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Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy (LVNC) is a congenital heart disease with autosomal dominant inheritance. This review aims to summarize the existing data about the predictors of fatal arrhythmias in patients with LVNC. Medline and Cochrane library databases were searched from inception to November 2021 for articles on LVNC. The reference lists of the relevant research studies as well as the relevant review studies and meta-analyses were also searched. Clinical symptoms and electrocardiogram findings such as left bundle branch block are significantly associated with ventricular arrhythmias. Other non-invasive tools such as Holter monitoring, echocardiography, and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) can provide additional value for risk stratification. CMR-derived left and right ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, late gadolinium enhancement, and non-compacted to compacted myocardium ratio are predictive of ventricular arrhythmias. An electrophysiological study can provide additional prognostic data in patients with LVNC who are at moderate risk of ventricular arrhythmias. Risk stratification of LVNC patients with no prior history of a fatal arrhythmic event remains challenging. Symptoms assessment, electrocardiogram, Holter monitoring, and cardiac imaging should be performed on every patient, while an electrophysiological study should be performed for moderate-risk patients. Large cohort studies are needed for the construction of score models for arrhythmic risk stratification purposes., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Left atrial (LA) function is linked to atrial fibrillation (AF) pathogenesis. AF catheter ablation decreases disease burden with potentially favorable effects on cardiac function. Atrial volume-pressure loops can optimally assess the LA function., Objective: To investigate changes in LA function by volume-pressure loops after paroxysmal AF ablation and explored potential differences between the radiofrequency and cryoballoon ablation., Methods: We analyzed 44 patients undergoing paroxysmal AF ablation from 2 centers, 22 treated with radiofrequency and 22 with cryoablation. Pre- and post-procedure, all patients underwent a real-time three-dimensional transthoracic ECG to evaluate LA volume, while simultaneously recording LA pressure following transseptal puncture. Volume-pressure loops pre- and post-procedure were created by paired data. Areas of A-loop (LA booster pump function) and V-loop (LA reservoir function), and the stiffness constant determining the slope of the exponential curve during LA filling were calculated., Results: Average LA pressure, A-wave amplitude, and V-wave amplitude were increased post-procedurally ( p < 0.001). Overall, A-loop area decreased ( p = 0.001) and V-loop area tended to increase ( p = 0.07). The change in both A-loop and V-loop areas was similar between radiofrequency- and cryoballoon-treated patients ( p = 0.18 and p = 0.52, respectively). However, compared with cryoballoon-treated patients, radiofrequency-treated patients had higher increase in the stiffness constant ( b = 0.059; 95% CI: 0.022-0.096; p = 0.006)., Conclusion: AF catheter ablation by the radiofrequency or cryoballoon is associated with the decrease of the booster pump function and increase of the reservoir function. Moreover, there is a post-procedural increase of LA pressure which is associated with an acute increase in LA stiffness in radiofrequency ablation, but not in cryoablation., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Karanasos, Tyrovolas, Tsiachris, Efremidis, Kordalis, Karmpalioti, Prappa, Karagiannis, Aggeli, Gatzoulis, Tousoulis, Tsioufis and Toutouzas.)

