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To investigate relationships within the subfamily Telotylenchinae, more than 500 soil samples were collected from various natural and agricultural habitats in several localities of Iran. Individuals of seven known species, including Bitylenchus dubius, B. parvus, B. serranus, Sauertylenchus maximus, Tylenchorhynchus clarus, T. microconus and Trophurus ussuriensis, were recovered and characterized based on morphological and morphometric characters. Furthermore, phylogenetic relationships within representatives of the subfamily Telotylenchinae were explored using 13 sequences from the D2-D3 expansion regions of 28S ribosomal (r) DNA and 13 sequences for the partial 18S rDNA genes obtained in the present study. Analyses based on the relatively conserved 18S rDNA gene underlined the polyphyletic status of Tylenchorhynchus sensu lato, as three clusters representing Tylenchorhynchus, Bitylenchus and Sauertylenchus were well separated, and interspersed by, e.g., representatives of the Macrotrophurinae. Analysis of the more variable D2-D3 28S rDNA sequences suggested at least four clades within the subfamily Telotylenchinae: two clades dominated by Tylenchorhynchus species; a third clade harbouring representatives of Sauertylenchus, Bitylenchus, and Paratrophurus in distinct but unresolved branches;and a fourth clade dominated by Trophurus species. Although no molecular information was available from a number of genera that were originally gathered under Tylenchorhynchus sensu lato, we concluded that both Bitylenchus and Sauertylenchus should be seen as valid Telotylenchinae genera related to, but distinct from Tylenchorhynchus.

Summary A new species of Tylenchidae from the rhizosphere of mangrove trees in Hormozgan and Khuzestan provinces, Iran, is described based on morphological and molecular data. Ottolenchus sinipersici n. sp., is characterised by a slightly fusiform body 560-665 μm long, lateral field in the form of a narrow band with two faint incisures that are not visible in fatter females, indistinct transverse annuli under the light microscope, cephalic region continuous with the body contour, smooth and flattened dorsoventrally, longitudinal and narrow sigmoid amphidial slits, stylet delicate, 10.1-11.2 μm long, with small rounded to slightly posteriorly sloping knobs, well-developed median bulb, offset and pyriform pharyngeal basal bulb, vulva located at 66.9-69.6% of body length, offset spermatheca, short post-vulval uterine sac, spicules 18.5-20.5 μm long with highly curved blades, and a 113-135 μm long filiform tail with a hook-like or coiled terminus. In Bayesian inference phylogenetic trees based on the partial small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) and D2-D3 expansion segment of large subunit ribosomal DNA (D2-D3 LSU rDNA) genes, the new species clustered together with O. facultativus (KJ869310) in SSU, and forms a clade with three isolates of O. discrepans in LSU phylogeny. Ottolenchus fungivorus n. comb. (= Filenchus fungivorus) is proposed.

Trophurus ussuriensis Eroshenko, 1981 (Figure 7, Table 4), Published as part of Azizi, Kourosh, Eskandari, Ali, Karegar, Akbar, Ghaderi, Reza, Elsen, Sven Van Den, Holterman, Martijn & Helder, Johannes, 2022, Analyses of morphological and molecular characteristics of Telotylenchinae from Iran point at the validity of the genera Bitylenchus and Sauertylenchus, pp. 425-446 in Zootaxa 5169 (5) on page 440, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5169.5.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6952625, {"references":["Eroshenko, A. S. (1981) Plant parasitic nematodes of underwood; families Tylenchorhynchidae and Hoplolaimidae (Nematoda). In: Svobodnozhivuschie I fitopatogennye nematody fauny Dal'nego Vostoka Biol. Pedolog. Inst. of Far Eastern Research Center of USSR Academic Science Vladivostok, pp. 22 - 27 + 85 - 92."]}

A survey was conducted during 2018 and 2019 in order to identify plant-parasitic nematodes of the genus Basiria in Dezful region of Khuzestan province, southwestern Iran. Nematodes were extracted from the soil and root samples by using tray method, transferred to glycerin and mounted on permanent slides. Nematodes were identified based on morphological and morphometric characters. As a result, eight species including B. aberrans, B. duplexa, B. gracilis, B. jirians, B. tumida, B. graminophila, B. ritteri, and B. similis were identified; three species namely B. jirians, B. ritteri, and B. similis are here described and illustrated for the first time from Iran. B. jirians is characterized by body length 445–535 µm, stylet 9.0–9.2 µm, cephalic region without annuli, DGO 2.0–2.5 µm, median bulb at anterior end of pharynx, basal bulb pyriform, spermatheca non offset and tail elongate conoid with pointed to filiform terminus. B. ritteri can be characterized by body length 685–747 µm, stylet 10.5–11.5 µm, median bulb located at anterior half of pharynx, basal bulb cylindroid, spermatheca non offset and tail annulated and notched at tip. B. similis is characterized by body length 644–736 µm, stylet 10.3–11 µm, DGO 8.9–10.5 µm, basal bulb cylindroid and tail clavate.

