine, T. Liehr, G. Fenelon, H. Masson, Kailash P. Bhatia, W. Haberbosch, S. Mederer, R. S. J. Frackowiak, Tanya Stojkovic, S. Previtali, A. E. Harding, W. Kohler, N. P. Quin, T. R. Marra, J. P. Moisan, A. Melchor, M. L. Viguera, Mary G. Sweeney, G. L. Romani, J. Hezel, R. A. Dierckx, R. Torta, A. Kratzer, T. Pauwels, D. Decoo, Adriana Campi, Neil Kitchen, J. Haas, U. Neubauer, J. J. Merland, A. Yagiz, A. Antonuzzo, A. Zangaladze, J. Parra, Pablo Martinez-Lage, D. J. Brooks, S. Hauser, R. Di Pierri, M. Campero, R. Caldarelli-Stefano, A. M. Colangelo, J. L. Pozo, C. Estol, F. Picard, A. Palmieri, J. Massons, JT Phillips, G. B. Groozman, R. Pentore, L. M. Ossege, C. Bayon, Hans-Peter Hartung, R. Konyalioglu, R. Lampis, D. Ancri, M. Miletta, F. J. Claramonte, W. Retz, F. Hentges, JM Cooper, M. Cordes, M. Limburg, M. Brock, G. R. Coulton, K. Helmke, Rosa Larumbe, A. Ohly, F. Landgraf, A. M. Drewes, Claudia Trenkwalder, M. Keidel, T. Segura, C. Scholz, J. HÄgele, D. Baudoin-Martin, P. Manganelli, J. Valdueza, M. Farinotti, U. Zwiener, M. P. Schiavalla, Y. P. Young, O. Barlas, G. Hertel, E. H. Weiss, M. Eiselt, A. Lossos, M. Bartoli, L. Krolicki, W. Villafana, W. Peterson, Nicoletta Meucci, C. Agbo, R. Luksch, F. Fiacco, G. Ponsot, M. Lopez, Howard L. Weiner, M. D. Alonso, K. Petry, Sanjay M. Sisodiya, P. Giustini, S. Tyrdal, R. Poupon, J. Blanke, P. Oubary, A. A. Kruize, H. Trabucchi, R. R. C. Stewart, H. Grehl, B. M. Kulig, V. Vinhas, D. Spagnoli, B. Mahe, J. Tatay, C. Hess, M. D. Albadalejo, G. Birbamer, M. Alonso, F. Valldeoriola, J. Figols, I. Wirguin, E. Diez Tejedor, C. S. Weiller, L.H. van den Berg, P. Barreiro, L. Pianese, S. Cocozza, R. Kohnen, E. Redolfi, F. Faralli, G. Gosztonyl, A. J. Gur, A. Keyser, V. Fichter-Gagnepain, B. Wildemann, E. Omodeo-Zorini, Gregoire, J. Schopohl, F. Fraschini, G. Wunderlich, B. Jakubowska, F. P. Serra, N. B. Jensen, O. Delattre, C. Leno, A. Dario, P. Grafe, F. Graus, M. C. Vigliani, J. L. Dobato, Philip N. Hawkins, R. Marés, A. Rimola, N. Meussi, G. Aimard, W. Hospers, A. M. Robertson, C. Kaplan, W. Lamadé, Karen E. Morrison, Amadio, E. Kieffer, F. Dromer, P. Bernasconi, M. Repeto, Davide Pareyson, Jeremy Rees, A. Guarneri, P. Odin, P. Bouche, L. Nogueira, J. Munoz, L. Leocani, M. J. Arcusa, R. S. J. Frackowiack, John S. Duncan, D. Karacostas, D. Edwin, I. Costa, M. Menetrey, P. Grieb, A. M. Salvan, S. Cunha, P. Merel, P. Pfeiffer, A. Astier, F. Federico, A. Mrabet, M. G. Buzzi, L. Knudsen, I. F. Pye, L. Falqui, C. R. Hornig, C. E. Shaw, C. Brigel, T. C. Britton, R. Codoceo, T. Pampols, Vincent J. Cunningham, N. Archidiacono, G. Chazot, J. B. Posner, L. L. O. Befalo, M. Monclus, C. Cabezas, H. Moser, H. Stodal, J. Ley-Pozo, L. Brusa, R. Di Mascio, P. Giannini, J. Fernandez, R. Santiago Luis, J. Garcia Tigera, J. Wilmink, P. Pignatelli, M. El Amrani, V. Lucivero, M. Baiget, R. Lodi, P. H. Cabre, L. Grande, A. Korczyn, R. Fahlbusch, C. Milanese, W. Huber, J. Susseve, H. C. Nahser, K. Mondrup, X. O. Breakefield, J. Sarria, T. H. Vogt, A. Alessandri, M. Daffertshofer, I. Nelson, M. L. Monticelli, O. Dammann, G. G. Farnarier, G. Felisari, A. Quattrini, A. Boiardi, P. Mazetti, H. Liu, J. Duarte, M. E. Gaunt, H. Strik, N. Yulug, A. Urman, J. Posner, Aida Suarez Gonzalez, Ma. L. Giros, Z. Matkovic, D. Kompf, A. D. Korczyn, A. Steinbrecher, R. Wenzel, M. C. de Rijk, R. Doronzo, J. Julien, O. Hasegawa, M. Kramer, V. Collado-Scidel, M. Alonso de Lecinana, L. Dell'Arciprete, S. Rapuzzi, S. Bahar, H. Willison, M. T. Ramacci, J.J. Martin, Lopez-Bresnahan, C. Malapani, R. Haaxma, T. Rosenberg, J. Patrignani, R. Vichi, Martin R. Farlow, J. Roquer, L. Krols, M. Pimenta, C. Bucka, U. Klose, M. Roberts, J. Salas-Puig, R. Ghnassia, A. Mercuri, C. Maltempo, I. Tournev, P. Homeyer, D. Caparros-Lefevre, E. P. O. Sullivan, T. Vashadze, Ph. Lyrer, A. Deltoro, H. Kondo, M. Steinling, A. Graham, G. C. Miescher, A. Pace, D. Branca, G. Avello, H. H. Kornhuber, D. Fernandes, H. Friedrich, R. Chorao, H. O. Lüders, R. T. Bax, J. A. Macias, N. Yilmaz, J. Veroust, M. Miller, S. Confort-Gouny, J. L. Sastre, D. Servello, G. Boysen, S. Koeppen, V. Planté-Bordeneuve, H. Albrecht, R. H. M. King, G. Orkodashili, R. Doornbos, H. Toyooka, V. Larrue, M. Sabatelli, K. Williams, M. Stevens, V. Maria, M. Comabella, C. Lammers, R. M. L. Poublon, E. Tizzano, P. Pazzaglia, F. Zoeller, M. B. Delisle, J. P. Goument, J. M. Minderhoud, A. Sghirlanzoni, V. Meininger, M. Al Deeb, C. Bertelt, A. Cagni, A. Algra, F. Morales, K. A. Flugel, M. Maidani, M. Noya, Z. Seidl, U. Roelcke, D. Cannata, E. Katiane EmbiruÇu, E. M. Wicklein, K. Willmes, L. Hanoglu, J. F. Pellissier, Yves Agid, E. Cuadrado, S. Brock, D. Maimone, Z. G. Nadareishvili, E. Matta, S. Hilmi, V. Assuerus, F. Lomena, R. Springer, F. Cabrera-Valdivia, Oscar L. Lopez, M. Casazza, F. Vivancos, Ralf Gold, T. Crawford, B. Moulard, M. Poisson, W. l. McDonald, D. E. Grobbe, Alan Connelly, H. Ozcan, S. Abeta, H. Severo Ochoa, A. C. van Loenen, E. Libson, M. J. Marti, B. George, C. Ferrarese, B. Jacobs, L. Divano, T. Ben-Hur, A. L. Bootsma, V. Martinez, A. Conti, R. P. Maguire, B. Schmidt, D. M. Campos, D. A. Guzman, E. Meary, C. Richart, P. B. Christensen, T. Schroeder, Massimo Zeviani, K. Jensen, R. Aliaga, S. Seitz-Dertinger, J. W. Griffin, C. Fryze, H. Baas, S. Braun, A. M. Porrini, B. Yemez, M. J. Sedano, C. Creisson, A. Del Santo, A. Mainz, R. Kay, S. Livraghi, R. de Waal, D. Macgregor, H. Hefter, R. Garghentino, U. Ruotsalainen, M. Matsumoto, M. G. Beaudry, P. M. Morrison, J. C. Petit, C. Walon, Ph. Chemouilli, F. Henderson, R. Massa, A. Cruz Martinez, U. Liska, F. Hecht, Ernst Holler, V. S. de Bruin, B. B. Sheitman, S. M. Bentzen, C. Bayindir, F. Pallesta, P. E. Roland, J. Parrilla, P. Zunker, L. F. Burchinskaya, G. Mellino, S. Ben Ayed, D. Bonneau, P. Nowacki, M. Goncalves, P. Riederer, N. Mavroudakis, J. Togores, L. Rozewicz, S. Robeck, Y. Perez Gilabert, L. Rampello, A. Rogopoulos, S. Martinez, F. Schildermans, C. Radder, P. B. Hedlund, J. Cambier, M. Aabed, G. D. Jackson, P. Gasparini, P. Santacruz, J. Vandevivere, H. Dural, A. Mantel, W. Dorndorf, N. Ediboglu, A. Lofgren, J. Bogousslavsky, P. Thierauf, L. Goullard, R. Maserati, B. Moering, M. Ryba, J. Serra, G. G. Govan, A. Pascual-Leone, S. Schaeffer, M. R. Rosenfeld, A. P. Correia, K. Ray Chaudhuri, L. Campbell, R. Spreafico, B. Genetet, A. M. Tantot, R. A. G. Hughes, J. A. Vidal, G. Erkol, J. Y. Delattre, B. Yaqub, B. K. Hecht, E. Mayayo, Ph. Scheltens, J. Corral, M. Calaf, L. Henderson, C. Y. Li, U. Bogdahn, R. Sanchez-Roy, M. Navasa, J. Ballabriga, G. Broggi, T. Gudeva, C. Rose, J. Vion-Dury, J. A. Gastaut, J. Pniewski, Nicola J. Robertson, G. Kohncke, M. Billot, S. Gok, E. Castellli, F. Denktas, P. Bazzi, F. Spinelli, I. F. Moseley, C. D. Mardsen, B. Barbiroli, O. M. Koriech, A. Miller, Hiroaki Yoshikawa, F. X. Borruat, J. Zielasek, P. Le Coz, J. Pascual, A. Drouet, L. T. Giron, F. Schondube, R. Midgard, M. Alizadeh, M. Liguori, Lionel Ginsberg, L. Harms, C. Tilgner, G. Tognoni, F. Molteni, Mar Tintoré, M. Psylla, C. Goulon-Goeau, M. V. Aguilar, Massimo Filippi, K. H. Mauritz, Thomas V. Fernandez, C. Basset, S. Rossi, P. Meneses, B. Jandolo, T. Locatelli, D. Shechtcr, C. Magnani, R. Ferri, Bruno Dubois, J. M. Warier, S. Berges, F. Idiman, M. Schabet, R. R. Diehl, P. D'aurelio, M. Musior, Reinhard Hohlfeld, P. Smeyers, M. Olivé, A. Riva, C. A. Broere, N. Egund, S. Franceschetti, V. Bonavita, Nicola Canal, E. Timmermans, M. Ruiz, S. Barrandon, G. Vasilaski, B. Deweer, L. Galiano, S. F. T. M. de Bruijn, L. Masana, A. Goossens, B. Heye, K. Lauer, Heinz Gregor Wieser, Stephen R. Williams, B. Garavaglia, A. P. Sempere, F. Grigoletto, P. Poindron, R. Lopez-Pajares, I. Leite, T. A. McNell, C. Caucheteur, J. M. Giron, A. D. Collins, P. Freger, J. Sanhez Del Rio, D. A. Harn, K. Lindner, S. S. Scherer, G. Serve, M. Juncadella, X. Estivill, R. Binkhorst, M. Anderson, B. Tekinsoy, C. Sagan, T. Anastopoulos, G. Japaridze, S. Guillou, F. Erminio, Jon Sussman, P. G. Oomes, D. S. Rust, S. Mascheroni, O. Berger, M. Peresson, K. V. Toyka, T. W. Polder, M. Huberman, B. Arpaci, H. Ramtami, I. Martinez, Ph. Violon, P. P. Gazzaniga Pozzill, R. Ruda, P. Auzou, J. Parker, S. P. Morrissey, Jiahong Zhu, F. Rotondi, P. Baron, W. Schmid, P. Doneda, M. Spadaro, M. C. Nargeot, I. Banchs, J.S.P. van den Berg, R. Ferrai, M. Robotti, M. Fredj, Pedro M. Rodríguez Cruz, B. Erne, D. G. Piepgras, M. C. Arne-Bes, J. Escudero, C. Goetz, A. R. Naylor, M. Hallett, O. Abramsky, E. Bonifacio, L. E. Larsson, R. Pellikka, P. Valalentino, D. Guidetti, B. Buchwald, C. H. Lücking, D. Gauvreau, F. Pfaff, A. Ben Younes-Chennoufi, R. Kiefer, R. Massot, K. A. Hossmann, L. Werdelin, P. J. Baxter, U. Ziflo, S. Allaria, C. D. Marsden, M. Cabaret, S. P. Mueller, E. Calabrese, R. Colao, S. I. Bekkelund, M. Yilmaz, O. Oktem-Tanor, R. Gine, M. E. Scheulen, J. Beuuer, A. Melo, Z. Gulay, M. D. Have, C. Frith, D. Liberati, J. Gozlan, P. Rondot, Ch. Brunholzl, M. Pocchiari, J. Pena, L. Moiola, C. Salvadori, A. Cabello, T. Catarci, S. Webb, C. Dettmers, N. A. Gregson, Alexandra Durr, F. Iglesias, U. Knorr, L. Ferrini-Strambi, F. Kruggel, P. Allard, A. Coquerel, P. Genet, F. Vinuels, C. Oberwittler, A. Torbicki, P. Leffers, B. Renault, B. Fauser, C. Ciano, G. Uziel, J. M. Gibson, F. Anaya, C. Derouesné, C. N. Anagnostou, M. Kaido, W. Eickhoff, G. Talerico, M. L. Berthier, A. Capdevila, M. Alons, D. Rezek, E. Wondrusch, U. Kauerz, D. Mateo, M. A. Chornet, Holon, N. Pinsard, I. Doganer, E. Paoino, H. Strenge, C. Diaz, J. R. Brasic, W. Heide, I. Santilli, W. M. Korn, D. Selcuki, M. J. Barrett, D. Krieger, T. Leon, T. Houallah, M. Tournilhac, C. Nos, D. Chavot, F. Barbieri, F. J. Jimenez-Jimenez, J. Muruzabal, K. Poeck, A. Sennlaub, L. M. Iriarte, L. G. Lazzarino, C. Sanz, P. A. Fischer, S. D. Shorvon, R. Hoermann, F. Delecluse, M. Krams, O. Corabianu, F. H. Hochberg, Christopher