Background: Data regarding the successful ablation site of idiopathic outflow tract (OT) ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) in the modern era of mapping and ablation are limited., Methods and Results: Over a 4-year period, a total of 309 patients underwent detailed activation mapping of OT VAs including the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT), the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) and the aortic cusps (AC), and the coronary venous system. 244 cases were successfully ablated at the index procedure (78.9%). The successful ablation site was more frequently located at the LVOT/ACs (51.6%) followed by RVOT (36.2%). In particular, the ACs was the predominant successful ablation site of idiopathic OT VAs (46.7%). An epicardial site of origin was predictor of ablation failure (p < 0.05)., Conclusions: The ACs is the predominant successful ablation site of idiopathic OT VAs., Take-Home Message: The aortic cusps are the predominant successful ablation site of idiopathic idiopathic outflow tract ventricular arrhythmias., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None to declare., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Intravascular tumor extension in the inferior vena cava (IVC) is known to occur with abdominal tumors, such as renal cell, hepatocellular, adrenal cell carcinoma, and Wilm's tumor. We encountered a 53-year-old male patient presenting with pulmonary embolism and a right atrial mass with imaging evidence of an adrenal tumor extending into the IVC, up to the right atrium. The patient underwent surgery for the resection of the tumor using cardiopulmonary bypass by a team of cardiothoracic surgeons and urologists. Histology identified the tumor as hepatocellular carcinoma, which developed as ectopic hepatic tissue in the right adrenal gland., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Treatment of certain diseases requires the administration of drugs at specific areas of tissues and/or organs to increase therapy effectiveness and avoid side effects that may harm the rest of the body. Drug targeting is a research field that uses various techniques to administrate therapies at specific areas of the body, including magnetic systems able to drive nano "vehicles", as well as magnetically labeled molecules, in human body fluids and tissues. Most available actuation systems can only attract magnetic elements in a relatively small workspace, limiting drug target applications to superficial tissues, and leaving no alternative cases where deep targeting is necessary. In this paper, we propose an electromagnetic actuation system able to push and deflect magnetic particles at distance of ~10 cm, enabling the manipulation of magnetic nano- and microparticles, as well as administration of drugs in tissues, which are not eligible for localized drug targeting with state-of-the-art systems. Laboratory experiments and modeling were conducted to prove the effectiveness of the proposed system. By further implementing our device, areas of the human body that previously were impossible to treat with magnetically labeled materials such as drugs, cells, and small molecules can now be accessible using the described system., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Backgound: Red cell distribution width (RDW) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) are simple hematologic indices that have been used to predict adverse outcomes in different clinical settings. The aim of our study is to determine whether RDW and NLR can predict atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence in patients undergoing AF ablation., Methods: Consecutive patients, without known hematological disorders, who underwent AF catheter ablation between January 2014 and April 2017 were enrolled into this study. Blood samples were taken one day before and five hours after the ablation procedure., Results: A total of 346 patients (224 males (65%), mean age: 59 ± 11 years old) were included. After a mean follow up of 26.2 ± 12.1 months, 80 (23.1%) patients experienced late AF recurrence (defined as any recurrence after the blanking period of three months), while 97 (28%) patients experienced early AF recurrence during the blanking period. Univariate analysis showed that early arrhythmia recurrence, type of AF and NLR after the procedure were significantly associated with late AF recurrence, while early arrhythmia recurrence and NLR remained significant in multivariate analysis. RDW was not associated with late AF recurrence. None of the parameters above predicted early arrhythmia recurrence., Conclusions: Simple and inexpensive hematological indices such as NLR should be evaluated for their ability to predict AF recurrence in patients undergoing catheter ablation in larger prospective studies., (Institute of Geriatric Cardiology.)

Purpose: Mechanically ventilated patients with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction are at risk of weaning failure. We hypothesized that optimization of cardiovascular function might facilitate the weaning process. Therefore, we investigated the efficacy of levosimendan in difficult-to-wean patients with impaired LV performance., Materials and Methods: Nineteen mechanically ventilated patients, with LV ejection fraction (LVEF) 34 ± 8%, difficult-to-wean from the ventilator, were assessed by transthoracic echocardiography before the start and at the end of a spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) (first SBT). Eight patients successfully weaned. The remaining 11 failed-to-wean patients received a 24-hour infusion of levosimendan, and they were reassessed during a second SBT., Results: After levosimendan administration, LVEF increased from 30 ± 10 to 36 ± 3% ( p =0.01). End-SBT peak e ' velocity increased from 7 to 9 cm/s ( p =0.02). E/e ' increased from 10.5 to 12.9 during the first SBT, whereas it remained constant at 10 throughout the second SBT ( p =0.01). During the second SBT, partial pressure of arterial oxygen and central venous oxygen saturation improved, compared to the first one (93 ± 34 vs. 67 ± 28 mmHg, p =0.03, and 66 ± 11% vs. 57 ± 9%, p =0.02, respectively). Nine of the 11 patients were successfully weaned from the ventilator., Conclusions: In difficult-to-wean from mechanical ventilation patients with LV dysfunction, levosimendan might contribute to successful weaning by improving both systolic and diastolic LV function., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Lead perforation is a life-threatening rare complication of pacemaker or defibrillator lead implantation. Clinical examination, electrocardiogram, device interrogation, echocardiography, chest x-ray, and chest computed tomography scan can help in the diagnosis. Clinicians should be aware because early diagnosis and treatment are the cornerstones for achieving a better outcome.