Summary A new species of Coslenchus from north-western Iran is illustrated and described using morphological, morphometric and molecular data. Coslenchus persicus n. sp. is characterised by a medium-sized body of 694-810 μm, often 18 (seldom 20-22) longitudinal ridges excluding lateral field, head with four distinct annuli, stylet 9.6-10.8 μm long, pharyngeal basal bulb large and cylindrical, spermatheca offset and ovate, without sperm, vulval flaps extending for two annuli, 5-7 μm in length, tail striated with finely to bluntly rounded tip, 110-153 μm long and without males. The new species comes close to C. assamensis, C. diversus, C. japonicus, C. leiocephalus, C. maritus, C. multigyrus, C. paramaritus, C. pastor, and C. polonicus, but can be distinguished from all by differences in body length, stylet length and shape of basal bulb, post-vulval uterine sac, tail and certain morphometric data. Molecular data are provided for the characterisation of the new species using ribosomal genes (18S and 28S rRNA). In the 18S rRNA tree, the new species was placed in a clade including one isolate of Coslenchus sp. from Iran. In the reconstructed 28S rRNA phylogenetic tree, C. persicus n. sp. clustered with other known Coslenchus species.

Historically, nematode systematics has been heavily driven by morphology, and for many groups, morphology-based classifications are the basis for establishing species relationships. Plant parasitic nematodes of the family Tylenchidae are a great example; they are highly diverse but their phylogenetic relationships remain poorly studied. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of Tylenchidae, including the redescribed Filenchus annulatus, differ in results depending on the gene: 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene strongly supports Filenchus as monophyletic, whereas 18S rRNA shows Filenchus as polyphyletic. Relationships between Filenchus and other Tylenchidae genera are also gene dependent. Molecular phylogenies also suggest that Cephalenchus and Eutylenchus belong to a separate clade other than Tylenchidae. rRNA phylogenies often assume concerted evolution, so that intraspecific polymorphism for these genes is expected to be eliminated. This phenomenon is further explored in the genus Cephalenchus, another intriguing genus within Tylenchomorpha. Sequence variation of 28S and ITS rRNA genes suggest that not all Cephalenchus species undergo concerted evolution. High levels of intraspecific polymorphism are found in Cephalenchus sp1 (BRA-01). Secondary structure analyses suggest the functionality of these rRNA copies (i.e. not a pseudogene); and potential cross-fertilization in some Cephalenchus species, might contribute to both intragenomic and intraspecific polymorphism. These results reinforce the implications of intragenomic and intraspecific genetic diversity on species delimitation, especially in studies based solely on molecular approaches. The phylogenetic position of Cephalenchus within Tylenchomorpha is further investigated based on 26 populations (11 species) sampled worldwide. Molecular analyses based on three rRNA genes and different alignment methods always supported Cephalenchus as a monophyletic group. A sister relationship between Cephalenchus and Eutylenchus is also recovered; branch support for this relationship varies depending on the method used. Placement of Cephalenchus + Eutylenchus within Tylenchidae is not supported by 18S and 28S genes; nevertheless, the position of both taxa within Tylenchomorpha remains ambiguous and highlights the importance of sampling additional genes and taxa. Within Cephalenchus, amphid opening morphology shows congruence with molecular-based phylogenetic relationships. All three rRNA genes support the non-monophyly of four morphologically defined Cephalenchus species. In light of this evidence, recommendations for the synonymization of Cephalenchus species are given.

Within September–April 2016–2017 potato tubers affected by the potato rot nematode Ditylenchus destructor were selected in the potato storage facilities of the Institute of Potato Production of NAAS. 18 species of phytonematodes were identified, including an edificator species of microparasitocenosis and 17 satellite species of this pathogenic phytohelminth, mycohelminths (6 species) and saprobiotic nematodes (11 species). These phytonematodes are representatives of two orders, Rhabditida (11 species from 4 families) and Tylenchida (7 species from 4 families). Nematodes that are part of the group formed by D. destructor and its satellite species are divided into five groups according to quantitative indicators (the prevalence of invasion P and intensity of invasion I). The dominant is one species — D. destructor. Satellite species of D. destructor are divided into four groups, these are subdominants (4 species) and common species (3 species), which together with the dominant species form the core of the group, as well as rare (6) and accidental (4). It was shown that in the course of the disease a regular succession occurs, the species composition of phytonematodes, the grouping structure, the relationship between the number of species of various trophic groups, and the number of certain species change. There are five stages in the course of the disease, from D. destructor colonisation of the tuber, the penetration of the mycohelminths and saprobionts into the focus of the disease, and the disappearance of D. destructor. The maximum number of D. destructor occurs at stage III, mycohelminths — at stage IV, and saprobiotic nematodes — at stage V. Infracommunities consist of from two to seven species. The distribution of all the studied tubers by the number of species in the infracommunity is close to normal, most often 3–4 species of nematodes were found, several species of nematodes of the same genus are extremely rare in a particular infracommunity.