J. Mathias, B. Debachy, C. M. Poser, L. Delodovici, A. Jimenez-Escrig, F. Baruzzi, F. Godenberg, D. Cucinotta, P. J. Garcia Ruiz, K. Maier-Hauff, P. R. Bar, R. Mezt, R. Jochens, S. Karakaneva, C. Roberti, E. Caballero, Joseph E. Parisi, M. Zamboni, T. Lacasa, B. Baklan, J. C. Gautier, J. A. Martinez-Matos, W. Pollmann, G. Thomas, L. Verze, E. Chleide, R. Alvarez Sala, I. Noel, E. Albuisson, O. Kastrup, S. I. Rapoport, H. J. Braune, H. Lörler, M. Le Merrer, A. Biraben, S. Soler, S. J. Taagholt, U. Meyding-Lamadé, K. Bleasdale-Barr, Isabella Moroni, Y. Campos, J. Matias-Guiu, G. Edan, M. G. Bousser, John B. Clark, J. Garcia de Yebenes, N. K. Olsen, P. Hitzenberger, S. Einius, Aj Thompson, Ch. J. Vecht, T. Crepin-Leblond, Klaus L. Leenders, A. Di Muzio, L. Georgieva, René Spiegel, K. Sabey, D. Ménégalli, J. Meulstee, U. Liszka, P. Giral, C. Sunol, J. M. Espadaler, A. D. Crockar, K. Varli, G. Giraud, P. J. Hülser, A. Benazzouz, A. Reggio, M. Salvatore, K. Genc, M. Kushnir, S. Barbieri, J. Ph. Azulay, M. Gianelli, N. Bathien, A. AlMemar, F. Hentati, I. Ragueneau, F. Chiarotti, R. C. F. Smits, A. K. Asbury, F. Lacruz, B. Muller, Alan J. Thompson, Gordon Smith, K. Schmidt, C. Daems Monpeun, Juergen Weber, A. Arboix, G. R. Fink, A. M. Cobo, M. Ait Kaci Ahmed, E. Gencheva, Israel-Biet, G. Schlaug, P. De Jonghe, Philip Scheltens, K. Toyka, P. Gonzalez-Porque, A. Cila, J. M. Fernandez, P. Augustin, J. Siclia, S. Medaglini, D. E. Ziogas, A. Feve, L. Kater, G. J. E. Rinkel, D. Leppert, Rüdiger J. Seitz, S. Ried, C. Turc-Carel, G. Smeyers, F. Godinho, M. Czygan, M. Rijntjes, E. Aversa, M. Frigo, Leif Østergaard, J. L. Munoz Blanco, A. Cruz-Matinez, J. De Reuck, C. Theillet, T. Barroso, V. Oikonen, Florence Lebert, M. Kilinc, C. Cordon-Cardon, G. Stoll, E. Thiery, F. Pulcinelli, J. Solski, M. Schmiegelow, L. J. Polman, P. Fernandez-Calle, C. Wikkelso, M. Ben Hamida, M. Laska, E. Kott, W. Sulkowski, C. Lucas, N. M. Bornstein, D. Schmitz, M. W. Lammers, A. de Louw, R. J. S. Wise, P. A. van Darn, C. Antozzi, P. Villanueva, P. H. E. Hilkens, C. Constantin, W. Ricart, A. Wolf, M. Gamba, P. Maguire, Alessandro Padovani, B. M. Patten, Marie Sarazin, H. Ackermann, L. Durelli, S. Timsit, Sebastian Jander, B. W. Scheithauer, G. Demir, J. P. Neau, P. Barbanti, A. Brand, N. AraÇ, V. Fischer-Gagnepain, R. Marchioli, G. Serratrice, C. Maugard-Louboutin, G. T. Spencer, D. Lücke, G. Mainardi, K. Harmant Van Rijckevorsel, G. B. Creel, R. Manzanares, Francesco Fortunato, A. May, J. Workman, K. Johkura, E. Fernandez, Carlo Colosimo, L. Calliauw, L. Bet, Félix F. Cruz-Sánchez, M. Dhib, H. Meinardi, F. Carrara, J. Kuehnen, C. Peiro, H. Lassmann, K. Skovgaard Olsen, A. McDonald, L. Sciulli, A. Cobo, A. Monticelli, B. Conrad, J. Bagunya, J. Benitez, V. Desnizza, B. Dupont, O. Delrieu, D. Moraes, J. J. Heimans, F. Garcia Rio, M. Matsumto, A. Fernandez, R. Nermni, R. Chalmers, M. J. Marchau, F. Aguado, P. Velupillai, P. J. Martin, P. Tassan, V. Demarin, A. Engelien, T. Gerriets, Comar, J. L. Carrasco, J. P. Pruvo, A. Lopez de Munain, D. Pavitt, J. Alarcon, Chris H. Polman, B. Guldin, N. Yeni, Hartmut Brückmann, N. Wilczak, H. Szwed, R. Causaran, G. Kyriazis, M. E. Westarp, M. Gasparini, N. Pecora, J. M. Roda, E. Lang, V. Scaioli, David R. Fish, D. Caputo, O. Gratzl, R. Mercelis, A. Perretti, G. Steimetz, I. Link, C. Rigoletto, A. Catafau, G. Lucotte, M. Buti, G. Fagiolari, A. Piqueras, C. Godinot, J. C. Meurice, Erodriguez J. Dominigo, F. Lionnet, H. Grzelec, David J. Brooks, P. M. G. Munro, F. X. Weilbach, M. Maiwald, W. Split, B. Widjaja-Cramer, V. Ozturk, J. Colas, E. Brizioli, J. Calleja, L. Publio, M. Desi, R. Soffietti, P. Cortinovis-Tourniaire, E. F. Gonano, G. Cavaletti, S. Uselli, K. Westerlind, H. Betuel, C. O. Dhiver, H. Guggenheim, M. Hamon, R. Fazio, P. Lehikoinen, A. Esser, B. Sadzot, G. Fink, Angelo Antonini, D. Bendahan, V. Di Carlo, G. Galardi, A. F. Boller, M. Aksenova, Del Fiore, V. de la Sayette, H. Chabriat, A. Nicoletti, A. Dilouya, M. L. Harpin, E. Rouillet, J. Stam, A. Wolters, M. R. Delgado, Eduardo Tolosa, G. Said, A. J. Lees, L. Rinaldi, A. Schulze-Bonhage, MA Ron, C. Lefebvre, E. W. Radü, R. Alvarez, M. L. Bots, P. Reganati, S. Palazzi, A. Poggi, N. J. Scolding, V. Sazdovitch, T. Moreau, E. Maes, M. A. Estelies, P. Petkova, Jose-Felix Marti-Masso, G De La Meilleure, N. Mullatti, M. Rodegher, N. C. Notermans, T. A. T. Warner, S. Aktan, J. P. Louboutin, L. Volpe, C. Scheidt, W. Aust, C. M. Wiles, U. Schneider, S. K. Braekken, W. R. Willems, K. Usuku, Peter M. Rothwell, C. Talamon, M. L. Sacchetti, A. Codina, M. H. Marion, A. Santoro, J. Roda, A. Bordoni, D. J. Taylor, S. Ertas, H. H. Emmen, J. Vichez, V. BesanÇon, R. E. Passingham, M. L. Malosio, A. Vérier, M. Bamberg, A. W. Hansen, E. Mostacero, G. Gaudriault, Marie Vidailhet, B. Birebent, K. Strijckmans, F. Giannini, T. Kammer, I. Araujo, J. Nowicki, E. Nikolov, A. Hutzelmann, R. Gherardi, J. Verroust, L. Austoni, A. Scheller, A. Vazquez, S. Matheron, H. Holthausen, J. M. Gerard, M. Bataillard, S. Dethy, V. H. Patterson, V. Ivanez, N. P. Hirsch, F. Ozer, M. Sutter, C. Jacomet, M. Mora, Bruno Colombo, A. Sarropoulos, T. H. Papapetropoulos, M. Schwarz, D. S. Dinner, N. Acarin, B. Iandolo, J. O. Riis, P. R. J. Barnes, F. Taroni, J. Kazenwadel, L. Torre, A. Lugaresi, I. L. Henriques, S. Pauli, S. Alfonso, Pedro Quesada, A. S. T. Planting, J. M. Castilla, Thomas Gasser, M. Van der Linden, A. Alfaro, E. Nobile-Orazio, G. Popova, W. Vaalburg, F. G. A. van der Mech, L. Williams, F. Medina, J. P. Vernant, J. Yaouanq, B. Storch-Hagenlocher, A. Potemkowski, R. Riva, M. H. Mahagne, M. Ozturk, Ve. Drory, N. Konic, C. Jungreis, A. Pou Serradell, J. L. Gauvrit, G. J. Chelune, S. Hermandez, T. Dingus, L. Hewer, Ch. Koch, M. N. Metz-Lutz, G. Parlato, M. Sinaki, Charles Pierrot-Deseilligny, H. C. Diener, J. Broeckx, J. Weill-Fulazza, M. L. Villar, M. Rizzo, O. Ganslandt, C. Duran, N. A. Fletcher, G. Di Giovacchino, Susan T. Iannaccone, C. Kolig, N. Fabre, H. A. Crockard, Rita Bella, M. Tazir, E. Papagiannuli, K. Overgaard, Emma Ciafaloni, I. Lorenzetti, F. Viader, P. A. H. Millac, I. Montiel, L. H. Visser, M. Palomar, P. L. Murgia, H. Pedersen, Rafael Blesa, S. Seddigh, W. O. Renier, I. Lemahieu, H. M. L. Jansen, L. Rosin, J. Galofre, K. Mattos, M. Pondal, G. M. Hadjigeorgiou, D. Francis, L. Cantin, D. Stegeman, M. Rango, A. B. M. F. Karim, S. Schraff, B. Castellotti, I. Iriarte, E. Laborde, T. J. Tjan, R. Mutani, D. Toni, B. Bergaasco, J. G. Young, C. Klotzsch, A. Zincone, X. Ducrocq, M. Uchuya, O. J. Kolar, A. Quattrone, T. Bauermann, Nereo Bresolin, J. Vallée, B. C. Jacobs, A. Campos, Werner Poewe, J. A. Villanueva, A. W. Kornhuber, A. Malafosse, E. Diez-Tejedor, G. Jungreia, M. J. A. Puchner, A. Komiyama, O. Saribas, V. Volpini, L. Geremia, S. Bressi, A. Nibbio, Timothy E. Bates, T. z. Tzonev, E. Ideman, G. A. Damlacik, G. Martino, G. Crepaldi, T. Martino, Kjell Någren, E. Idiman, D. Samuel, J. M. Perez Trullen, Y. van der Graaf, J. O. Thorell, M. J. M. Dupuis, E. Sieber, R. D'Alessandro, C. Cazzaniga, J. Faiss, A. Tanguy, A. Schick, I. Hoksergen, A. Cardozo, R. Shakarishvili, G. K. Wennlng, J. L. Marti-Vilalta, J. Weissenbach, I. L. Simone, Amalia C. Bruni, Darius J. Adams, C. Weiller, A. Pietrangeli, F. Croria, C. Vigo-Pelfrey, Patricia Limousin, A. Ducros, G. Conti, O. Lindvall, E. Richter, M. Zuffi, A. Nappo, T. Riise, J. Wijdenes, M. J. Fernandez, J. Rosell, P. Vermersh, S. Servidei, M. S. C. Verdugo, F. Gouttiere, W. Solbach, M. Malbezin, I. S. Watanabe, A. Tumac, W. I. McDonald, D. A. Butterfield, P. P. Costa, F. deRino, F. Bamonti, J. M. Cesar, C. H. Lahoz, I. Mosely, M. Starck, M. H. Lemaitre, K. M. Stephan, S. Tex, R. Bokonjic, I. Mollee, L. Pastena, M. Gutierrez, F. Boiler, M. C. Martinez-Para, M. Velicogna, O. Obuz, A. Grinspan, M. Guarino, L. M. Cartier, E. Ruiz, D. Gambi, S. Messina, M. Villa, Michael G. Hanna, J. Valk, Leone Pascual, M. Clanet, Z. Argov, B. Ryniewicz, E. Magni, B. Berlanga, K. S. Wong, C. Gellera, C. Prevost, F. Gonzalez-Huix, R. Petraroli, J. E. G. Benedikz, I. Kojder, C. Bommelaer, L. Perusse, M. R. Bangioanni, Guy M. McKhann, A. Molina, C. Fresquet, E. Sindern, Florence Pasquier, M. J. Rosas, M. Altieri, O. Simoncini, M. Koutroumanidis, C. A. F. Tulleken, M. Dary-Auriol, S. Oueslati, H. Kruyer, I. Nishisho, C. R. Horning, A. Vital, G. V. Czettritz, J. Ph. Neau, B. Mihout, A. Ameri, M. Francis, S. Quasthoff, D. Taussig, S. Blunt, P. Valentin, C. Y. Gao, O. Heinzlef, H. d'Allens, C. Coudero, M. Erfas, G. Borghero, P. J. Modrego Pardo, M. C. Patrosso, N. L. Gershfeld, P. A. J. M. Boon, O. Sabouraud, M. Lara, J. Svennevig, G. L. Lenzi, A. Barrio, H. Villaroya, JosÇ M. Manubens, O. Boespflug-Tanguy, M. Carreras, D. A. Costiga, J. P. Breux, S. Lynn, C. Oliveras Ley, A. G. Herbaut, J. Nos, C. Tornali, Y. A. Hekster, J. L. Chopard, J. M. Manubens, P. Chemouilli, A. Jovicic, F. Dworzak, S. Smirne, S. E. Soudain, B. Gallano, D. Lubach, G. Masullo, G. Izquierdo, A. Pascual Leone Pascual, A. Sessa, V. Freitas, O. Crambes, L. Ouss, G. W. Van Dijk, P. Marchettini, P. Confalonieri, M. Donaghy, A. Munnich, M. Corbo, and M. E. L. van der Burg
Subjects: Neurology, business.industry, Media studies, Library science, Medicine, Neurology (clinical), business
Published: 1994
Full Text: View/download PDF

