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Four suggested typologies from the literature for classifying program "types" provide a base for analyzing the problem of nomenclature in experiential education. A recommended typology of program types is presented, along with the positions supporting the types selected as well as those rejected. (Author/LBH)

Presents a beginning conceptualization of five distinct life-styles of single-parent families. Social workers can help such families anticipate and deal with the psychosocial risks and make maximum use of the unique opportunities of the life-style they adopt. (Author)

This paper provides an overview of the different patterns of behavior problems that teachers are likely to encounter in the classroom. Different systems for categorizing learning and behavioral problems are considered. Suggestions for informal observation of classroom behavior are included. (Author/BE)

The article "The Evil Twin: Older Bronze Age Ceramic Typology of the Nordic Circle" examines the older Bronze Age ceramics of the Nordic Circle. The study uses a classical typology and multivariate statistical analysis to categorize the ceramics. Ten vessel categories are identified, which can be further divided into different types and variants. The study demonstrates how ceramic production evolved in terms of diversity of forms, variation in sizes, and expression throughout the Older Bronze Age. Connections are also made between this increasing complexity and the changes in burial customs around 1300 BC. Therefore, the study provides important insights into the older Bronze Age ceramics of the Nordic Circle. [Extracted from the article]

Science advice has received renewed attention for evidence-informed legislation. However, no work has evaluated current trends in the field. We did a systematic review for publications between 2014 and 2020 to develop a typology using the legislative scientific advice body as a unit of analysis. The typology includes 12 categories that provide insights into the contextual background, mandate, structure, and advice process of legislative advisory bodies. We noticed that most of the work focused on advisory units is in western and high-income countries. The bodies show a wide degree of advice practices and politicisation. There are open opportunities for research, such as doing further comparative analyzes. Lastly, we found that foresight and horizon scanning methodologies were increasingly implemented in legislatures for participatory advice and to set long-term priorities. The findings can shed light on advancing legislative scientific advice for researchers and practitioners alike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The legitimacy of business schools is based on rankings, revenues, branding, and opportunities to support staff and students "to make a difference in the world". Yet sexism in business schools is endemic. Drawing on Acker's inequality regimes framework and a thematic analysis of reports in Poets&Quants, EFMD's Global Focus and AACSB International's BizEd/AACSB Insights over a decade, this study explores how business schools are dealing (or not) with sexism. We propose a typology of four categories of sexism in business schools: belligerent, benevolent, ambivalent, and oblivious sexism. Our findings contribute to understandings of institutional theory and the institutional development of business schools as important sites of (sexist and gendered) knowledge production and dissemination and entrenched inequalities. We posit that media constructions of sexism may better inform individual decisions, organizational development, and governance about the imperative to eliminate sexist behaviors and discrimination. We argue that business schools need to gain substantive legitimacy as effective role models by reforming themselves. They must actively tackle institutional and cultural sexism from within. Implications for practice include the effective inclusion of mandatory sexism reporting in international business school accreditation standards and rankings criteria as well as requirements for research funding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hate-motivated behavior (HMB) comprises a problem for public health and criminal justice systems. The present study contributes to current science of HMB by examining (1) potential typology replication and extension and (2) demographic and attitudinal correlates of HMB subtypes. The present study was a secondary analysis of an online survey study of discriminatory behavior and well-being. Participants were adults living in the United States (N = 289). Four HMB subtypes emerged: generalized, unmotivated, reactive, and defensive. The generalized subtype was characterized by elevated levels of prejudices, positive views toward hate groups, and the youngest age. The reactive subtype was differentiated from the defensive subtype by modestly higher HMB, racism, and positive views toward racially motivated hate groups. HMB subtypes were largely consistent with prior literature, and therefore can inform public health and criminal justice system responses to acts ranging from minor discrimination to interpersonal violence. Prevention and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though resilience has received ample attention in recent literature, there is still a dearth of research when it comes to theorisation of supply chain resilience capabilities. Against this background, we aim to develop a framework for supply chain resilience capabilities based on proactive and reactive contexts. Apart from using ANOVA, we also perform a nuanced analysis using the response surface methodology. The analysis is done based on a survey dataset collected from 291 manufacturing firms. The results indicate that different combinations of proactive and reactive resilience capabilities can have a differential impact on the performance indicators. Although both proactive and reactive capabilities are essential for ultimate resilience strategies, supply chains might initially benefit more from reactive capabilities than proactive ones. The comprehensive framework proposed in our research addresses a vital gap in current supply chain resilience theorisation and could pave the way for further well-informed research on the evolving research domain. Moreover, this framework could serve as a powerful tool for supply chain managers to design and plan the development/improvement of resilience capabilities in collaboration with supply chain partners. They will be able to easily evaluate the current condition as well as targets for resilience capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freshwater invertebrates and zooplankton (FIZ) play a key role in freshwater ecosystems and in food webs, but there is little research on their life cycle, ecology, and conservation. Therefore, this study focused on FIZ' annual dynamics (abundance, diversity, and gross energy) in 30 ponds located in two wetlands: the Marais breton and Marais poitevin (Atlantic coast, France, Europe). These ponds had a FIZ abundance of 50,412 ind/m3 per site [range of 28,864–80,690] in a year. The study defined four typologies of ponds according to the environmental variables and the presence of some key FIZ taxa. The first group had a long flooding time, high silt content, and aquatic vegetation cover. The associated taxa were Chironomidae, Gammaridae and Atyidae. The second group of ponds had moderate slopes, high sand content in the sediment and a rich abundance of microcrustacea. The third group contained shallow ponds with soft slopes and a high aquatic vegetation cover (100%), which result in high FIZ diversity. Finally, the fourth group contained ponds with steep slopes, high silt content in the sediment, and Oligochaeta as the major taxon in this environment. Defining pond typologies based on environmental factors and FIZ is essential to adapting FIZ management and conservation measures implemented on ponds. In a context of global change, a reduction or even disappearance of FIZ communities would have a catastrophic impact on all faunal taxa dependent on FIZ as a food resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a typology of tonal exponence. Couched within an Abstractive Word-and-Paradigm approach to morphology, the present study builds on previous studies on exponence typology and morphological organization by extending it to the study of tone. About half the languages of the world have tone systems, and tone is an important dimension in the morphologies of numerous languages. Tone is therefore a necessary part of a comprehensive typology of exponence. This paper shows that like segmental exponents, tonal exponents may be involved in a diversity of form-function mappings, but they also pose unique challenges due to their autosegmental nature. This study aims to advance our understanding of the role of tone in the organization of morphological systems by addressing deviations from form-function isomorphism, polyfunctionality, morphomic distributions, paradigmatic layers, and inflectional class organization. It is argued that the attested diversity of form-function mappings constitutes an empirical argument for a paradigm-based view of morphology, where the attested diversity is taken at face value and the range of encoding strategies are treated as equivalent, as opposed to choosing form-function isomorphism as the theoretical 'ideal'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this study is to analyse the types of hackers and cyberattacks in the aviation industry, to enhance cybersecurity in the air sector. This manuscript has identified 12 different typologies of hackers in the aviation context. First, those hackers who exercise responsibility in proper, effective, ethical, and good practices to improve the safety of citizens and organizations, such as white unicorns, red, blue, green, and nation sponsored hackers. And second, those hackers that are developing and using cyberattacks with bad practices to provoke serious material damage to public and private organizations, consumers, or even terrorist acts to kill people, including black, nation-state, cyberterrorist, whistle-blower, hacktivist, script kiddie, and gray hackers. Furthermore, findings reveal 54 cyberattacks documented in the period analysed (2000 – January 2024). Of the total cyberattacks in the period analysed, 35 were perpetrated at airports (65%) and 19 by airlines (35%). This study also suggests some lines of action to ensure and guarantee the security of data and private information for business-to-consumer (B2C) and business-to-business (B2B) and their transactions in the aviation industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the typology of smallholder maize farmers is crucial to elucidate the diversity in local farming systems, and therefore, devise effective interventions and policies that maximize the impact of agricultural innovations in South-Kivu province, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). This study aimed at characterizing maize farmers in South-Kivu province and clustering them based on various socioeconomic and agronomic factors to identify specific production constraints and devise more effective interventions. A household survey among 300 South-Kivu maize farmers allowed to identify four distinct clusters based on farm size, land use, income, and agricultural technology adoption. The clusters ranged from resource-poor smallholder (Types 1 and 2) to medium-resource semi-innovative producers (Type 3) and highly equipped innovative farmers (Type 4). Key discriminative factors included total farm size, maize farm size, farming experience, access to agricultural credit, income, and innovation adoption rate. This study revealed specific constraints for each cluster, including low soil fertility, poor weed management, low market access, and labor scarcity. This study's findings demonstrate the value of farm typology in guiding targeted interventions to address specific constraints and improve maize productivity, and suggest specific strategic directions for research and development projects in rural areas of the South-Kivu province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) is an emerging model within alternative food networks (AFNs). It shapes close relationships between food producers and consumers, thereby contributing to food sovereignty and agri-food system transformations. Despite rapid growth from about 10 to over 500 CSAs in just over a decade, the model in Germany still remains niche. We argue that further and faster scaling up requires better understanding of its diversity, yet a comprehensive conceptualization of CSA types is lacking, with insufficient differentiation in research and practice. Methods: This study employs a transdisciplinary mixed-methods approach (literature, qualitative, and quantitative data) in cooperation with the German CSA Network. By integrating organizational perspectives, we found that CSAs are highly complex and diverse organizations. Therefore, we firstly aimed at identifying characteristics that we summarized in a CSA framework. In a second stage, we used this framework as guiding structure for co-developing a survey with the Network covering 70 participating CSAs. Results: As the defining characteristic within the CSA framework, community financing (domain A) clarifies the uniqueness of the CSA model, thus enables delimitation from other AFN forms. Then differentiation characteristics (domain B) encompass the diversity of CSA configurations. CSA governance (domain B1), regarding the predominant characteristic of organizational governance, distinguish between Producer-led, Consumer-led, and Integrated (all-in-one) CSA types. Varying characteristics (domain B2) specify CSA configurations and enable additional distinction between CSAs. Based on the developed CSA framework, the survey results verify the applicability of governance types in particular, while confirming a high level of diversity of differentiating characteristics in general. Discussion: This study can be used to reveal existing generalizations about CSAs, providing a starting point for more nuanced and critical views in research and practice. When seen against the background of AFN and food sovereignty discourses in particular, CSA is an alternative production-distribution model, but not every CSA is governed or structured in alternative ways. CSAs can simultaneously contain both more conventional, traditional elements, as well as more alternative elements. Moreover, the framework provides easy-to-access differentiation criteria for matching members with their most suitable CSAs and vice versa. Overall, this study illustrates that CSA cannot be considered as homogeneous AFN type but be rather marked as a diverse field of its own. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to analyze the cross-linguistic influence of previously learned languages and working memory capacities on the vocabulary performance of two different typological languages. The objectives of this study were (1) to compare the working memory capacities of bilingual adults in relation to the vocabulary performance of two different languages never learned by the participants, and (2) to analyze to what extent the typology of previously learned languages influences working memory capacities in relation to the vocabulary performance of French and Nahuatl. A group of 43 Mexican Spanish college students participated in this experimental study. The participants completed a series of working memory tasks in Nahuatl and French. The results showed that working memory capacities were lower in Nahuatl than in French. Thus, a correlation was found between their first and second language and vocabulary performance in French. We can consider the influence of previously learned languages as a significant factor in vocabulary acquisition in accordance with the participants' working memory capacities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Fengmao" is a type of hat mainly worn by the Xianbei people during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. It wraps around the head, featuring straps and drapes, and holds distinct ethnic and historical characteristics. The term "Fengmao" is coined by the academic community today due to its design of wrapping around the head with the hat body and draping over the shoulders and back, effectively shielding against wind and cold. Previous research on "Fengmao" has been limited by the scarcity of related cultural relics, primarily focusing on document and image analysis. However, the Ethnic Costume Museum of Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology houses a rare specimen: a Qi floss-filled "Fengmao" with symmetric wave and phoenix patterns from the Northern Dynasties. With a unique shape and structure, it provides a valuable physical artifact for research on the "Fengmao" of the Northern Dynasties. This article centered on the research of "Fengmao" specimen from the Northern Dynasties collected by the Ethnic Costume Museum of Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology. Based on historical documents, images, and physical materials, this article conducted research and analysis on the ethnic affiliation, wearer identity, era, and stylistic characteristics of the era. The article concluded with three main points. First, it is speculated that this "Fengmao" was worn by a male nobleman from the Tuyuhun region in the late Northern Dynasties, based on the evidence on the collection site, historical background, and seal writing style. Second, by using typological methods to summarize the physical and image data of "Fengmao" from the Northern Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it was confirmed that the relative age of the "Fengmao" collected by the Ethnic Costume Museum is between the Luoyang period of Northern Wei and the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and that it is a precious physical specimen of "Fengmao" in the later period of the Northern Dynasties. Third, compared to other known "Fengmao" objects of the same type from the Northern Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the "Fengmao" of the Northern Dynasties collected by the Ethnic Costume Museum has unique features, such as a narrow upper and wide lower part, a small pointed crown, a separable structure between the hat body and the drape, pleats at the back of the hat body in a zigzag fashion and a type of back tie sewn together at the root and suffixed on the back of the hat body. It shows a transitional state between the Pingcheng period of the Northern Wei and the Sui and Tang Dynasties, providing important physical reference for the study of "Fengmao" during this period. On the basis of previous documents and image research on the "Fengmao" of the Northern Dynasties, this article first addressed the nomenclature of the "Fengmao", and confirmed the connection between the name and the actual object. Then, using cultural relics information, the article conducted a physical analysis on the "Fengmao" from the Northern Dynasties collected by the Ethnic Costume Museum through data measurement and 1:1 size restoration, showcasing its shape and structural characteristics. Finally, through the mutual verification of documents, images, and physical evidence, the article explored the age and ethnicity of this "Fengmao" from the Northern Dynasties, and analyzed the era characteristics in its stylistic characteristics in depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collocations are understood to be integral building blocks of language processing, alongside individual words, but thus far evidence for the psychological reality of collocations has tended to be confined to English. In contrast to English, Turkish is an agglutinating language, utilizing productive morphology to convey complex meanings using a single word. Given this, we expected Turkish speakers to be less sensitive to phrasal frequencies than English speakers. In Study 1, we conducted a corpus analysis of translation-equivalent adjective–noun collocations (e.g., front door) and found differences between the two languages in frequency counts. In Study 2, we conducted a reaction time experiment to determine the sensitivity of native speakers of English and Turkish to the frequency of adjectives, nouns, and whole collocations. Turkish speakers were less sensitive to whole-phrase frequencies, as predicted, indicating that collocations are processed less holistically in Turkish than English. Both groups demonstrated that processing collocations involves combining information about individual words and phrases. Taken together, we show that speakers are sensitive to frequency information at multiple grain sizes that are attuned to the typology of different languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study explores the evolution of Chile's dairy cattle systems from 1997 to 2021. It reveals a notable decline in both the number of dairy farms and cattle stocks, with southern farms gaining prominence. There is a clear trend towards intensification characterized by increased stocking rates and larger herd sizes. Furthermore, there has been a shift in grassland utilization, from natural pastures to improved and sown pastures. It underscores regional disparities and offers insights into the challenges and opportunities facing Chile's dairy sector. This study examines the structural and geographical changes in Chile's dairy cattle systems from 1997 to 2021, using data from agricultural censuses. It focuses on variables like animal stocks, herd sizes, pasture utilization, and stocking rates, analyzed through descriptive statistics, multivariable analysis, and geographical mapping. The findings show a significant decrease in dairy farms (−69%) and dairy cattle stocks (−25.4%), with regional disparities: southern farms increased in importance while central farms declined. There is a trend towards intensification, with higher stocking rates and larger herd sizes. Grassland utilization shifted, with a decrease in natural pastures and an increase in improved and sown pastures. The study identifies four typological groups based on stocking rates, dimensions, and pasture use, reflecting distinct evolutionary paths influenced by climate change, land use, economic dynamics, and technology. Geographical analyses highlight regional variations. This research provides insights into the dynamics of Chile's dairy farming sector and its sustainability challenges and opportunities amidst changing environmental and socioeconomic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A typology presents ideal concrete types, and probing their personality and character enables the creation of general patterns. The study of the personality thus grants access to the depth of an idea not only in abstract terms but also in its function as a guide to, and a source of, an ethos. Furthermore, the personality construct plays a significant role in the understanding of historical