Nematodes in the Tylenchidae family are one of the most important soil-inhabiting species, yet little is known about this intriguing group. The present review examines newly collected samples of Tylenchidae from worldwide sources as well as slides from museum collections. Together with all available literature, detailed morphology among genera are summarized and compared, allowing us to explore the importance of each morphological character in a phylogenetic framework. An updated phylogeny inferred from concatenated 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA dataset is reconstructed; the results suggest that not all didelphic genera may be included in Tylenchidae. In fact, our analyses suggest Tylenchidae should be split into several families, although their phylogeny has not yet fully been resolved. Currently, the Tylenchidae family comprises 44 genera and 412 nominal species; however, diversity estimations for the group ranged from 2000 to 10,000 species, meaning that 75–95% of the species remains undiscovered. This is partially because the biased sampling in agro-ecosystems with most Tylenchidae may present in neglected habitats. Finally, we discussed current difficulties in morphology, taxonomy, and molecular phylogeny research of Tylenchidae and the need for multi-gene phylogeny or phylogenomic approaches to resolve the deep phylogeny in Tylenchidae.

Metaparasitylenchus hypothenemi is an endoparasitic nematode that causes partial or total sterility of coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei) females, although the causes are unknown. Fecundity a...

Summary During nematological surveys in grasslands and natural forests of north and north-western Iran, three species of Miculenchus, including two new and one known species, were recovered and characterised based upon morphological and molecular approaches. Miculenchus brevisalvus n. sp., the first new species, is mainly characterised by its short females 334-388 μm long and with a short 6.0-7.5 μm long stylet, pyriform to pyriform-elongate pharyngeal bulb, 4-8 μm long post-uterine sac (PUS), offset rounded spermatheca filled with small spheroid sperm, elongate conoid tail 62-83 μm long with a sharp tip, and males with simple cloacal lips. Miculenchus muscus n. sp., the second new species, is characterised by a combination of the following features: body 401-467 μm long, well-developed protuberant labial plate at the anterior end under light microscopy, stylet 7-9 μm long, pyriform pharyngeal bulb, PUS 4-9 μm long, gradually narrowing conical tail 62-74 μm long with a finely pointed or sharp end and bearing several fine bristles at tip, and a male with projecting cloacal lips. Both newly described species were morphologically compared with four currently known species of the genus, viz., M. elegans, M. salmae, M. salvus, and M. tesselatus. Miculenchus salmae was also recovered and reported from Iran for the first time. It is mainly characterised by lacking a PUS and the characteristic vagina shape. Miculenchus muscus n. sp. and M. salmae were both characterised using scanning electron microscopic images, yielding new morphological observations for the genus. All three species are studied for their molecular phylogenetic characters using sequences of near-full length fragments of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU rDNA) and the D2-D3 expansion segments of the large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (LSU rDNA D2-D3). In both SSU and LSU phylogenies, all currently sequenced species of Miculenchus formed a monophyletic group with maximal clade support in both Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood analysis.

Summary In this study, we describe Labrys fuzhouensis sp. n. based on detailed morphology revealed by scanning electron microscopy and molecular data inferred from 18S and 28S rRNA. The new species differs from other Labrys species by a combination of several morphometric and morphological characters: vulva-anus distance 66-74 μm, tail length 172-182 μm, post-uterine sac 11-12 μm, excretory duct less sclerotised, and hexagon-shaped labial disc. The novelty of L. fuzhouensis sp. n. is also confirmed by multi-dimensional scaling analysis. The 18S and 28S rRNA-based phylogenies suggest that the new species nested in the Labrys clade as sister to L. chinensis. In addition to the new species description, Coslenchus rafiqi is reported from China for the first time, the description being supplemented by the first molecular data (18S and 28S rRNA) for this species.

