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U ovom diplomskom radu istražena je problematika morskog otpada kroz analizu vrsta, izvora onečišćenja i geografske raspodjele. Posebna važnost je pridana detaljnoj analizi plastičnog onečišćenja kao jednog od najzastupljenijih oblika otpada u morskom okolišu. Također su analizirani pravni okviri za nadzor otpada i postojeće metode detekcije na morskom dnu. Kroz studiju slučaja u uvali Selehovica primjenom ROV-a, istraženo je stanje onečišćenja morskim otpadom. Provedbom ovog istraživanja, cilj je pružiti uvid u stvarno stanje morskog otpada na odabranoj lokaciji. Kroz temeljitu analizu vizualnih podataka, istaknuta je važnost dobivanja preciznih informacija o količini i vrsti otpada prisutnog u tom području. Identificiranje vrste i količine otpada ključno je za usmjeravanje napora prema specifičnim izvorima onečišćenja i primjenu ciljanih mjera za smanjenje i sprječavanje daljnjeg onečišćenja. Rad ima za cilj podizanje svijesti o važnosti održivog upravljanja otpadom i očuvanju morskog okoliša., This master's thesis explores the issue of marine litter through an analysis of its types, sources, and geographical distribution. Special emphasis is placed on conducting a detailed analysis of plastic pollution as one of the most prevalent forms of waste in the marine environment. Furthermore, the study analyzes the legal frameworks for waste monitoring and the existing methods for detecting marine pollution on the seabed. Through a case study conducted in Selehovica Bay, utilizing remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), the thesis investigates the state of marine debris pollution in the area. The primary goal of this research is to gain insights into the actual state of marine litter at the chosen location. By conducting a thorough analysis of visual data, the study highlights the significance of obtaining accurate information regarding the quantity and types of waste present in the region. Identifying the specific types and quantities of litter is vital for directing efforts towards targeted pollution sources and implementing effective measures to reduce and prevent further contamination. Ultimately, this thesis aims to raise awareness about the importance of sustainable waste management and the preservation of the marine environment.

The Lean management philosophy, through the proposal of continuous improvement, is centered on the pillars of creating value to the end user and reducing and eliminating waste. In Institutions of Higher Education (HEIs), the Lean philosophy enables improvements adding value for students, employees, and society, reducing costs and even reducing various forms of waste. However, it is noticeable that there is a theoretical gap in relation to the eight types of waste in HEIs and a lack of clear definitions about them (KLEIN et al., 2021). Thus, this research aims to propose a framework for analyzing the types of waste that occur in Higher Education Institutions. For this, the methodology proposed for this research is based on a qualitative-quantitative approach and, to validate the research instrument developed in this research, it was performed the evaluation by experts in the area through three methods: individual interviews, focus group and Delphi rounds. From the survey results, a consensus of the panel of experts was evident, approving 60 of the 83 questions. In general, the individual interviews and with the focal group of specialists made it possible to identify the content weaknesses in the initial bank of items presented to them and, through the Delphi rounds, each of the questions was evaluated as to their potential to measure the types of waste called constructs and to increment new or improve the questions presented. Therefore, one concludes that the use of the multiple triangulations of methods (individual interviews, focus group and Delphi method) allowed judging the relevance of different items to unequivocally gauge the types of waste in HEIs. A filosofia de gestão Lean, por meio da proposta de melhoria contínua, está centrada nos pilares de criação de valor ao usuário final e na redução e eliminação de desperdícios. Em Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES), a filosofia Lean possibilita melhorias agregando valor para alunos, funcionários e sociedade, reduzindo custos e até mesmo reduzindo várias formas de desperdícios. Porém, é perceptível que existe uma lacuna teórica em relação aos oito tipos de desperdícios nas IES e uma falta de definições claras acerca deles (KLEIN et al., 2021). Desse modo, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo propor um framework de análise dos tipos de desperdícios que ocorrem em Instituições de Ensino Superior. Para isso, a metodologia proposta para esta pesquisa é baseada em uma abordagem qualiquantitativa e, para validar o instrumento de pesquisa desenvolvido nesta pesquisa, realizou-se a avaliação por especialistas da área por meio de três métodos: entrevistas individuais, grupo focal e rodadas Delphi. A partir dos resultados da pesquisa, ficou evidente um consenso do painel de especialistas aprovando 60 das 83 questões. De modo geral, as entrevistas individuais e com o grupo focal de especialistas possibilitaram identificar as fragilidades do conteúdo no banco inicial de itens que lhes foi apresentado e, por meio das rodadas Delphi, cada uma das questões foi avaliada quanto ao potencial de medir os tipos de desperdícios chamados de construtos e também incrementar novas ou melhorar as questões apresentadas. Portanto, conclui-se que o uso da triangulação múltipla de métodos (entrevistas individuais, grupo focal e método Delphi) permitiu julgar a relevância dos diferentes itens para aferir de forma inequívoca os tipos de desperdícios em IES.