processes because many events are ascribed or tied to the centrality of a specific individual. The study of typology is especially linked to Eduard Spranger (1882–1963), who claimed that ideal types convey conscious structures. In his view, we can impart significance to actions and behaviors only in relation to the agent's set of values. In his writings, Spranger presented six ideal types. What is the meaning of a typology when discussing a movement such as religious Zionism? In this article, I attempt to trace an ideological portrait of two types that, in my estimate, created through their personality and their endeavor the ideological pattern that has accompanied religious Zionism and the religious-Zionist idea throughout this movement's existence. I set up these two thinkers and entrepreneurs as pure types, even though no such types exist in reality. I present the pure types as founded on dominant features although, again, well aware that there are no pure features in the concrete world. Besides describing the characteristic features of the two types, I will argue that the interaction between the patterns they established facilitates understanding of several historical events. These patterns at times continue one another but, mainly, they confront one another. To illustrate their course, I will relate to two historical episodes where these personality patterns come forth, one that took place a few years after R. Reines' death and the other about fifty years later or more, whose implications are felt up to this day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To maximise the benefits of HIV self-testing (HIVST), it is critical to support self-testers in the testing process and ensure that they access appropriate prevention and care. To summarise systems and tools supporting HIVST (hereafter, 'support systems') and categorise them for future analysis, we synthesised the global data on HIVST support systems and proposed a typology. We searched five databases for articles reporting on one or more HIVST support systems and included 314 publications from 224 studies. Across 189 studies, there were 539 reports of systems supporting HIVST use; while across 115 studies, there were 171 reports of systems supporting result interpretation. Most commonly, these were pictorial instructions, followed by in-person demonstrations and in-person assistance while self-testing or reading self-test results. Less commonly, virtual interventions were also identified, including online video conferencing and smartphone apps. Smartphone-based automated result readers have been used in the USA, China, and South Africa. Across 173 studies, there were 987 reports of systems supporting post-test linkage to care; most commonly, these were in-person referrals/counselling, written referrals, and phone helplines. In the USA, Bluetooth beacons have been trialled to monitor self-test use and facilitate follow-up. We found that, globally, HIVST support systems use a range of methods, including static media, virtual tools, and in-person engagement. In-person and printed approaches were more common than virtual tools. Other considerations, such as linguistic and cultural appropriateness, may also be important in the development of effective HIVST programs. The success of HIV self-testing requires the user to accurately use the self-test, interpret the result, and be linked to relevant follow-up services. We summarised the systems and tools that have been used to support users through the self-testing process ('support systems'), and found a diverse range of support systems, including pictorial instructions, in-person support, and virtual tools. We have developed a typology to categorise these support systems, which can be used as a framework for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gated communities have spread globally, though unevenly. However, their early popularity and expansion from North America to other different localities have led to their physical and social diversification (i.e., morphological design and locking mechanisms and their resident profiles, which are not limited to the richest classes). This diversity has resulted in varied and sometimes conflicting concepts and classification criteria. Given this situation, this study aims to propose a typology of these developments that encompasses all current forms, based on an exhaustive census we compiled. We used a broader concept adapted to the research context, that of the 'Residential Compound', based on the idea that total closure is not an essential condition for consideration. Although the empirical work is based on the metropolitan area of Granada (Spain), we believe it is representative of most Spanish and possibly European metropolitan areas. Using satellite images and the Spanish electronic cadastre, we compiled a census of 642 residential compounds, classified based on over 50 variables. These compounds were categorized into five types depending on the enclosure level: (1) protected compounds; (2) controlled compounds; (3) structurally self-isolated compounds; (4) individualistic compounds; and (5) symbolic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article continues the author's previous publication on this topic and, in general, a series of materials published in the journal in 2023 on the issues of adaptation of the population and economy to the climate variability and climate change' impact. The main stages and procedures of assessment of the effectiveness and efficiency of adaptation measures are substantiated and disclosed. The limitations of the approaches proposed to calculations are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to conceptualize and categorize diaspora festivals. The study defines diaspora festivals as events organized by diaspora or transnational associations, public organizations, or event organizers with the aim of providing unique experiential benefits to diasporas while offering opportunities for locals and tourists to participate. These festivals depend on support from various stakeholders and the cooperation of the locals for successful execution. The study introduces seven types of diaspora festivals, classified into primary types including transnational, ethnic-migrant, multicultural, and homecoming festivals; and secondary types including host, homeland, and tourist festivals. These typologies have practical implications for various stakeholders, such as migrant sending and receiving countries, event organizers, diasporic individuals, and international organizations. Furthermore, understanding the concept and characteristics of different types of diaspora festivals can contribute to sustainable development goals and the preservation of intangible heritages while providing researchers with a clear framework for further exploration of these festivals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI) is the most prominent nation with an archipelago. Indonesia has an area of 8,300,000 km2, with 16,056 islands registered. Indonesia's coastline reaches 108,000 km2, the second longest in the world. According to that, Indonesia needs well-developed and efficiently managed seaports. The number of seaports, according to the National Port Master Plan, is 636 Ports, of which the government operates 566 Ports as public ports (Non-Commercial Ports). The utilization of this port is shallow because an adequate market or hinterland does not support it. Non-commercial ports managed by the government must innovate to finance port operations and maintenance of port facilities. Innovations and breakthroughs can be made by improving port governance and optimizing the port service business. Improving port