Discopersicus hexagrammatus n. sp., is described and illustrated from a population associated with the rhizosphere of carrot (Daucus carota L.) in Dezful, Khuzestan province, south-western Iran. Based on morphological and morphometric data, the new species is characterized by a 601-734 µm long body, a prominent perioral labial disc and oblique amphidial slits, 10-11 µm long stylet, vulva at 65-67% of body length, 15.5-17 µm long spicules, and an elongate conoid tail with a pointed terminus. It is the second species of the genus Discopersicus and differs from its counterpart D. iranicus, by its anterior position of vulva, shorter stylet, lower M.B. ratio, different shape of tail tip, and shorter spicules in male specimens. A molecular phylogenetic analysis using the D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rDNA sequences, placed the new species in close relationship with five sequences of the genus Boleodorus.

During a survey on plant-parasitic nematodes in South Africa, a population of Boleodorus was recovered in association with grasses. This species characterised by a conical lip region lacking incisures. Stylet length 9-11 µm, lateral field with four incisures, post-vulval sac less than the corresponding body diameter. Tail conically elongated, often hooked at the end, 51-58 µm long. The nblast analysis based on the D2-D3 segment of 28S rDNA of the South African population of B. volutus, revealed 98% similarity to the North American B. volutus (MT994501). The phylogenetic analysis put the South African population of B. volutus together with the other B. volutus and unidentified Boleodorus with a 100 posterior probability support. In addition, the SEM photographs are provided for the first time for B. volutus. This is the first complete report of this species in South Africa.

Summary Sigmolenchus n. gen., is proposed as a new member of the Tylenchidae. The new genus is proposed based upon light and scanning electron microscopic (LM and SEM) observations and phylogenetic analyses based upon small, large and internal transcribed spacer sequences of ribosomal DNA (SSU, LSU D2-D3, ITS rDNA) and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I gene (COI mtDNA) sequences. It is characterised partly by its slender body, but mainly by having a dorso-ventrally flattened, smooth and elevated cephalic region, unique elongate sinuous amphidial openings, each appearing as a wavy slit with three peaks, originating from the vicinity of the labial plate, extending posteriorly and reaching and passing the first body annulus, and a spacious amphidial fovea. It has an anteriorly rounded outline under LM, knobbed stylet, its conus comprising about one-third of the total length, lateral field with a single band, metacorpus with a distinct valve, vulva with small lateral flaps, and males common with tylenchoidiform spicules. The new genus is morphologically compared with seven tylenchid genera, viz., Chilenchus, Ecphyadophoroides, Filenchus, Labrys, Lelenchus, Sakia, and Tenunemellus, mainly by having small slender body and dorso-ventrally flat cephalic region, and is placed under the subfamily Ecphyadophorinae because of its slender body, elevated smooth cephalic region, long amphidial openings and spacious amphidial fovea. It was recovered from marine muddy sediments taken 2 m deep in mangrove forests off southern Iran. Currently S. sinuosus n. gen., n. sp. is monotypic. In SSU phylogeny, the new genus formed an unsupported sister relationship with Filenchus discrepans, and in LSU phylogeny it occupied a placement inside a major clade including several Tylenchinae genera.

Basiria gracilis is redescribed from North West Province, South Africa, associated with willow (Salix sp.), which is a dominant ornamental tree species in the province. B. gracilis is characterised by its female body length (692–994 µm), lateral field with two longitudinal incisures, weakly cuticularised labial framework, high lip region lacking annuli, stylet 8–13 µm long, axial spermatheca filled with small rounded sperm, conical-elongated female tail with round to pointed terminus (103–146 µm, c=6.1–7.4, c’=8.8–12.1). Morphologically, B. gracilis is closely related to B. paragracilis but the taxa are differentiated on the basis of lip region and stylet morphology. In addition, B. gracilis is reported for the first time from South Africa. Line drawings, LM and SEM illustrations are given for the species.