12. Remote depressions of cerebral metabolism in hemiparetic stroke: Topography and relation to motor and somatosensory functions

Author: Andreas Kleinschmidt, Rüdiger J. Seitz, Gottfried Schlaug, U. Knorr, B. Nebeling, Andreas Wirrwar, Hans-Joachim Freund, Helmuth Steinmetz, and Reiner Benecke
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, Thalamus, Somatosensory system, medicine.disease, Hemiparesis, nervous system, Neurology, Somatosensory evoked potential, Internal medicine, Cerebellar hemisphere, Cerebral hemisphere, medicine, Cardiology, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Neurology (clinical), Anatomy, medicine.symptom, Psychology, Diaschisis, Stroke, Neuroscience
Abstract: Depressions of regional cerebral glucose metabolism (rCMRGlu) as measured with positron emission tomography in 28 patients with first hemiparetic stroke were mapped anatomically and related to the involvement of the cortico-spinal tract and the somatosensory pathway. Cortico-spinal tract and somatosensory pathway status were examined by magnetic evoked motor potentials (MEP) and somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP), respectively. Patients were grouped with respect to the stroke lesions as assessed by magnetic resonance images into striatocapsular, thalamocapsular, and corticosubcortical groups. In spite of identical clinical presentation, the topography of significant remote rCMRGlu depressions varied in the affected cerebral hemisphere among the three groups, involving also the contralateral hemisphere in the thalamocapsular and cortico-subcortical group. The thalamus was the only area with a significant mean rCMRGlu depression in all groups, although it was structurally spared in striatocapsular and cortico-subcortical strokes. The remote rCMRGlu depressions in the primary sensorimotor cortex were associated with significantly abnormal MEPs in striatocapsular stroke, while both the MEPs and SSEPs were significantly abnormal in the cortico-subcortical group. Further, depressed rCMRGlu in the putamen of the lesion side and in the cerebellar hemisphere ipsilateral to the hemiparesis correlated with motor impairment. Our data suggest that, in addition to damage of the efferent cortico-spinal or afferent somatosensory tract, impairment of other circuits may contribute to the severe hemiparesis initially observed after stroke. We hypothesize that the chronic remote rCMRGlu depressions described in the present study result from axonal damage interfering with connectivity patterns. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Published: 1994
Full Text: View/download PDF