business processes to increase the optimization and utilization of ports requires port development strategies that must be formulated precisely. Port development strategies involve the identification of typologies and mapping the level of utilization of non-commercial ports based on typologies; This study uses machine learning methods to answer research objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vernacular architecture embodies a lasting connection between communities, climates, and topographic landscapes, providing basic shelter needs for centuries. Adopting Montesinho Natural Park as a case study, this paper explores the essence of vernacular architecture, highlighting its adaptation and dynamic relationships with local climates, geographical features, and scarce resources. This paper firstly provides a quantitative characterisation of residential vernacular building typologies in several villages of the park based on field-collected data, using photography and videography for data reliability. The building typologies were then categorised according to their prominent architectural features, prioritising the access to the upper floor and door's relative location and their integration within the landscape's topography. The collected data were analysed by averaging each typology percentage across the villages and calculating dependency probabilities between each typology and the villages, aiming to identify the most frequent typologies and their dependency relationships with villages. This paper's outcome entails the Protruding Staircase typology as the most common typology in the selected villages. Despite modern interventions, traditional features endure, emphasising practicality and resource efficiency. Among them, several bioclimatic strategies were identified and analysed qualitatively based on their potential contribution to energy efficiency and savings, highlighting their relationships with the local context and the typologies presented. The findings are important in supporting decision-making related to vernacular heritage in Northeastern Portugal. The bioclimatic construction strategies identified may be used as preliminary references to incorporate into rehabilitation projects and sustainable architecture practices, enhancing inhabitants' thermal comfort and living conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The replacement of the atlatl and dart weapon system with the bow and arrow system in the Basin-Plateau region was a significant technological event. Distinguishing dart points from arrow points is one component of understanding the timing of this event. Previous analyses demonstrated that size differences of shoulder widths distinguish dart from arrow points. However, neck width and thickness of a stone projectile point are better variables for differentiating arrow points from dart points because these variables directly relate to the attachment of a projectile point to a foreshaft or mainshaft. Because of overlaps in foreshaft diameters, projectile point neck widths, and thicknesses between darts and arrows, it is not always possible to separate projectile points into arrow points and dart points. In such cases, it is only possible to provide a probability estimate of correct classification for any individual specimen falling within the overlapping ranges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Healthcare corruption poses a significant threat to individuals, institutions, sectors, and states. Combating corruption is paramount for protecting patients, maintaining the healthcare system's integrity, and preserving public trust. As corruption evolves, takes new forms, and adapts to changing socio-political landscapes, understanding its manifestations is critical to developing effective anti-corruption strategies at individual and institutional levels. Objective: The aim was to comprehensively collate the manifestations of different types of corruption in healthcare to illustrate prevailing patterns and trends and to provide policymakers, practitioners, and researchers with practical insights to inform research agendas, regulatory and governance strategies, and accountability measures. Method: We conducted a narrative review of scientific articles published between 2013 and 2022 using keyword searches in SCOPUS and EBSCO. We utilized the corruption typology proposed by the European Union and Thompson's Institutional Corruption Framework to systematically identify manifestations across different corruption types. The Prisma scheme was employed to document the selection process and ensure reproducibility. Findings: Bribery in medical service provision was the most frequently investigated form of corruption, revealing rather uniform manifestations. Misuse of high-level positions and networks and institutional corruption also received considerable attention, with a wide range of misconduct identified in institutional corruption. Extending the analysis to institutional corruption also deepened the understanding of misconduct in the context of improper marketing relations and highlighted the involvement of various stakeholders, including academia. The pandemic exacerbated the vulnerability of the healthcare sector to procurement corruption. Also, it fostered new types of misconduct related to the misuse of high-level positions and networks and fraud and embezzlement of medical drugs, devices, and services. Conclusions: The review spotlights criminal actions by individuals and networks and marks a notable shift towards systemic misconduct within specific types of corruption. The findings highlight the necessity of customized anti-corruption strategies throughout the healthcare sector. These insights are crucial for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers in guiding the formulation of legal frameworks at local and global levels, governance strategies, and research priorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Christians reading Ezekiel 40–48 may well struggle to understand the City/Temple described in this vision. Is it literal? If so, when will it be built? How does it relate to the church, which is God's Temple according to the New Testament? How does it relate to Revelation 21–22? How does Ezekiel's Temple fit into the Bible's plot structure and narrative storyline? This research employs a literary approach and typology to answer those questions. The rationale of these methodologies is they combine the realistic features of the vision, rooting the vision in history, while the "symbolic" aspects point forward to a heightened, eschatological fulfillment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Domestic and care work is a largely feminized sector marked by high levels of informality, low wages, and precarious working conditions worldwide. Over the past decade, particularly in the United States and Europe, new intermediaries have emerged, organizing search and hiring services through digital platforms. More recently, significantly driven by the Covid-19 pandemic, these platforms have proliferated in Latin America, raising questions about the effects of this new form of intermediation in the region. While the dominant global view on digital labor platforms is that they lead to the precarization of working conditions, emerging international literature questions whether they might contribute to the formalization of the sector. This hypothesis is based on recognizing certain characteristics of digital intermediaries that can institutionalize the employment relationship in an activity that largely operates outside of regulation, where direct hiring and personalized negotiation of working conditions prevail. At the same