Basiria gracilis (Thorne, 1949) Siddiqi, 1963 (Figs 1���3) Material examined. Ten females and one male, in good condition, were studied. Additionally, one female specimen was used for the SEM study. Measurements. See Table 1. Description. Female. Body 692���994 ��m, slightly curved ventrad after fixation, in some specimens straight. Cuticular annulation prominent, annuli rounded, annulus width 1.4��0.2 (1.1���1.8) ��m. Lateral field a prominent band set off by two longitudinal incisures, 22���30% of body width. Labial region without annuli, more or less rounded, 3���4 ��m high and 5���7 ��m wide at the base, slightly differentiated by depression from the adjacent part of the body. Labial plate only visible under SEM, squarish, laterally depressed, with four rounded cephalic papillae. Oral plate small, bowtie-shaped, with six labial papillae. Amphidial apertures angular slits, inverted V-shaped. Stoma with fine stylet (stomatostylet): gymnorhabdia with anterior part (conus) ca. half of the posterior part (shaft) in length, ending in three minute rounded knobs (prostegorhabdia), in some specimens knobs are faint; dorsal gland opening (DGO) close to stylet base. Pharynx tylenchoid with median bulb (metacorpus) oval, with small valvular plates; basal bulb pyriform. Nerve ring almost at the middle of isthmus, at 71���73% of neck length. Excretory pore at isthmus level, at 82���92% of neck length. Deirids not visible. Hemizonid anterior to excretory pore. Reproductive system monodelphic-prodelphic, with ovary outstretched and long in some specimens (in one specimen almost reaching the terminal bulb), with oocytes in a single row in all females observed; spermatheca axial and oval to elongated, filled with rounded sperm; vagina straight, extending 35���47% of the corresponding body width; vulva a simple transverse slit without lateral membranes, slightly sunken. Postvulval uterine sac 42���80% of vulval body width. Tail conicalelongated, with rounded or pointed terminus. Vulva-anus distance longer than tail length (1.0���1.6). Phasmids not discernible. Male. General morphology similar to female, but smaller in size, 448 ��m long. Male reproductive system monorchic, with straight testis. Tail conoid-elongate, with acute tip. Bursa poorly developed. Spicules slightly ventrally curved: manubrium having more or less parallel ventral and dorsal walls and anteriorly not refringent; calamus slightly narrower than manubrium; lamina slightly swollen at its middle length and ventrally bent terminus with acute tip. Phasmids not discernible. Diagnosis based on the South African material. The South African population of B. gracilis is characterised by its body length, 692���994 ��m in females and 448 ��m in males, lateral field with two longitudinal incisures; cuticle coarsely striated; high and truncated lip region without annuli bearing a bowtie-like oral plate; amphidial apertures inverted V-shape, stomatostylet 8���13 ��m long with fine conus and minute knobs, relatively long ovary (12���18 % of the body length), axial spermatheca rounded (18���32 ��m long) with small rounded sperm, postvulval uterine sac 0.42���0.80 times the body width, conoid-elongated tail (L= 692���994 ��m, c =6.1���7.4, c���= 8.8���12.1 in females; L= 448 ��m, c =4.3, c��� = 9.5 in male) with pointed or finely rounded terminus in females, spicules 14 ��m long, gubernaculum 5 ��m and bursa poorly developed. Remarks. The South African population of Basiria agrees with B. gracilis in female body length (692���994 ��m), stylet length (8���13 ��m), lateral field with two incisures, high lip region (3���4 ��m), long, axial spermatheca filled with sperm, tail length (103���146 ��m) and spicule length (14 ��m). The South African population of B. gracilis is similar to previously reported populations (Table 2) of the same species. In comparison with the Belgian population (Geraert 1968), they differ in the lower range of the tail length (103 vs 85 ��m). From the Iranian material examined by Karegar & Geraert (1997), however, the South African population differs in the lower ranges of the body length (692 vs 475 ��m), pharynx (117 vs 87 ��m) and tail length (103 vs 72 ��m). Although, Karegar and Geraert (1997) reported the tail length of B. gracilis (72���178 ��m in the female and 71���177 ��m in the male) which the range is high for the specimens. In comparison with the Polish population (Karegar & Geraert, 1997), it differs in the lower range of the tail length (103 vs 150 ��m). This species is reported for the first time from South Africa. ......contnued on the next page *This population first described as B. bilineata and synonymised with B. gracilis (Karegar & Geraert 1997). Locality and habitat. Specimens were collected in Potchefstroom (26�� 44��� 9.36��� S; 27�� 6��� 19.7��� E) in the North West Province of South Africa from the rhizosphere of the willow tree (Salix sp. L). Voucher material. Ten females deposited in the nematode collection of the Nematology Laboratory of Green Biotechnologies Research Centre of Excellence, University of Limpopo, South Africa and four females and one male deposited at Departamento de Biolog��a Animal, Biolog��a Vegetal y Ecolog��a, Universidad de Ja��n, Spain., Published as part of Shokoohi, Ebrahim, Abolafia, Joaqu��n & Mashela, Phatu William, 2020, Redescription of Basiria gracilis (Thorne, 1949) Siddiqi, 1963 (Rhabditida, Tylenchidae) from South Africa, pp. 387-396 in Zootaxa 4758 (2) on pages 388-395, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4758.2.12, http://zenodo.org/record/3734394, {"references":["Thorne, G. (1949) On the classification of the Tylenchida, new order (Nematoda: Phasmida). Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 16, 3773.","Siddiqi, M. R. (1963) On the diagnosis of the nematode genera Psilenchus de Man, 1921, and Basiria Siddiqi, 1959, with a description of Psilenchus hilarus n. sp. Zeitschrift fir Parasitenkunde, 23, 164 - 169. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00260291","Geraert, E. (1968) The Genus Basiria (Nematoda: Tylenchina). Nematologica, 14, 459 - 481. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529268 X 00156","Karegar, A. & Geraert, E. (1997) The genus Basiria Siddiqi, 1959 (Nematoda: Tylenchidae). 1. Introduction and species with two lateral lines. Nematologica, 43, 327 - 339. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 005025997 X 00076","Shahina, F. & Maqbool, M. A. (1990) Studies on the genus Neopsilenchus (Nematoda: Ty- lenchidae) with description of Acusilenchus n. subgen., and three new species. Pakistan Journal of Nematology, 8, 49 - 63.","Thorne, G. & Malek, R. B. (1968) Nematodes of the Northern Great Plains. Part 1. Tylenchida (Nemata: Secernentea). South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, Technical Bulletin, 31, 1 - 111.","Saha, M. & Khan, E. (1982) Duotylenchus bilineatus gen. n., sp. n. and Tylenchorhynchus badliensis sp. n. (Tylenchida: Nematoda) from Haryana, India. Indian Journal of Nematology, 11, 205 - 211.","Ebsary, B. A. (1991) Catalog of the order Tylenchida (Nematoda). Research Branch Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, 196 pp.","Andrassy, I. (1963) Freilebende Nematoden aus Angola, I. Einige moosbewohnende Nematoden. Lisboa: Publicacoes Culturais da Companhia de Diamantes de Angola, Lisboa, 66, 57 - 69.","Geraert, E. & Raski, D. J. (1986) Three new species of Basirienchus g. n. from Southern Chile compared with Campbellenchus, Neothada and Basiria (Nematoda: Tylenchidae). Nematologica, 31, 266 - 288. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529285 X 00364","Sultana, S. (1980) Four new species of the genus Basiroides Thorne & Malek, 1968 (Nematoda: Psilenchinae) from Andhra Pradesh. Geobios, 7, 134 - 139.","Hashim, Z. (1985) The status of Neobasiria Javed, 1982 and a re-diagnosis of Basiria Siddiqi, 1959 (Nematoda: Tylenchida). Nematologica, 30, 238 - 241. [1984] https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529284 X 00149"]}