13. Dynamic scanning of 15O-butanol with positron emission tomography can identify regional cerebral activations

Author: G, Wunderlich, U, Knorr, K M, Stephan, L, Tellmann, N P, Azari, H, Herzog, and R J, Seitz
Abstract: To determine task-specific activations of the human brain in individual subjects, we applied pixel-by-pixel t-map statistics to the regional cerebral perfusion data obtained sequentially by dynamic scanning of [15O]-butanol with positron emission tomography (PET). The listmode data were binned into frames of 2 sec, and multiple corresponding pixel-by-pixel activation-minus-control subtractions were used for t-map calculation. The subtraction frames covering 10-40 sec after tracer arrival in the brain showed the activation-related increase of regional cerebral perfusion. A mismatch of the activation and control data by 2 sec resulted in a mean error of5% of the integrated activity increase. To validate these results, we simulated images with a spatial resolution and signal-to-noise ratio equivalent to that of the [15O]-butanol subtraction images. By means of these simulated images, we determined the minimal data requirements for t-map analysis, the degree of spatial correlations in the image matrix, and the distribution of noise in the t-maps. The simulation results provided a measure to estimate the significance of regional cerebral perfusion changes recorded with [15O]-butanol. The location and spatial extent of regional cerebral activations obtained from dynamic data corresponded closely to those obtained with quantitative measurements of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). Our results show that statistical parametric mapping of [15O]-butanol scanning data allows the detection of significant, task-specific brain activations in single activation-control comparisons in individual subjects.
Published: 2010

14. Individual somatotopy of primary sensorimotor cortex revealed by intermodal matching of MEG, PET, and MRI

Author: Rüdiger J. Seitz, B. Nebeling, U. Knorr, Gottfried Schlaug, Hans Herzog, Henrik Walter, Rumyana Kristeva, Helmuth Steinmetz, and Yanxiong Huang
Subjects: Adult, Male, Movement, Somatosensory system, behavioral disciplines and activities, Brain mapping, Fingers, Nuclear magnetic resonance, medicine, Humans, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Brain Mapping, Mouth, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, medicine.diagnostic_test, Foot, Magnetoencephalography, Magnetic resonance imaging, Somatosensory Cortex, Index finger, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Sagittal plane, Radiography, medicine.anatomical_structure, Thumb, nervous system, Neurology, Cerebral blood flow, Positron emission tomography, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Neurology (clinical), Anatomy, Psychology, psychological phenomena and processes, Tomography, Emission-Computed
Abstract: A method for comparing estimated magnetoencephalographic (MEG) dipole localizations with regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) activation areas is presented. This approach utilizes individual intermodal matching of MEG data, of rCBF measurements with [15O]-butanol and positron emission tomography (PET), and of anatomical information obtained from magnetic resonance (MR) images. The MEG data and the rCBF measurements were recorded in a healthy subject during right-sided simple voluntary movements of the foot, thumb, index finger, and mouth. High resolution 3D-FLASH MR images of the brain consisting of 128 contiguous sagittal slices of 1.17-mm thickness were used. MEG/MR integration was performed by superimposing the 3D head coordinate system constructed during the MEG measurement onto the MR image data using identical anatomical landmarks as references. PET/MR integration was achieved by a phantom-validated iterative front-to-back-projection algorithm resulting in one integrated MEG/PET/MR image. The estimated dipole locations followed the somatotopic organisation of the task-specific rCBF increases as evident from PET, although they did not match point-to-point. Our results demonstrate that intermodal matching of MEG, PET and MR data provides a tool for relating estimated neuromagnetic field locations to task-specific rCBF changes in individual subjects. Our method offers the perspective of refined dipole modelling.
Published: 1992
Full Text: View/download PDF

15. Electric circuit and control system simulation by linking Simplorer(R) and Matlab/Simulink(R) analysis of interactions of subsystems of modern electric drives

Author: U. Knorr and O. Haedrich
Subjects: Machine theory, Matlab simulink, Computer science, Control system, Interface (computing), Control engineering, MATLAB, computer, Electronic circuit, Machine control, computer.programming_language
Abstract: An interface for linking the simulation systems Simplorer(R) and Matlab/Simulink has been developed. This makes the use of the specific advantages of either simulation package to examine the interactions between different subsystems of complex drive systems possible.
Published: 2002
Full Text: View/download PDF

16. [Extracorporeal shockwave therapy in symptomatic heel spurs. An overview]

Author: M, Buch, U, Knorr, L, Fleming, G, Theodore, A, Amendola, C, Bachmann, C, Zingas, and W E, Siebert
Subjects: Adult, Male, Treatment Outcome, Double-Blind Method, Fasciitis, Plantar, Lithotripsy, Humans, Female, Heel Spur, Middle Aged, Aged, Pain Measurement
Abstract: Extracorporeal shock wave application (ESWA) has been successfully used for years in routine clinical management of plantar fasciitis. So far no clinical trails have shown the efficiency in placebo-controlled protocols. This paper presents an overview of conservative and operative treatment modalities with respect to their efficacy. Results of a prospective randomized placebo-controlled double-blind multicenter trial to show efficiency and safety of ESWT are presented. In patients treated conservatively without success, a single shock wave application can improve the condition significantly compared with placebo treatment (p = 0.0149). The Roles and Maudsley score also showed a significant improvement between the groups, with 61.6% good or excellent results in the verum group and 39.7% in the placebo group (p = 0.0128). Therapy-related side effects (local swelling, petechia) are rare. The data presented in this study led to FDA approval in January 2002 of the shock wave device used.
Published: 2002

17. C-reactive protein and carotid intimal medial thickness in a community population

Author: Helmuth Steinmetz, Matthias Sitzer, U. Knorr, Rüdiger Liehr, Hugh S. Markus, and Michael A. Mendall
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Epidemiology, Carotid Artery, Common, Statistics as Topic, Inflammation, Blood Pressure, Fibrinogen, Body Mass Index, Sex Factors, Reference Values, Risk Factors, Internal medicine, Diabetes mellitus, medicine.artery, Germany, medicine, Humans, Myocardial infarction, Common carotid artery, Community Health Services, Stroke, Aged, Ultrasonography, Aged, 80 and over, Glycated Hemoglobin, biology, business.industry, C-reactive protein, Age Factors, Arteriosclerosis, Cholesterol, LDL, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, C-Reactive Protein, biology.protein, Cardiology, Female, medicine.symptom, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, Tunica Intima, medicine.drug
Abstract: C-reactive protein (CRP) has been linked to cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. Large-scale epidemiological studies have shown a correlation of CRP level with risk of stroke, myocardial infarction and peripheral arterial disease. Nevertheless, the question whether serum CRP itself is an independent indicator of the atherosclerotic process remains unanswered.In a community-based sample free of advanced atherosclerotic disease (n = 1018; mean age +/- SD, 54.1 +/- 12.0 years; 49.7% women) we examined the relationship between carotid intimal medial thickness (IMT), conventional vascular risk factors (that is, smoking, obesity, elevated blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolaemia) and serum CRP.We found an association between increasing IMT values with increasing CRP values for all sites within the carotid system (for example, common carotid artery [CCA-] IMT, beta = 0.174, P0.001). The relationship was weakened after accounting for the above-mentioned conventional risk factors (linear regression), particularly body mass index, but remained significant (for example, mean CCA-IMT beta = 0.02, P = 0.042). Including fibrinogen in the regression made the relationship no longer significant (mean CCA-IMT beta = 0.01, P = 0.277).It is unlikely that CRP per se is a major independent cause of early arteriosclerosis. Elevations of CRP, or less specifically chronic inflammation, may mediate the effect of certain conventional risk factors on promoting atherogenesis, especially obesity.
Published: 2002

18. Disturbed functional brain interactions underlying deficient tactile object discrimination in Parkinson's disease

Author: Alex Keel, R. J. Seitz, Bruno Weder, RP Maguire, Klaus L. Leenders, N.P. Azari, M. Nienhusmeier, H.P. Ludin, U. Knorr, and University of Groningen
Subjects: Male, Parkinson's disease, principal component analysis, tactile exploration, Caudate nucleus, Somatosensory system, Brain mapping, DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM, Discrimination, Psychological, BASAL GANGLIA, Oxygen Radioisotopes, Reference Values, Basal ganglia, HAND MOVEMENTS, Brain Mapping, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, somatosensory discrimination, Brain, Parkinson Disease, Middle Aged, CEREBRAL METABOLIC INTERACTIONS, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Dihydroxyphenylalanine, Neurology, Cerebral blood flow, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Female, Anatomy, Psychology, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Adult, rCBF positron emission tomography (PET), RED NUCLEUS, 6-[F-18]-fluoro-L-dopa (FDOPA) PET, VERBAL MEMORY, working memory, POSITRON-EMISSION-TOMOGRAPHY, Neuroimaging, medicine, Humans, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Aged, categorical comparisons, BLOOD-FLOW, Working memory, Original Articles, medicine.disease, PET, Regional Blood Flow, Touch, Neurology (clinical), Caudate Nucleus, Radiopharmaceuticals, Neuroscience, supramodal information transfer
Abstract: Somatosensory discrimination of cuboid objects was studied in a group of healthy volunteers and patients with Parkinson's disease using regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) measurements obtained with positron emission tomography (PET) and O-15 labeled water [(H2O)-O-15]. A 6-[F-18]-fluoro-L-dopa (FDOPA) PET scan demonstrated that the patients may be grouped into those with normal and those with abnormally low FDOPA uptake in the caudate nucleus. The categorical group comparisons revealed that task-induced rCBF increases were deficient in bilateral motor and sensory cortical areas in the Parkinson patients. Moreover, deficient rCBF increases were evident in the mesial and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for patients in a more advanced disease state, who showed low FDOPA uptake in the caudate nucleus. A principal component analysis (PCA), performed on the rCBF data, identified three patterns (principal components, PCs) that differentiated patients from normals. The first PC represented a right-hemisphere dominant, bilateral group of brain areas known to be involved in tactile exploration. A second PC reflected a cortical-subcortical pattern of functional interactions, comprising cortical areas important for working memory processes. The third group-differentiating PC revealed a pattern of functional interactions involving bilateral temporo-parieto-occipital association cortices, which was consistent with a hypothesized supramodal network necessary for object discrimination. In an additional subgroup analysis, greater expression of the third PC pattern predicted greater caudate FDOPA uptake in patients. Our neuroimaging data revealed a disturbance of distinct patterns of brain functional interactions related to the sensorimotor deficit in Parkinson's disease and to deficits of cognitive information processing deficits in the more advanced stage of Parkinson's disease. Hum. Brain Mapping 11: 131-145, 2000. (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Published: 2000