time, the literature warns that certain business models ofthese platforms contribute to non-formalization and promote hiring practices that deepen precariousness. Within this debate, this article aims to contribute to understanding the intermediation methods of these new actors in Latin America, considering that the employment classification of workers is crucial for their access to rights. To this end, the article presents a regional mapping of digital platforms operating in the sector and proposes a typology based on the business models and types of hiring promoted by the studied platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual homicide (SH) research has focused on those who commit these crimes and the crimes themselves. This leaves the victim, an equally crucial piece to the puzzle, left as a sort of afterthought, despite the valuable insight that victimology provides to the crime. For the current study, victim information related to their routine activities and lifestyles was taken from an international database containing 662 solved cases of SH. Nine victim variables were used in a latent class analysis to find hidden subgroups within the victim population. Three classes were identified—low‐risk, homebody, and overt risk victims—which suggests that SH victimization varies depending on the victim lifestyles and routine activities. These groups were externally validated by examining their association with different phases of the crime commission process. Some sexual homicide offenders may be more drawn to a victim because they present as vulnerable and opportunistic, while others might be methodically targeted. The theoretical relevance of this typology, along with investigative and prevention strategies, is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nosology for criminals who murder multiple victims is at once well‐established and controversial, perhaps because theorists have largely segregated such offenders from the broader criminal population. The current study introduces the superhomicide offender, an individual convicted of at least five murders, to locate multiple homicide offenders within the criminological and epidemiological science pertaining to the most pathological offenders, and statistically place them with other conceptualizations of severe offenders at the 95th percentile of the offending distribution. Relative to other capital murderers, superhomicide offenders have lengthier criminal history, greater conviction history, and coextensive psychopathology characterized by psychopathy, sexual sadism, homicidal ideation, cluster A and B personality disorders, and major depressive disorder. Superhomicide offenders are profoundly psychopathic with 20 of the 39 offenders reaching the clinical threshold of 30 or more on the PCL‐R, and 19 of the 39 are sexually sadistic. Regarding extant typologies of sexual and multiple homicide offenders, 15 are serial murderers, 17 are sexual homicide offenders, 17 are mass murderers, and 17 are spree murderers. Twenty‐four of the 39 superhomicide offenders (61.5%) met criteria for multiple typologies, suggesting the new prototype can help unify the study of those who perpetrate multicide and embed them within criminological and epidemiological models that specify pathological antisocial outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dialect classification is a long-standing issue in Chinese dialectology. Although various theories of Chinese dialect regions have been proposed, most have been limited by similar methodological issues, especially due to their reliance on the subjective analysis of dialect maps both individually and in the aggregate, as well as their focus on phonology over syntax and vocabulary. Consequently, we know relatively little about the geolinguistic underpinnings of Chinese dialect variation. Following a review of previous research in this area, this article presents a theory of Chinese dialect regions based on the first large-scale quantitative analysis of the data from the Linguistic Atlas of Chinese Dialects, which was collected between 2000 and 2008, providing the most up-to-date picture of the full Chinese dialect landscape. We identify and map a hierarchy of 10 major Chinese dialect regions, challenging traditional accounts. In addition, we propose a new theory of Chinese dialect formation to account for our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Christians reading Ezekiel 40–48 may well struggle to understand the City/Temple described in this vision. Is it literal? If so, when will it be built? How does it relate to the church, which is God's Temple according to the New Testament? How does it relate to Revelation 21–22? How does Ezekiel's Temple fit into the Bible's plot structure and narrative storyline? This research employs a literary approach and typology to answer those questions. The rationale of these methodologies is they combine the realistic features of the vision, rooting the vision in history, while the "symbolic" aspects point forward to a heightened, eschatological fulfillment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the link between conflict and human trafficking having been globally recognised, academic inquiry investigating how the two interact continues to be limited. Given the recency of the full-scale invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation in February 2022, this lack of literature is even more pronounced in understanding how the risks of trafficking are developing in the current context. This paper examines extant academic literature to explore what is already known about the relationship between conflict and human trafficking, situating this within the theoretical framework of routine activity theory (RAT). It analyses governmental and non-governmental organisation reports emerging from Ukraine to contextualise the risk that is specific to those affected by the war. The paper identifies four key drivers of risk facing those in, or fleeing, Ukraine, which can heighten their vulnerability to human trafficking, before offering a novel and innovative typology of the ways that human trafficking can manifest as a result of conflict. The typology gives consideration to the direct and indirect links between conflict and trafficking, the geographical spaces in which trafficking can occur, and the specific forms that exploitation can take. By situating the paper within RAT and contextualising it with evidence from the war in Ukraine, the findings of this paper provide both theoretical and empirical insights which help to expand existing knowledge on how conflict situations can increase the risk of THB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addressing food security, Integrated Farming Systems (IFS) emerged, combining various enterprises within a farm for marginal and small farmers. Typology is a significant tool in analysing the diversity among IFS. We interviewed 250 marginal and small farmers following IFS during 2022-2023 for typology assessment in the western zone of Tamil Nadu, India. Multivariate statistical analysis resulted in four distinct farm types i.e., type-1. Marginal farmers with diversified crops dominated by cereals, less owned area, a smaller number of livestock and lower income constitutes (38.4%), type-2. Marginal farmers with diversified crops dominated by fodder crops, medium number of livestock and high livestock income contributes (29.6%), type-3. Marginal farmers with various crops dominated by cash crops, medium number of livestock and medium income contributes (22.4%) and type-4. Small farmers with various crops dominated by plantation crops, higher owned area, medium number of livestock and higher