Three species of the genus Neothada, including N. cancellata, N. hades and N. major, collected from the rhizosphere of mosses in Khuzestan, southwestern Iran, are redescribed and illustrated. Neothada hades and N. major are new records from Iran. Neothada hades has 14 longitudinal incisures excluding the lateral field, body length of 586 (505–674) µm, stylet 10.5 (10.0–10.8) µm in length bearing distinct basal knobs, and an elongated-conical tail 70.4 (65–74) µm long with a finely to bluntly rounded terminus. N. major possesses 18–20 longitudinal incisures excluding the lateral field, body length of 657 (600–728) µm, stylet 10.9 (10.3–11.7) µm long with basal swellings but not distinct knobs, and an elongated-conical tail 78.2 (70–83) µm long ending to a finely to bluntly rounded terminus. Molecular phylogenetic studies of the two species (N. hades and N. major) with 664 bp of D2-D3 expansion segments of 28 S rDNA revealed that they form a clade with N. cancellata.

Tylenchidae is a widely distributed soil-inhabiting nematode family. Regardless their abundance, molecular phylogeny based on rRNA genes is problematic, and the delimitation of taxa in this group remains poorly documented and highly uncertain. Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) gene is an important barcoding gene that has been widely used species identifications and phylogenetic analyses. However, currently COI data are only available for one species in Tylenchidae. In present study, we newly obtained 27 COI sequences from 12 species and 26 sequences from rRNA genes. The results suggest that the COI gene is valid to delimitate Tylenchidae species but fails to resolve phylogenetic relationships. Tylenchidae is a widely distributed soil-inhabiting nematode family. Regardless their abundance, molecular phylogeny based on rRNA genes is problematic, and the delimitation of taxa in this group remains poorly documented and highly uncertain. Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) gene is an important barcoding gene that has been widely used species identifications and phylogenetic analyses. However, currently COI data are only available for one species in Tylenchidae. In present study, we newly obtained 27 COI sequences from 12 species and 26 sequences from rRNA genes. The results suggest that the COI gene is valid to delimitate Tylenchidae species but fails to resolve phylogenetic relationships.