Namen zaključne naloge je pregled, kako lahko izboljšamo poslovanje podjetja in na kakšen način lahko nadgradimo proizvodnjo za doseganje večje učinkovitosti. Prvi del naloge obsega osnove bistva obstoja podjetja v smislu »kaj je dejanski namen podjetniške organizacije«. V naslednjih delih naloge pa je obravnavana optimizacija proizvodnje. Prvi korak predstavlja spoznanje trenutne proizvodnje s popisom toka vrednosti. Obrazloženo je, kaj vse je del toka vrednosti in na kakšen način se lahko lotimo popisa toka vrednosti, koga vse za to potrebujemo in na kakšen način bomo dosegli želeni cilj – optimizacijo proizvodnje. V naslednjih korakih obravnavamo načine in orodja vitke organizacije, s katerimi lahko ustvarimo povezan vrednostni tok, ki bo predstavljal temelj na poti stalnih izboljšav. Zadnji del zaključne naloge je usmerjen predvsem na spoznavanje načina reševanja in iskanja problemov, ki nastopijo tekom proizvodnega procesa. The purpose of diploma is to review how we can improve the company's operations and how we can upgrade production to achieve greater efficiency. The first part of the assignment covers the basics of the essence of a company's existence in terms of "what is the actual purpose of a business organization." In the following parts of the thesis, we are discussing about production optimization. The first step was to get better understanding of current production with value stream mapping We explained what is a part of value stream and how we can implement the value stream mapping, who must be included in this and in what way will we achieve the desired goal - production optimization. In the following steps, we discuss the ways and tools of a lean organization with which we can create a connected value stream that will form the foundation on the path to continuous improvement. The last part of the final task is mainly focused on learning how to solve and find problems that occur during the production process.

Waste facilities represent a vital function in society, but fires occur regularly. The aim of this study is to provide a knowledge base on risks associated with fires in waste facilities, and to identify measures that can prevent fire and limit the extent of fire damage and environmental impact. Information was obtained through meetings with the waste industry, two inspections at waste facilities, a survey, a literature review and a review of the events registered in the fire and rescue services' reporting solution BRIS, as well as communication with other stakeholders. The project included land-based waste management; facilities for the reception and storage of waste (N=661), reception and storage of hazardous waste (N=250), and treatment facilities for hazardous waste (N=38). Waste treatment plants (such as biogas- or incinerator plants) as well as landfills are not included. High-risk waste types have been found to be general, residual waste, batteries (especially batteries not correctly sorted), electrical and electronic (EE) waste, as well as paper, paperboard and cardboard. General, residual waste stands out as an important focus area for reducing the overall fire risk at Norwegian waste facilities, both based on reported frequency of fire ignition and potential consequences with regard to equipment, downtime, environment and health. Waste categorized as "Hazardous Waste" does not stand out, and is not ranked in the highest risk category in this study, since many preventive and damage reducing measures have been implemented, and appear to work. Chapter 9 provides details on rating of fire risk. In the period January 2016 - May 2019, 141 fires were reported in waste facilities in Norway in BRIS. The total number of fires (including small, medium and large fires) is unknown, but is believed to be far higher. Common sources of ignition have been found to be composting (self-ignition), thermal runaway in batteries, heat friction by grinding, human activity and unknown cause. Regularly occurring fires outdoors, increased use of indoor storage and new types of waste such as lithium batteries lead to a risk that is difficult to manage, which can be a challenge with regard to insurance of waste facilities. Increased use of indoor storage is motivated by consideration for the environment and neighbours, but it may conflict with fire safety, especially because it restricts the access for the fire fighters and because of possible high heat stress on the load-bearing structure of the building housing the waste. Any major fire, regardless of the type of waste burned, could potentially lead to the release of pollutants into the air, water or soil. All smoke from fires can be harmful to humans and exposure to it must be taken seriously. There is a need for more knowledge and expertise in assessing emissions and environmental consequences in connection with firefighting. The use of extinguishing foam can reduce the consumption of extinguishing water, but the foam itself can contribute to contamination if discharged into water. A more detailed list of chemical content in the foam product data sheet is needed in order to be able to assess environmental concerns during use. 2 © RISE Research Institutes of Sweden Measures have been proposed for the design of more firesafe facilities, for waste management and for limiting the environmental impact during and after a fire. Key measures that should be prioritized are detection and monitoring, limiting the amounts of waste, tidiness, sufficient training, reception control, available and properly dimensioned fire extinguishing equipment, as well as solutions to collect extinguishing water in order to prevent the release of environmental toxins. It has not been possible to verify the effect of individual measures based on available data and statistics. The industry’s own overall assessment has been found to be consistent with experience-based observations found in other studies, and this has been found to be the best available information on effective measures. The responsibility for most of the measures lies with the owner of the facility or the business, and the focus should be on the use of documented technical solutions and the assessment of whether measures are appropriate and practicable at each facility. A fire risk assessment, locally adapted to the respective facility is important, as there are large variations in the types of waste handled, the size and the design of facilities, as well as other local conditions that differ between waste facilities in Norway. The fire service should strive to achieve a close dialogue and cooperation with the waste facilities. The authorities should facilitate better knowledge transfer and learning after fires, between different fire departments. The authorities should also, in collaboration with the industry, develop a national attitude campaign to avoid faulty battery sorting. Further work should study extinguishing techniques and extinguishing tactics that can limit the amount of water needed and that can be used during large-scale fires. Various detection and extinguishing solutions for use at waste facilities should be surveyed, assessed with regards to suitability and documented in cases where documentation is lacking. This should be made available on an openly accessible platform. There is also a need for further studies on the chemical composition of smoke from different types of waste fires, as well as studies on the extent and spread of fire smoke and environmental impacts from fires on water recipients. Increased fire safety at waste facilities could facilitate a better dialogue between industry and insurance providers by reducing potential financial losses. Good handling of fire risk in waste facilities will not only affect the plants themselves, but will also limit potential societal costs and consequences for health and the environment.