income contributes (9.6%). Constraint analysis was done for various crops and livestock production systems in each farm type. To overcome these constraints, socially acceptable interventions were given to each farm type. The study advocated that the findings of typology and constraint analysis contribute to suitable interventions for specific locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the characteristics of youths convicted of sexual crimes (YSC) and youths convicted of non-sexual crimes (YNSC) to create an inclusive typology of clinical characteristics associated with sexual and general delinquency. The sample consisted of 391 justice-involved male youths aged 14–20. Participants completed either the Multidimensional Assessment of Sex and Aggression (MASA) or the Multidimensional Inventory of Development, Sex, and Aggression (MIDSA). Four profiles were identified based on a three-step latent profile analysis (LPA): Normal/Neurotic Delinquents, Macho Delinquents, Sexualised Delinquents, and Psychopathic Sexualised Delinquents. The youths in these profiles differed in the nature and intensity of their clinical characteristics and the incidence of their sexual and non-sexual delinquency. The distribution of YSCs and YNSCs across the four profiles shows that these are not completely distinct populations. Although two profiles in the typology comprised mainly YSCs, YNSCs were present in all profiles. This highlights the importance of rejecting the idea of one-size-fits-all treatment for these youth. The study also highlights the importance of basing treatment on the clinical characteristics and needs of justice-involved youth rather than on their index offence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crime script analysis was used to analyze intimate partner violence diversity by identifying variables significantly associated with different script tracks. Qualitative thematic analysis using official police administrative data from Queensland, Australia, was used to develop an intimate partner violence protoscript (n = 40), followed by quantitative hierarchical cluster analysis and cross-tabulations to examine diversity within scripts. Four diverse script tracks were identified: "escalating jealousy," "persistently possessive," "controlling victim agency," and "enduring argument." Intimate partner diversity exists with divisions based on statistically significant variables. Implications for situational crime prevention and the use of mixed methods for strengthening crime script analysis are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this introductory article of the special issue 'Experiencing communality and togetherness at work: Phenomenologies of a shared existence', we suggest exploring the issue of sameness and differences at stake in collective activity. In a post-pandemic world of work, a weak sense of co-presence is fostered by hyper-individualization, fragmentation, liquidity, geo-political tensions and a widespread distrust of social institutions. In this context, communality is less than ever a given. In this context, we ask the following question: How can we experience communality together in collective activity while acknowledging our often profound differences? This essay and special issue address this question by investigating how sameness can be experienced in and through difference. Specifically, we do so by focusing on commons and the process of communalization as it has been explored in Management and Organization Studies. We propose a typology in which we specify four perspectives shedding light on four experiences of communality in collective activity through and beyond differences. This typology offers a lens to present the articles selected for this special issue, as well as generating implications for research and education in Management and Organization Studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The common language behind vernacular architecture only seems to be maintained in societies that preserve a traditional way of life. Changes in these societies can threaten their cultural heritage, while research may be a tool for its conservation and enhancement. In this paper, the habitat of a Mossi community is therefore studied as a first stage in analysing the possibilities of its maintenance. Design/methodology/approach: After a previous study, data collection from a stay in Baasneere (Burkina Faso) and the analysis of 32 traditional residential units were completed. The research showed some common features which, when compared against the bibliography reviewed, could be defined as characteristic of the traditional architecture of this culture. Findings: The home for a family unit consisted in an enclosure formed by the grouping of adobe constructions around a courtyard. As the family grew so did the compound, in a relationship directly linking the scales of architecture and the levels of kinship. The main daily activities took place in the courtyards while the individual interior spaces were understood as private shelters. Other typologies such as granaries, kitchens, warehouses and sheds were also analysed. Originality/value: Some features of Mossi architecture already described in the existing bibliography were verified in the Baasneere case studies, showing that this tradition is still preserved. With a multidisciplinary approach, the house was examined not so much from the perspective of construction, but of its cultural configuration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social entrepreneurs face the challenge of resource constraints that affect their ability to scale social impact and expand in various geographical locations. In order to overcome resource barriers and to scale up social impact, social ventures deploy resources currently owned, and form distinct partnerships to acquire new resources, and hence implement unique strategies to achieve a pre-determined social impact. Through the lens of the Resource Based View (RBV) and Resource Dependency Theory (RDT), this paper explores the current discourse on social venture growth and scale-up strategies, and employs a grounded theory approach on 20 social ventures in Egypt to further develop a matrix for social ventures' scale-up strategies based on resources' availability. In addition, the paper introduces a typology of social impact scaling strategies given social ventures' social impact objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Typology of an artistic work needs to be identified to differentiate it from the others. Specific cultural wealth generally arises from the local wisdom of a community – the floating House in South Sulawesi, which has existed for half a century. The floating House originally served as a shelter during the fishing season but has developed into a homestay for local and foreign tourists. The development process is unique, and it’s interesting to know the type of floating House and the spatial configuration based on local wisdom. The research method analyzes the Typology of floating houses, changes in the configuration of floating homes, and the survival of floating houses using architectural and spatial ethno. Results of the Floating House Research are the development of a Kalumpang, a house where you work and take shelter on the lake during low tide during the fishing season. Its characteristics are the productive houses of Lake Tempe fishermen, who are dynamic, and their configuration moves in groups according to the tidal conditions of the lake. The orientation of the floating houses changes depending on the wind direction. The position of the floating houses depends on the distance to the fishing location and kinship.