Three-dimensional printing technology has shown its importance in many fields. In this study, the potential of this technique in zoological systematics was assessed. For the first time, 3D printed models were incorporated in the description of a new genus as a complement to pictures and drawings to illustrate complex 3D structures and to be used in education. Hereby, we also tested the performances of different printing materials and suggest resin as the most suitable option for the zoological field. As a case study, Labrys chinensis gen. nov., sp. nov. was described using an integrative approach: detailed morphology based on light- and electron microscopy, phylogenetic position as revealed from two ribosomal RNA genes, generic traits were tested for homoplasy, and the intra- and interpopulation variations of four sampled populations were analyzed. The new genus belongs to the subfamily Tylenchinae, family Tylenchidae in the infraorder Tylenchomorpha. It is characterized by a unique labial plate that has four narrow lobes with tips detached from the adjacent cuticle, laterally broad elongated amphidial apertures, a strong sclerotized excretory duct, a round spacious postvulval uterine sac, and a spicule with a sharp protrusion at the blade.

Malenchus is the second specious genus in Tylenchidae. In the presented study, we examined 22 populations including 12 type/paratype species. Detailed morphology was recovered using light microscopy, scanning- and transmission-electron microscopy. All population and type slides were recorded as picture and video vouchers, which are available online. We have compared inter- or intraspecific variations and extracted taxonomically informative traits. Amended definitions of the Malenchus as well as the closely related Ottolenchus were given based on a combination of morphology and recent molecular data, and their phylogeny were analyzed in a context of Tylenchidae. Furthermore, we test different fungi and moss as a food resource of Malenchus and their feeding behavior is also discussed.

Labrys khuzestanensis n. sp. was recovered from the rhizosphere of a palm tree in southwestern Iran and described using morphological and molecular data. The new species was characterized by combination of the following features: its 590–675 μm long body, finely annulated cuticle in light microscopy (LM), lateral field with two smooth incisures, cephalic region dorso-ventrally flattened with protuberant, elongate and laterally extended labial plate, appearing a V-shaped piece in lateral view, amphidial openings as longitudinal slits confined to labial plate in scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images, stylet 7.5–9.0 μm long, elongated fusiform median bulb with faint valvular apparatus, excretory pore wide with moderately sclerotized duct and elongate filiform tail with finely rounded tip. Compared to four currently known species under the genus, the new species has a remarkably larger and more prominent labial plate as revealed by SEM and trapezoid cephalic region under LM. The molecular phylogenetic analyses of the new species using partial SSU rDNA revealed it has close affinity with three species of Labrys (L. chinensis, L. fuzhouensis and L. filiformis) in Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods and occupied a placement inside their clade. L. fujianensis, the other species of the genus, occupied a distant placement to the aforementioned clade. This is the second species of Labrys being originally described from Iran, representing the third species of Labrys occurring in the country.

Malenchus gilanensis n. sp. is described and illustrated from wood samples from Iran. Morphologically, this new species is characterized by very small body size, cuticle with narrow annuli (0.8–0.9 μm wide at mid-body), lateral field with two lines, originating at the level of the median pharyngeal bulb valve, straight amphidial apertures (similar to members of the subgenus Telomalenchus), sunken vulva with large lateral flaps, prophasmids located almost level with to 9 annuli posterior to the vulva in females, and undeveloped adanal bursa which can be considered as an outgrowth of the lateral field in males. Malenchus gilanensis n. sp. resembles members of subgenus Telomalenchus due to the straight amphidial apertures, prophasmid position and large lateral flaps, but it differs by having two lines in the lateral fields. This new species is morphologically similar to five known species of the subgenus Malenchus: M. acarayensis, M. bryanti, M. parvus, M. nanellus and M. truncatus. The new species can be distinguished from them and other species in the subgenus by having straight amphidial apertures, two lines in the lateral fields, position of prophasmids, and having a very small and undeveloped bursa.