19. Corpus callosum size in children with developmental language disorder

Author: Lutz Jäncke, U. Knorr, Sabine Preis, and Helmuth Steinmetz
Subjects: Male, Developmental language disorder, Cognitive Neuroscience, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Corpus callosum, Corpus Callosum, Behavioral Neuroscience, Prosencephalon, Reference Values, medicine, Humans, Language disorder, Language Development Disorders, Child, Normal control, Preschool child, School age child, Anatomy, medicine.disease, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Developmental disorder, nervous system, Child, Preschool, Forebrain, Female, Psychology, Neuroscience
Abstract: Using high-resolution in-vivo magnetic resonance morphometry of the midsagittal area of the corpus callosum (CC) and four callosal subareas in 21 children with developmental language disorder (DLD) of the phonologic-syntactic type we found no significant anatomical differences in comparison to an age- and gender-matched normal control group. There was also no significant between-group difference when the approximately 7% smaller forebrain volume among children with DLD was accounted for by relating CC measures to forebrain volume. Only a tendency towards a larger anterior and middle CC in relation to forebrain volume was found in DLD children. In our DLD children we found the same relationship between CC midsagittal size and forebrain volume as recently reported for normal adults, namely, that the CC area increases to the two-third power of forebrain volume.
Published: 2000

20. Reorganized cerebral metabolic interactions in temporal lobe epilepsy

Author: C. Antke, U. Knorr, Hendrik Niemann, R. J. Seitz, Alois Ebner, Steven E. Arnold, Karen D. Pettigrew, Otto W. Witte, and N.P. Azari
Subjects: Adult, Male, Adolescent, Cognitive Neuroscience, Thalamus, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Temporal lobe, Behavioral Neuroscience, Epilepsy, Neural Pathways, medicine, Humans, Language disorder, Dominance, Cerebral, Temporal cortex, Language Disorders, Verbal Behavior, Brain, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Temporal Lobe, Frontal Lobe, Functional imaging, Glucose, Frontal lobe, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, Case-Control Studies, Laterality, Multivariate Analysis, Linear Models, Female, Psychology, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Neuroscience, Tomography, Emission-Computed
Abstract: Patients with left temporal lobe epilepsy demonstrate language impairments that are not well understood. To explore abnormal patterns of brain functional connections with respect to language processing, we applied a principal component analysis to resting regional cerebral metabolic data obtained with positron emission tomography in patients with right- and left-sided temporal lobe epilepsy and controls. Two principal components were expressed differentially among the groups. One principal component comprised a pattern of metabolic interactions involving left inferior frontal and left superior temporal regions-corresponding to Broca's and Wernicke's areas, respectively-and right mesial temporal cortex and right thalamus. Functional couplings between these brain regions were abnormally enhanced in the left-sided epilepsy patients. The right thalamic left superior temporal coupling was also abnormally enhanced in the right-sided epilepsy patients, but differentially from that in the left-sided patients. The other principal component was characterized by a pattern of metabolic interactions involving right and left mid prefrontal and right superior temporal cortex. Although both the right- and left-sided epilepsy patients showed decreased functional couplings between left mid prefrontal and the other brain regions, a weaker right-left mid prefrontal coupling in the left-sided epilepsy patients best distinguished them from the right-sided patients. The two mutually independent, abnormal metabolic patterns each predicted verbal intelligence deficits in the patients. The findings suggest a site-dependent reorganization of two independent, language-subserving pathways in temporal lobe epilepsy.
Published: 1999

21. Precentral glioma location determines the displacement of cortical hand representation

Author: U. Knorr, H. Herzog, Rüdiger J. Seitz, J. C. W. Kiwit, Gilbert Wunderlich, and Hans-Joachim Freund
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_treatment, Astrocytoma, Magnetics, Glioma, Physical Stimulation, medicine, Humans, Aged, Cerebral Cortex, Brain Mapping, Neuronal Plasticity, medicine.diagnostic_test, Supplementary motor area, business.industry, Brain Neoplasms, Precentral gyrus, Magnetic resonance imaging, Anatomy, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Hand, Central sulcus, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Transcranial magnetic stimulation, medicine.anatomical_structure, Cerebral blood flow, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Surgery, Female, Neurology (clinical), business, Glioblastoma, Motor cortex, Tomography, Emission-Computed
Abstract: Objective Low-grade brain tumors may remain asymptomatic in contrast to malignant gliomas. The mechanisms underlying the preservation of cerebral function in such gliomas are not well understood. Methods We used positron emission tomography and transcranial magnetic stimulation for presurgical monitoring of motor hand function in six patients with gliomas of the precentral gyrus. All patients were able to perform finger movements of the contralesional hand. Results Movement-related increases of the regional cerebral blood flow occurred only outside the tumor in surrounding brain tissue. Compared with the contralateral side, these activations were shifted by 20 +/- 13 mm (standard deviation) within the dorsoventral dimension of the precentral gyrus. This shift of cortical hand representation could not be explained by the deformation of the central sulcus as determined from the spatially aligned magnetic resonance images but was closely related to the location of the maximal tumor growth. Dorsal tumor growth resulted in ventral displacement of motor hand representation, leaving the motor cortical output system unaffected, whereas ventral tumor growth leading to dorsal displacement of motor hand representation compromised the motor cortical output, as evident from transcranial magnetic stimulation. In two patients, additional activation of the supplementary motor area was present. Conclusion Our data provide evidence for the reorganization of the human motor cortex to allow for preserved hand function in Grade II astrocytomas.
Published: 1998

22. Representations of graphomotor trajectories in the human parietal cortex: evidence for controlled processing and automatic performance

Author: Anthony G.M Canavan, Rüdiger J. Seitz, Hans Herzog, Lidia Yágüez, U. Knorr, Volker Hömberg, Yanxiong Huang, and Lutz Tellmann
Subjects: Adult, Male, Cerebellum, Writing, Posterior parietal cortex, Sensory system, Motor Activity, Mental Processes, Cortex (anatomy), Parietal Lobe, Neural Pathways, medicine, Humans, Kinesthesis, Movement control, Brain Mapping, General Neuroscience, medicine.anatomical_structure, Cerebral blood flow, Female, Psychology, Neuroscience, Right anterior, Right intraparietal sulcus, Psychomotor Performance, Cognitive psychology, Tomography, Emission-Computed
Abstract: The aim of this study was to identify the cerebral areas activated during kinematic processing of movement trajectories. We measured regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) during learning, performance and imagery of right-hand writing in eight right-handed volunteers. Compared with viewing the writing space, increases in rCBF were observed in the left motor, premotor and frontomesial cortex, and in the right anterior cerebellum in all movement conditions, and the increases were related to mean tangential writing velocity. No rCBF increases occurred in these areas during imagery. Early learning of new ideomotor trajectories and deliberately exact writing of letters both induced rCBF increases in the cortex lining the right intraparietal sulcus. In contrast, during fast writing of overlearned trajectories and in the later phase of learning new ideograms the rCBF increased bilaterally in the posterior parietal cortex. Imagery of ideograms that had not been practised previously activated the anterior and posterior parietal areas simultaneously. Our results provide evidence suggesting that the kinematic representations of graphomotor trajectories are multiply represented in the human parietal cortex. It is concluded that different parietal subsystems may subserve attentive sensory movement control and whole-field visuospatial processing during automatic performance.
Published: 1997

23. Contributors

Author: M. Adam, Nathaniel M. Alpert, J.R. Anderson, Nancy C. Andreasen, A. Antonini, Babak A. Ardekani, Stephan Arndt, John Ashburner, Sharon Ashworth, Dale L. Bailey, E. Baker, D.G. Barnes, C. Bench, B. Bendriem, D. Berdichevsky, A. Biegon, R.C. Blair, G. Blomqvist, Peter M. Bloomfield, Laura L. Boles Ponto, Paul Brakeman, Michael Braun, David J. Brooks, C.K. Brown, W.D. Brown, T. Bruckbauer, K.R. Buckley, C. Calonder, Gregory Campbell, Richard E. Carson, Thomas Chaly, G. L-Y. Chan, Chin-Tu Chen, Ted Cizadlo, I.A. Cliffe, D.L. Collins, Malcolm Cooper, F. Crivello, M. Crossnoe, Paul Cumming, Vincent J. Cunningham, J. Czernin, M. Dahlbom, H. Damasio, J. DaSilva, Margaret E. Daube- Witherspoon, O.T. DeJesus, J. Delforge, Vijay Dhawan, S. Dickhoven, Mirko Diksic, Stefan Eberl, G.F. Egan, David Eidelberg, Lars Eriksson, Alan C. Evans, G.R. Fink, Alan J. Fischman, Ronald E. Fisher, A. Fletcher, A. Fontaine, I. Ford, G. Forse, R.S.J. Frackowiak, R.J. Frank, K.J. Friston, J. James Frost, V. Frouin, Hideaki Fujita, Takehiko Fujiwara, H. Fukuda, Michael J. Fulham, Anthony D. Gee, N. Gillings, Albert Gjedde, Robert Glaser, T.J. Grabowski, R. Graf, S.T. Grafton, Michael M. Graham, P. Grasby, R.N. Gunn, I. Günther, S. Hagisawa, A. Haida, M. Halber, Mark Hallett, Lars K. Hansen, Greg Harris, Jane Haslam, Steen Hasselbalch, Jun Hatazawa, W.-D. Heiss, K. Herholz, Peter Herscovitch, H. Herzog, Richard D. Hichwa, C. Hoh, J.E. Holden, Søren Holm, A.P. Holmes, C.J. Holmes, Patrick K. Hooper, S. Houle, D. Houser, Sung-Cheng Huang, S.P. Hume, Richard R. Hurtig, D. Hussey, Brian F. Hutton, M. Iacoboni, T. Ido, Hidehiro Iida, O. Inoue, Kazunari Ishii, Tatsuya Ishikawa, H. Itoh, Masatoshi Itoh, R. Iwata, F. Jadali, W. Jagust, S. Jivan, M. Joliot, A.K.P. Jones, C. Jones, Terry Jones, Iwao Kanno, Chien-Min Kao, S. Kapur, H. Karbe, J. Kessler, Michael R. Kilbourn, Yuichi Kimura, P.E. Kinahan, U. Knorr, K. Kobayashi, E. Rota Kops, Yukio Kosugi, Mark Kruger, Hiroto Kuwabara, Adriaan A. Lammertsma, L. Laurier, Ian Law, K.L. Leenders, B. Legg, Z. Levin, Kang-Ping Lin, Jonathan M. Links, B. Lipinski, B.J. Lopresti, J. Löttgen, S.K. Luthra, Yilong Ma, R.P. Maguire, K. Mahmood, Andrea L. Malizia, David A. Mankoff, Stefano Marenco, S. Marrett, C.A. Mathis, Y. Matsumura, B. Mazoyer, John C. Mazziotta, J.A. McCarron, K. Meguro, Steven R. Meikle, Marco A. Mejia, E. Mellet, Carolyn Cidis Meltzer, Ernst Meyer, P. Millet, S. Minoshima, M.A. Mintun, J. Missimer, Shuichi Miura, M. Miyake, Toshimitsu Momose, Niels Mørch, Evan D. Morris, Paul K. Morrish, S. Morrison, H.W. Müller-Gärtner, Kenya Murase, Mark Muzi, R. Myers, Takashi Nakamura, Tadashi Nariai, P. Neelin, R.J. Nickles, Junichi Nishikawa, Sadahiko Nishizawa, D.J. Nutt, G.J. O'Keefe, Daniel S. O'Leary, B.T. O'Sullivan, Finbarr O'Sullivan, W. Oberschelp, Toshihide Ogawa, S. Ono, S. Osman, Clifford Patlak, Olaf B. Paulson, Gunter Pawlik, L. Petit, U. Pietrzyk, V.W. Pike, J.-B. Poline, K. Poole, J.C. Price, M. Psylla, Robert Pyzalski, S. Rajeswaran, James S. Rakshi, Alex Ranicar, Scott L. Rauch, P. Remy, David C. Reutens, Andy Roberts, G. Rosenqvist, D.A. Rottenberg, Olivier G. Rousset, T.J. Ruth, Norihiro Sadato, Y. Samson, H. Sasaki, Mikiya Sase, D. Sashin, K. Schaper, G. Schlaug, L. Schnorr, R.J. Seitz, Michio Senda, S.E. Shelton, Anthony F. Shields, Eku Shimosegawa, Masahiro Shiraishi, Richard Shrager, J.J. Sidtis, N.R. Simpson, D. Smith, Donald F. Smith, B.J. Snow, Abraham Z. Snyder, V. Sossi, L. Spelle, Alexander Spence, S.C. Strother, Martin J. Stumpf, Yusuke Suganami, Claus Svarer, S.J. Swerdloff, A. Syrota, A. Taguchi, E. Talarico, Chris Taylor, L. Tellman, A. Thiel, H. J. Tochon- Danguy, Arthur W. Toga, P.-J. Toussaint, D.W. Townsend, Hinako Toyama, R. Trébossen, N. Tzourio, A. Uchiyama, Kazuo Uemura, H. Uno, M. Vafaee, F.J.G. Vingerhoets, P. Vontobel, R. Wagner, Hiroshi Watabe, G. Leonard Watkins, J.D.G. Watson, Miles Wernick, K. Wienhard, A.A. Wilson, S. Wilson, Scott D. Wollenweber, Dean F. Wong, Roger P. Woods, K.J. Worsley, Yuchen Yan, K. Yanai, J. Yang, Jeffrey T. Yap, D.C. Yu, Gene Zeien, Y. Zhou, and Jon Kar Zubieta
Published: 1996
Full Text: View/download PDF