Abstract Understanding the typology of smallholder maize farmers is crucial to elucidate the diversity in local farming systems, and therefore, devise effective interventions and policies that maximize the impact of agricultural innovations in South-Kivu province, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). This study aimed at characterizing maize farmers in South-Kivu province and clustering them based on various socioeconomic and agronomic factors to identify specific production constraints and devise more effective interventions. A household survey among 300 South-Kivu maize farmers allowed to identify four distinct clusters based on farm size, land use, income, and agricultural technology adoption. The clusters ranged from resource-poor smallholder (Types 1 and 2) to medium-resource semi-innovative producers (Type 3) and highly equipped innovative farmers (Type 4). Key discriminative factors included total farm size, maize farm size, farming experience, access to agricultural credit, income, and innovation adoption rate. This study revealed specific constraints for each cluster, including low soil fertility, poor weed management, low market access, and labor scarcity. This study’s findings demonstrate the value of farm typology in guiding targeted interventions to address specific constraints and improve maize productivity, and suggest specific strategic directions for research and development projects in rural areas of the South-Kivu province.

Domestic and care work is a largely feminized sector marked by high levels of informality, low wages, and precarious working conditions worldwide. Over the past decade, particularly in the United States and Europe, new intermediaries have emerged, organizing search and hiring services through digital platforms. More recently, significantly driven by the Covid-19 pandemic, these platforms have proliferated in Latin America, raising questions about the effects of this new form of intermediation in the region. While the dominant global view on digital labor platforms is that they lead to the precarization of working conditions, emerging international literature questions whether they might contribute to the formalization of the sector. This hypothesis is based on recognizing certain characteristics of digital intermediaries that can institutionalize the employment relationship in an activity that largely operates outside of regulation, where direct hiring and personalized negotiation of working conditions prevail. At the same time, the literature warns that certain business models of these platforms contribute to non-formalization and promote hiring practices that deepen precariousness. Within this debate, this article aims to contribute to understanding the intermediation methods of these new actors in Latin America, considering that the employment classification of workers is crucial for their access to rights. To this end, the article presents a regional mapping of digital platforms operating in the sector and proposes a typology based on the business models and types of hiring promoted by the studied platforms

Abstract Background Healthcare corruption poses a significant threat to individuals, institutions, sectors, and states. Combating corruption is paramount for protecting patients, maintaining the healthcare system's integrity, and preserving public trust. As corruption evolves, takes new forms, and adapts to changing socio-political landscapes, understanding its manifestations is critical to developing effective anti-corruption strategies at individual and institutional levels. Objective The aim was to comprehensively collate the manifestations of different types of corruption in healthcare to illustrate prevailing patterns and trends and to provide policymakers, practitioners, and researchers with practical insights to inform research agendas, regulatory and governance strategies, and accountability measures. Method We conducted a narrative review of scientific articles published between 2013 and 2022 using keyword searches in SCOPUS and EBSCO. We utilized the corruption typology proposed by the European Union and Thompson's Institutional Corruption Framework to systematically identify manifestations across different corruption types. The Prisma scheme was employed to document the selection process and ensure reproducibility. Findings Bribery in medical service provision was the most frequently investigated form of corruption, revealing rather uniform manifestations. Misuse of high-level positions and networks and institutional corruption also received considerable attention, with a wide range of misconduct identified in institutional corruption. Extending the analysis to institutional corruption also deepened the understanding of misconduct in the context of improper marketing relations and highlighted the involvement of various stakeholders, including academia. The pandemic exacerbated the vulnerability of the healthcare sector to procurement corruption. Also, it fostered new types of misconduct related to the misuse of high-level positions and networks and fraud and embezzlement of medical drugs, devices, and services. Conclusions The review spotlights criminal actions by individuals and networks and marks a notable shift towards systemic misconduct within specific types of corruption. The findings highlight the necessity of customized anti-corruption strategies throughout the healthcare sector. These insights are crucial for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers in guiding the formulation of legal frameworks at local and global levels, governance strategies, and research priorities.

Developing actionable climate information and integrating it into decision-making are two crucial elements for promoting effective societal responses to climate change. However, what constitutes actionable climate information, and how it is used, varies based on the actors, systems, and scales that are relevant to specific decisions. Yet, the terms ‘actionable climate information’ or ‘use of climate information’ are used abstractly. There is a lack of holistic understanding of the various types of information that can be deemed as usable by different users, and the different ways in which they may be used in decision-making. Typologies or generalizable categorizations can help both knowledge producers and users to better envision the entire landscape of climate information and its uses and can help to reduce the time and cost of actionable knowledge production. Through systematic coding and analysis of ∼ 4 years of co-production engagements between climate scientists and resource managers, this paper presents empirically derived typologies of actionable climate information and its use, and explores whether certain uses are better informed by specific types of climate information. These typologies provide a valuable starting point for climate information producers, users, and boundary spanners working on climate-informed resource management, to reduce some of the time-intensive elements of the process.