24. A new method and system for the simulation of modular inverters in solar facades

Author: U. Knorr, M. Hiller, and G. Ebest
Subjects: Signal processing, Total harmonic distortion, Mains electricity, business.industry, Computer science, Fast Fourier transform, Electrical engineering, Range (statistics), Harmonic, Grid connection, Modular design, business
Abstract: The paper shows a method of simulation of the stationary and dynamic behaviour of the grid connection of a large number (100...300 and more) of parallel-connected modular inverters which are used in solar facades. Furthermore, it describes the models and their parameters and the results of many simulations by modifying these parameters. It shows the properties of the simulation system used and the significant simulation results (for any number of modular inverters): the time behaviour (transients) of the mains current and the mains voltage; the harmonic spectra by online FFT; and the dependence of the harmonic content on the tolerance range.
Published: 1996
Full Text: View/download PDF

25. Comparative Analysis of rCBF Increases in Voluntary Index Flexion Movements

Author: John Missimer, Gottfried Schlaug, R. J. Seitz, H. Herzog, RP Maguire, U. Knorr, K. L. Leenders, and L. Tellman
Subjects: Normalization (statistics), Analysis of covariance, medicine.diagnostic_test, Standardization, business.industry, Computer science, Brain atlas, Pattern recognition, Statistical parametric mapping, Finger movement, Positron emission tomography, medicine, Artificial intelligence, business, Cartography, Smoothing
Abstract: This chapter presents a comparison of the two methods of evaluating regions of significant change in activation studies. The comparison is divided into two stages, standardization and statistical analysis. The results of each method of standardization with both methods of statistical analysis have been analyzed. In addition, the effect of filtering is investigated. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) is measured at rest and during finger movements by positron emission tomography using the tracer [ 15 O]butanol. The images of quantified rCBF are analyzed using the computerized brain atlas (CBA) and statistical parametric mapping (SPM). After spatial standardization using each method, the images were smoothed in-plane. Both sets of standardized images are analyzed by use of descriptive t-maps combined with the cluster analysis and with the analysis of covariance and smoothing techniques of statistical parametric mapping (SPM). The difference in the number of functional regions (FRs) found by the procedures appears to be due largely to the method of standardization. The stereotactic normalization of SPM yields an order of magnitude more FRs and volumes of FRs that are typically a factor of 10 bigger than the CBA standardization. The effects of filtering were more pronounced with the CBA standardization than with SPM. For the same spatial standardization, the CBA statistical analysis yields many more FRs than the ANCOVA analysis of SPM.
Published: 1996
Full Text: View/download PDF

26. Neurophysiology of the human supplementary motor area. Positron emission tomography

Author: R J, Seitz, G, Schlaug, U, Knorr, H, Steinmetz, L, Tellmann, and H, Herzog
Subjects: Cerebrovascular Circulation, Motor Cortex, Animals, Humans, Tomography, Emission-Computed
Published: 1996

27. [Excess mortality of severely handicapped patients in mandatory health insurance]

Author: H, Piechowiak, P, Greschniok, and U, Knorr
Subjects: Adult, Aged, 80 and over, Male, Survival Rate, Insurance, Long-Term Care, Cause of Death, Germany, Costs and Cost Analysis, Humans, Disabled Persons, Female, Middle Aged, Aged
Abstract: The introduction of compulsory long term care insurance as of 1.1. 1995 has temporarily brought to an end a whole range of controversial discussions, which have been strongly coloured by party political interests. The originally planned expenditure figure of at least DM 30 billion represents an enormous outlay in these time of economic recession. It is already abundantly clear that the premium payments will not be sufficient in the long run, nor will it be possible to increase these premiums arbitrarily. This therefore elicits the question as to whether it is possible to calculate in advance the cost of treatment for those "in serious need of nursing care" on the basis of various factors such as age, sex, underlying illness, therapy and social integration. Up to now, there has been very little statistical analysis of these parameters. For this reason, the company MDK has carried out a preliminary survey (which so far has only looked at a limited number of cases) in order to obtain a general idea of the variations in the period required for long term care. This survey has shown that there are two main groups of cases requiring care, which can be differently assessed on the basis of age and sex. On the one hand, there are those in serious need of nursing care, who, due to a life-threatening disease or as a result of an acute deterioration of an existing chronic condition (e.g. severe KHK, cirrhosis of the liver, decompensated renal insufficiency) die a relatively short time after the application for care is made.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Published: 1995

28. Motorische Aktivierungsstudien bei Hirnläsionen mit der Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie (PET): Gruppen- und Einzelfallanalysen

Author: U. Knorr, B. Nebeling, R. J. Seitz, Gottfried Schlaug, H. Herzog, B. Weder, Yanxiong Huang, H. Steinmetz, and L. Tellmann
Abstract: Akute Lasionen des menschlichen Gehirns fuhren zu neurologischen Storungen, die sich im weiteren Krankheitsverlauf in unterschiedlichem Ausmas zuruckbilden konnen. Es wird postuliert, das dieser Funktionsrestitution plastische Reorganisationsvorgange im Gehirn zugrunde liegen. Da die Mechanismen der Funktionserholung aber weitgehend unbekannt sind, gibt es in der akuten Krankheitsphase keine Pradiktoren fur den Umfang der moglichen Funktionserholung. Messungen des regionalen zerebralen Blutflus (rCBF) mit der Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie (PET) erlauben, die menschliche Hirnfunktion zu untersuchen. Ziel unserer PET-Untersuchungen war es, mit sensomotorischen Aktivierungen plastische Veranderungen infolge fokaler Hirnlasionen nachzuweisen.
Published: 1995
Full Text: View/download PDF

29. Topographie und Bedeutung kortikaler Stoffwechselstörungen bei hemiparetischem Hirninfarkt

Author: Reiner Benecke, R. J. Seitz, Gottfried Schlaug, A. Kleinschmidt, H. Steinmetz, H.-J. Freund, and U. Knorr
Abstract: In dieser Studie sollte untersucht werden, welche Hirnstrukturen nach Auftreten eines hemiparetischen Schlaganfalls Storungen des Hirnstoffwechsels aufweisen. Insbesondere wurde die Frage gestellt, ob bei klinisch nicht unterscheidbarer Symptomatologie, namlich einer brachial betonten Hemiparese, unterschiedliche Muster von Hirnstoffwechselstorungen auftreten und ob diese Storungen mit dem Paresegrad zusammenhangen.
Published: 1995
Full Text: View/download PDF

30. Successive roles of the cerebellum and premotor cortices in trajectorial learning

Author: V. Hömberg, Yanxiong Huang, R. J. Seitz, Hans Herzog, Lutz Tellmann, Lidia Yágüez, U. Knorr, and A. G. M. Canavan
Subjects: Cerebellum, Handwriting, Time Factors, General Neuroscience, Central nervous system, Motor Cortex, Body movement, Anatomy, Human brain, Biology, Motor Activity, Overlearning, Functional Laterality, Premotor cortex, medicine.anatomical_structure, Dentate nucleus, Cerebrovascular Circulation, medicine, Humans, Learning, Motor learning, Neuroscience, Tomography, Emission-Computed
Abstract: The structures of the human brain engaged during learning of unilateral trajectorial hand movements were mapped by measurements of regional cerebral blood flow. Trajectorial movement velocity accelerated moderately after short-term training p < 0.025 and increased further after long-term training p < 0.01. During the early phase of learning there was a significant activation p < 0.001 of the ipsilateral dentate nucleus. By contrast, after overlearning the premotor cortical areas in both cerebral hemispheres were maximally activated p < 0.001, while the dentate nucleus was no longer activated. It is suggested that learning of new movement trajectories involves the cerebellum, while overlearned trajectorial movements engage the premotor cortex.
Published: 1994

31. [A panorama of rheumatic diseases]

Author: U, Knorr
Subjects: Arthritis, Rheumatoid, Insurance, Health, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Germany, Rheumatic Diseases, Humans, Social Security
Abstract: The developments in our health care system mean that the significance of chronic, cost-intensive diseases is continually increasing in terms of diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Under this aspect, rheumatic diseases may be regarded as prime examples in that they generate expenditure in many areas of both social insurance and private insurance. Although many of the disorders classified as rheumatic diseases manifest themselves clinically in the form of complaints in the region of the skeletal system, it should not be forgotten that they are actually systemic disorders, i.e. they have immunological or metabolic causes. This aspect plays a significant role with regard to the possibility of long-term prognosis and hence with regard to life expectancy as well. It also exerts a major influence on the selection of therapeutic concepts which are hoped to slow down the progress of a disease or stop it altogether. Precise inquiries, careful diagnosis, patient-specific therapy, and not least growing health consciousness should be capable of exerting a positive influence on the course of even relatively severe rheumatic conditions. The consequences will be felt to a corresponding degree by the private insurers too.
Published: 1994

32. A neuromagnetic study of the functional organization of the sensorimotor cortex

Author: Bernhard Ross, D. Cheyne, U. Knorr, Bernd Lütkenhöner, Helmuth Steinmetz, S. Hampson, R. Kristeva-Feige, and H. Walter
Subjects: Adult, Male, Movement, Models, Neurological, Motor Activity, Dipole model, Fingers, medicine, Humans, Sensorimotor cortex, Evoked Potentials, Foot (prosody), Brain Mapping, Mouth, Electromyography, Foot, General Neuroscience, Magnetoencephalography, Index finger, Somatosensory Cortex, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Dipole, medicine.anatomical_structure, Bereitschaftspotential, Female, Functional organization, Psychology, Neuroscience, Motor cortex
Abstract: Movement-related neuromagnetic fields from eight healthy human subjects were investigated in a Bereitschaftspotential paradigm. The three conditions studied were right-sided mouth, index finger and foot movement. The neuromagnetic field patterns corresponding to the motor field and the movement-evoked field I were analysed using a moving dipole model. For both components a somatotopic organization was found: the estimated dipole locations for the mouth were more lateral and those for the foot more medial than the estimated dipole positions for the index finger movement. With regard to possible clinical applications, e.g. non-invasive mapping of the sensorimotor cortex and studies of plasticity of the motor function, the present results suggest that the investigation of movement-evoked field I for the index finger condition is most likely to yield further results.
Published: 1994

33. Inter-subject variability of cerebral activations in acquiring a motor skill: a study with positron emission tomography

Author: Gottfried Schlaug, Rüdiger J. Seitz, and U. Knorr
Subjects: Adult, Male, Observer Variation, Brain Mapping, medicine.diagnostic_test, General Neuroscience, Central nervous system, Brain, Body movement, Motor Activity, Brain mapping, medicine.anatomical_structure, Cerebral blood flow, Positron emission tomography, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Basal ganglia, medicine, Humans, Learning, Psychology, Motor learning, Neuroscience, Motor skill, Tomography, Emission-Computed
Abstract: Cerebral structures activated during sequential right-hand finger movements were mapped with regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) measurements by positron emission tomography (PET) in individual subjects. Nine healthy volunteers were examined twice; after initial learning and after practicing the finger movement sequence for more than 1 h. Task-specific activation sites were identified by statistical distributions of maximal activity and region size in rCBF subtraction images. A consistent task specific activation in all nine subjects was detected in the contralateral sensorimotor cortex at an average movement rate of 3.2 Hz reached after practice. This corresponded to a significant increase of the mean rCBF in the left primary sensorimotor cortex in spatially standardised and averaged PET images. Additional task specific activation sites detected by individual analysis were found in the lateral and medial premotor, parietal, and cingulate areas, and in subcortical structures including the basal ganglia of both cerebral hemispheres. These activations showed no or little spatial overlap from subject to subject, thus being obscured in the analysis of pooled data. The observed activity patterns were related to movement rate and accuracy in individual subjects. It is suggested that the rCBF changes associated with acquisition of a motor skill in individual humans may correspond to plasticity of sensorimotor representations reported in monkeys.
Published: 1994

34. High Resolution PET Images through REDISTRIBUTION

Author: Gottfried Schlaug, R. J. Seitz, U. Knorr, Yanxiong Huang, and H. Steinmetz
Subjects: Full recovery, Pixel, business.industry, Computer science, High resolution, Computer vision, Artificial intelligence, Mr images, business
Abstract: A method for deconvoluting low-resolution PET images to high-resolution images is presented. By increasing the resolution, the method also corrects partial-volume-effects. This was achieved by estimating a hypothetical high-resolution activity distribution the simulated PET image of which was equal to the measured PET scan. The estimated activity distribution should then reflect an activity distribution in the examined object that could have led to the observed PET image. Starting with an estimated distribution where all pixels have zero values, the REDISTRIBUTION algorithm iteratively adjusts the estimated distribution to minimize the difference between real and simulated PET image. To improve convergence of the iterations, structural information from an individually fitted and segmented high-resolution MR image was used. Simulations on 2D objects showed full recovery in the redistributed images even for small and irregular geometries.
Published: 1993
Full Text: View/download PDF

35. Segmentation of MR Brain Images for Multimodality Fusion and Gray/White Matter Volumetry

Author: Yanxiong Huang, R. J. Seitz, Gottfried Schlaug, H. Steinmetz, and U. Knorr
Subjects: Active contour model, Computer science, business.industry, Brain morphometry, Edge detection, White matter, medicine.anatomical_structure, Region growing, medicine, Computer vision, Segmentation, Artificial intelligence, Mr images, business, Gray (horse)
Abstract: Segmentation of MR images of the brain into white and gray matter is a prerequisite for brain morphometry and PET/MR image fusion [1, 2]. In combining 3-D oblique cut, active contour, edge detection and region growing, we have developed a semi-automatic segmentation method for 3D FLASH MR datasets with minimal user interaction. This approach consists of 4 steps
Published: 1993
Full Text: View/download PDF

36. Accurate Alignment and Reslicing of PET Images

Author: H. Steinmetz, Yanxiong Huang, R. J. Seitz, and U. Knorr
Subjects: body regions, Transformation parameter, business.industry, Computer science, Image alignment, Within person, Head (vessel), Computer vision, Artificial intelligence, business
Abstract: Accurate image alignment is a prerequisite for pixel-by-pixel comparison of PET data within subjects. Most current approaches utilize combinations of head immobilization techniques or external markers. However, their accuracy is limited by increased examination times and instability of markers.
Published: 1993
Full Text: View/download PDF

37. Individual integration of positron emission tomography and high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging

Author: Helmuth Steinmetz, Thomas Hackländer, Rüdiger J. Seitz, Yanxiong Huang, Hans-Joachim Freund, Hans Herzog, Gottfried Schlaug, and U. Knorr
Subjects: Physics, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Subtraction, Brain, Magnetic resonance imaging, Central sulcus, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Imaging phantom, Data set, Models, Structural, Positron, Neurology, Positron emission tomography, medicine, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Humans, Neurology (clinical), Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Nuclear medicine, business, Emission computed tomography, Biomedical engineering, Tomography, Emission-Computed
Abstract: We have developed, validated, and employed a technique of retrospective spatial alignment and integrated display of positron emission tomographic (PET) and high-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) brain images. The method was designed to improve the anatomical evaluation of functional images obtained from single subjects. In the first computational step, alignment of PET and MR data sets is achieved by iteratively matching in three orthogonal views the outermost scalp contours derived from front-to-back projections of each data set. This procedure avoids true three-dimensional modeling, runs without user interaction, and tolerates missing parts of the head circumference in the image volume, as usually the case with PET. Thereafter, high-resolution MR sections corresponding to the PET slices are reconstructed from the spatially transformed MR data. In a phantom study of this method, PET/MR alignment of the phantom's surface was accurate with average residual misfits of 2.17 to 2.32 mm as determined in three orthogonal planes. In-plane alignment of the phantom's insertion holes was accurate with an average residual misfit of 2.30 mm. In vivo application in six subjects allowed the individual anatomical localization of regional CBF (rCBF) responses obtained during unilateral manual exploration. In each subject, the maxima of the rCBF activations in the hand area were precisely allocated to gray matter in the anterior or posterior wall of the central sulcus. The configuration of the rCBF responses closely followed the gyral structures. The technique provided a better topographical understanding of rCBF changes in subtraction images of PET activation studies. It opens the perspective for studies of structural–functional relationships in individual subjects.
Published: 1992

38. 3D Matching of Structural (CT, MR) and Functional (PET) Brain Image Data

Author: U. Knorr, Yanxiong Huang, H. Steinmetz, and H. Herzog
Subjects: Matching (statistics), Full width at half maximum, Pixel, Computer science, business.industry, 3-dimensional matching, Computer vision, Image processing, Artificial intelligence, Residual, business, Imaging phantom, Image (mathematics)
Abstract: We have developed a method for the computational alignment of functional (PET) with anatomic (CT, MR) image datasets. Using orthogonal front-to-back projections of the head surface, 3D alignment is achieved by iterative 2D matching. We implemented the 80 Kbyte program on an image processing workstation. A validation study with the Alderson head phantom showed the following residual misfits between 2 phantom datasets: CT-MR, 0.7mm (CT and MR pixel sizes = lmm); CT-PET, 2.1mm (PET pixel size = 2mm); MR-PET, 2.3mm. Thus, misfits seen with PET data were due only to the relatively poor spatial PET resolution (5.5mm full width at half maximum). Computational 3D matching is an accurate and efficient method for mapping brain function on brain structure.
Published: 1991
Full Text: View/download PDF

39. Recruitment of a visuomotor network in recovery from sensorimotor stroke

Author: R. J. Seitz, H. Herzog, U. Knorr, and N.P. Azari
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Physical medicine and rehabilitation, Neurology, business.industry, Cognitive Neuroscience, Medicine, business, medicine.disease, Stroke
Published: 1998
Full Text: View/download PDF

40. Functional brain interactions during tactile object discrimination in Parkinson's disease as compared to normals

Author: R. J. Seitz, M. Nienhusmeier, N.P. Azari, Bruno Weder, H.P. Ludin, K. L. Leenders, and U. Knorr
Subjects: Functional brain, Parkinson's disease, Neurology, business.industry, Cognitive Neuroscience, medicine, Object (computer science), medicine.disease, business, Neuroscience
Published: 1998
Full Text: View/download PDF

41. Anterior cingulate activation during bimanual coordination: Kinematic and functional imaging data in acquired lesions

Author: Volker Sturm, K.M. Stephan, R. J. Seitz, Hans-W. Müller-Gärtner, Hans Herzog, H.-J. Freund, Ferdinand Binkofski, Lutz Tellmann, Peter A. Tass, U. Knorr, and Gilbert Wunderlich
Subjects: Functional imaging, Neurology, business.industry, Cognitive Neuroscience, Medicine, Kinematics, business, Neuroscience
Published: 1996
Full Text: View/download PDF

42. Identification of significant cerebral activations using dynamic PET scanning of 15O-butanol uptake

Author: R. J. Seitz, Gilbert Wunderlich, U. Knorr, Hans Herzog, K.M. Stephan, and Lutz Tellmann
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_compound, Chromatography, Neurology, Chemistry, Cognitive Neuroscience, Butanol, Identification (biology)
Published: 1996
Full Text: View/download PDF

43. Shift of motor hand representation in precentral gliomas: Evidence from positron emission tomography and neurophysiology

Author: R. J. Seitz, Gilbert Wunderlich, Y. Huang, U. Knorr, J.C.W. Kiwit, H.-J. Freund, Lutz Tellmann, and Hans Herzog
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Neurology, medicine.diagnostic_test, Computer science, Positron emission tomography, Cognitive Neuroscience, medicine, Representation (systemics), Medical physics, Neurophysiology, Neuroscience
Published: 1996
Full Text: View/download PDF

44. ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF CYCLOBUTENEDIONES, XLIV. REACTION OF 3-BROMO-4-PHENYL-3-CYCLOBUTENE-1,2-DIONE WITH TRIPHENYLPHOSPHORANES

Author: U. KNORR, H. KNORR, W. RIED, and W. SCHUCKMANN
Subjects: General Medicine
Published: 1977
Full Text: View/download PDF

45. [Intravenous procaine therapy (causat) of trophic disturbances after fractures]

Author: U, KNORR
Subjects: Fractures, Bone, Humans, Nutritional Status, Procaine
Published: 1952

46. Identification of task-specific rCBF changes in individual subjects: validation and application for PET

Author: Bruno Weder, Rüdiger J. Seitz, U. Knorr, Andreas Kleinschmidt, Yanxiong Huang, Hans Herzog, and Andreas Wirrwar
Subjects: Adult, Cylindrical phantom, Somatosensory system, Imaging phantom, Brain Ischemia, Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory, medicine, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Humans, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Sensory cortex, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Subtraction, Brain, Middle Aged, Models, Structural, medicine.anatomical_structure, Cerebral blood flow, Positron emission tomography, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Subtraction Technique, Noise (video), business, Nuclear medicine, psychological phenomena and processes, Algorithms, Biomedical engineering, Tomography, Emission-Computed
Abstract: OBJECTIVE A method for identification and quantitative evaluation of task-specific changes of the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) measured with PET in activation studies of individual subjects is presented. The method is based on the statistical distributions of the quantitative and spatial information of regions of interest in rCBF subtraction images. METHODS For validation, a cylindrical phantom of 20 cm diameter containing six spheres of 10-30 mm in diameter was used. The spheres representing the specific signals were filled with 18F, while one-tenth of this activity concentration was filled into the background compartment of the phantom representing "noise." Of a sequence of dynamically recorded frames, subtraction images with different signal-to-noise ratios were calculated. RESULTS In these subtraction images, our method allowed us to identify the larger spheres accurately and to quantify the signals. Comparison with t map analysis in averaged subtraction images revealed a high correspondence with the results obtained by our method in individual subtraction images. Based on this phantom validation, the method was applied for mapping of rCBF changes in humans. The rCBF was measured with [15O]butanol in four subjects during unilateral somatosensory discrimination and during rest. CONCLUSION The method proved to be capable of identifying task-specific rCBF changes in the contralateral motor, premotor, and sensory cortex accurately and with high quantitative and anatomical precision in each subject.

47. Two language-related systems: reorganized cerebral metabolic (rCMRglc) interactions in temporal lobe epilepsy

Author: C. Antke, N.P. Azari, U. Knorr, Otto W. Witte, Alois Ebner, Stephan Arnold, Hendrik Niemann, R. J. Seitz, and Karen D. Pettigrew
Subjects: Epilepsy, Neurology, business.industry, Cognitive Neuroscience, medicine, medicine.disease, business, Neuroscience, Temporal lobe

48. Cognitive hierarchy in mood disorders and relations to daily functioning.

Author: Schandorff JM, Damgaard V, Little B, Kjærstad HL, Zarp J, Bjertrup AJ, Kessing LV, Knorr U, Vinberg M, Gallagher P, and Miskowiak KW
Subjects: Humans, Male, Female, Adult, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Cognition, Memory Disorders psychology, Verbal Learning physiology, Psychomotor Performance physiology, Executive Function physiology, Mood Disorders psychology, Memory, Short-Term physiology, Attention physiology, Activities of Daily Living psychology, Cognitive Dysfunction physiopathology, Cognitive Dysfunction psychology
Abstract: Cognitive impairment affects approximately 50 % of patients with mood disorders during remission, which correlates with poorer daily-life functioning. The hierarchical organisation of cognitive processes may mean that some cognitive deficits, e.g., memory impairments, are secondary to impairments in suggested core processes, including executive functions, working memory, attention, and psychomotor speed. The exact structure of a cognitive hierarchy in mood disorders is unclear. In this study, we aimed to examine relationships between cognitive domains using network graphs. Further, we aimed to explore whether impairments in the proposed 'core cognitive domains' mediated patients' verbal memory impairment and functional disability using mediation and hierarchical regression analyses. We pooled data from patients with mood disorders and healthy controls (HC) from 10 original studies. In total, 1505 participants were included in the analyses (n = 900 patients; n = 605 HC). We found that cognitive domains were more intercorrelated in patients than in HC. Executive functions, working memory, and attention and psychomotor speed almost fully accounted for illness-associated verbal learning and memory impairments, indicating partial mediation. Of the core domains, working memory explained the largest amount of variance in memory impairments and functional disability. Our findings highlight the importance of targeting core cognitive domains in pro-cognitive interventions., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest JMS, VD, BL, AJB, UK, and PG report no conflict of interest. HLK has received consultancy fee from Lundbeck. JZ has within the last three years received honoraria from Lundbeck Pharma A/S. LVK has within the last three years received honoraria from Lundbeck Pharma and Teva. MV has received consultancy fee from Lundbeck and Janssen-Cilag. KWM has received honoraria from Lundbeck, Angelini, Janssen-Cilag and Gedeon Richter in the past three years., (Copyright © 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2025
Full Text: View/download PDF

49. Reply to correspondence to "Algorithm or not for pharmacological treatment of mania during hospitalisation".

Author: Kessing LV, Christensen EM, Faurholt-Jepsen M, Baandrup L, and Knorr U
Subjects: Humans, Bipolar Disorder drug therapy, Bipolar Disorder therapy, Antimanic Agents therapeutic use, Antipsychotic Agents therapeutic use, Hospitalization, Algorithms, Mania drug therapy
Abstract: This is a letter to the editor on the "Correspondence on "An algorithm for pharmacological treatment of mania during hospitalisation" Dan Med J 2024;71(5):A08230525., (Published under Open Access CC-BY-NC-BD 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.)
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

50. Cerebrospinal fluid synaptic biomarker changes in bipolar disorder - A longitudinal case-control study.

Author: Knorr U, Simonsen AH, Nilsson J, Brinkmalm A, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Knudsen MB, Forman J, Hasselbalch SG, and Kessing LV
Subjects: Humans, Female, Male, Middle Aged, Longitudinal Studies, Case-Control Studies, Adult, Synapses, Nerve Tissue Proteins cerebrospinal fluid, Bipolar Disorder cerebrospinal fluid, Biomarkers cerebrospinal fluid
Abstract: Background: This exploratory study investigated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) synaptic protein biomarkers in bipolar disorder (BD), aiming to highlight the neurobiological basis of the disorder. With shared cognitive impairment features between BD and Alzheimer's disease, and considering increased dementia risk in BD patients, the study explores potential connections., Methods: Fifty-nine well-characterized patients with BD and thirty-seven healthy control individuals were examined and followed for one year. Synaptic proteins encompassing neuronal pentraxins (NPTX)1, NPTX2, and NPTX-receptor, 14-3-3 protein family epsilon, and zeta/delta, activating protein-2 complex subunit beta, synucleins beta-synuclein and gamma-synuclein, complexin-2, phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 1, rab GDP dissociation inhibitor alpha, and syntaxins 1B and 7 were measured in CSF using a microflow liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric multiple reaction monitoring set-up. Biomarker levels were compared between BD and HC and in BD before, during, and after mood episodes., Results: The synaptic proteins revealed no statistically significant differences between BD and HC, neither at baseline, one-year follow-up, or in terms of changes from baseline to follow-up. Moreover, the CSF synaptic protein levels in patients with BD were unaltered compared to baseline when they stabilized in euthymia following an affective episode and at one-year follow-up., Limitation: It is uncertain what the CSF biomarker concentrations reflect since we yet do not know the mechanisms of release of these proteins, and we are uncertain of what increased or decreased levels reflect., Conclusion: This first-ever investigation of a panel of CSF protein biomarkers of synaptic dysfunction in patients with BD and HC individuals found no statistically significant differences cross-sectionally or longitudinally., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest UK and JF are appointed as associated professors at the University of Copenhagen. AHS is funded by Absalonfonden. MBK is appointed as a statistical consultant for this project. His salary is covered by a grant from the Overlæge Dr. Med. Einar Geert- Jørgensen og Hustrus Legat. SGH and LVK are appointed as professors at the University of Copenhagen and Mental Health Services - Capital Region of Denmark. HZ is a Wallenberg Scholar supported by grants from the Swedish Research Council (#2018-02532), the European Research Council (#681712), Swedish State Support for Clinical Research (#ALFGBG-720931), the Alzheimer Drug Discovery Foundation (ADDF), USA (#201809-2016862), and the UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL. KB is supported by the Swedish Research Council (#2017-00915), the Alzheimer Drug Discovery Foundation (ADDF), USA (#RDAPB-201809-2016615), the Swedish Alzheimer Foundation (#AF- 742881), Hjärnfonden, Sweden (#FO2017-0243), the Swedish state under the agreement between the Swedish government and the County Councils, the ALF-agreement (#ALFGBG-715986), and European Union Joint Program for Neurodegenerative Disorders (JPND2019-466-236)., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

Catalog

Books, media, physical & digital resources

See catalog results

Searchworks

Select search scope, currently: Articles Catalog books, media & more in Jio Institute collections Articles journal articles & other e-resources

Search

Search Constraints

Refine your results

Search Limiters

Topic

Publication Year Range

Language

Publication Type

Journal

Region

Database

Publisher

128 results on '"U. Knorr"'

Search Results

Catalog

Select search scope, currently: Articles

Catalog

books, media & more in Jio Institute collections

Articles

journal articles & other e-resources