Basiria khouzestanensis n. sp. Figs 1, 2 Description. Measurements, see Table 1. Female. Body ventrally arcuate following heat fixation. Cuticle annuli 0.7–1.2 µm wide at mid-body. Lateral field with four incisures, 3.6–4.8 µm wide, occupying 28–30% of body diameter, with non-areolated bands. Lip region smooth and elevated, continuous with body contour, 2.4–3.1 µm high and 4–5.4 µm wide. Amphidial apertures oblique and slit-like. Stylet straight with rounded basal knobs, slightly posteriorly directed, 0.8–1.5 µm across. Dorsal pharyngeal gland orifice (DGO) 4–6 µm posterior to stylet knobs. Median bulb oval, 9–12 µm long and 4–6.6 µm wide, with a weakly developed valve; located at about the middle of the pharynx. Isthmus slender. Basal bulb short and almost pyriform to slightly cylindrical, 6–9.5 µm wide and 12–16.5 µm long. Cardia small. Excretory pore mostly at the level of anterior part of the pharyngeal bulb or rarely at the level of the beginning of the basal bulb, posterior to hemizonid. Nerve ring surrounding the middle part of the isthmus. Reproductive system monodelphic-prodelphic, composed of an outstretched ovary with oocytes arranged in a single row. Spermatheca non-offset, elongated, filled with rounded sperm, 18–36 µm long and 6.5–12 µm wide. Vulva a transverse slit lacking flaps or epiptygma. Vagina 6–7.8 µm long, about one half of body diameter. Post-vulval uterine sac (PUS) 70–77% of corresponding body width in length. Tail elongate-conoid, about equal to the vulva-anus distance, tail terminus variously shaped, mostly slightly rounded to pointed tip in some specimens with a broadly rounded to slightly clavate tip. Male. Less frequent than female and shorter. General morphology similar to that of female, except for character states associated with sexual differences. Testis single, outstretched; Spermatocytes arranged in a single row. Spicules tylenchoid, small and slightly ventrally arcuate. Gubernaculum simple, rod-shaped. Bursa adanal, simple, with smooth margins. Tail similar to that of the female. Type host and locality. Soil samples collected from the rhizosphere of orange (Citrus sinensis L.) in the vicinity of Baghmalek city in Khouzestan Province, GPS coordinates: 31° 32′ 21.5″ N, 49° 50′ ″ E, southwestern Iran. Etymology. The new species name refers to the province name where it was found. Type material. Holotype, 13 females and 8 males paratypes deposited at the nematology laboratory of the Department of Plant Protection, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran. Two female and one male paratypes deposited at the Wageningen Nematode Collection (WaNeCo), Wageningen, The Netherlands (collection number: WT 3724). Diagnosis and relationships. Basiria khouzestanensis n. sp. is characterized by having short body length (430–635 µm), lateral fields composed of four incisures, with non areolated bands, cephalic region smooth and continuous with body contour, stylet 9–12.5 µm long, basal bulb short and pyriform to slightly cylindrical, V = 63.3 (58–65.5), spermatheca non-offset, tail elongate-conoid, tail tip with various shapes and males with 16.5 (15– 18) µm long spicules. Due to the median bulb located at about the middle of the pharynx and basal bulb pyriform to slightly cylindrical, the new species comes close to B. babhi Siddiqi, 1986, B. brevia (Sultana, 1980) Hashim, 1985, B. graminophila Siddiqi, 1959, B. lauta Randhawa, Khera & Khan, 1996 and B. shahidi Khan, 1982. Compared to B. babhi, the new species has a shorter body (430–635 vs 740–760 µm), lower c ratio (4.9–6.7 vs 8), lower V and V ŕatio (58–65.5 vs 77–78 and 75.1–80 vs 88–89, respectively), tail tip with various shapes (pointed tip and rounded to slightly clavate vs only broadly rounded terminus). Compared to B. brevia, the outer bands of the lateral fields in the new species are smooth (vs distinctly crenate). It also differs in longer body length (430–635 vs 390–420 µm), longer stylet and more posterior DGO (9– 12.5 vs 7.5–8.5 and 4–6 µm vs just behind the stylet base, respectively), basal bulb pyriform to slightly cylindrical (vs pyriform), longer tail (86–120 vs 71–74 µm) and male present (vs unknown). Compared to B. graminophila, the outer bands of the lateral fields in the new species are smooth (vs distinctly crenate), basal bulb pyriform to slightly cylindrical (vs pyriform) and there are remarkable differences in 28S rRNA gene sequences. There was only one record in GenBank for sequence of D2–D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA gene for B. graminophila. Sequence variation between new species and B. graminophila were 24.6% (133 bp). Compared to B. lauta, the new species has basal bulb pyriform to slightly cylindrical (vs pyriform), higher c ratio (9.3–13.8 vs 5.8–6.6), more posterior DGO (4–6 vs 3.5 µm), tail tip with various shapes (pointed tip and rounded to slightly clavate vs only clavate terminus) and males present (vs unknown). Finally, the new species also resembles B. shahidi, but differs from it by the shorter tail (86–120 vs 134–140 µm), tail tip with various shapes (vs only pointed terminus), and in shorter spicule and gubernaculum lengths (15– 18 vs 21–24 and 3.8–5.5 vs 6–7 µm, respectively). Molecular phylogenetic status. Partial sequencing of the 28S rRNA gene (D2–D3 region) of the new species yielded a fragment of 683 nt. The result of a Blast search using this fragment revealed the highest similarity with three unidentified species of the genus Basiria (JQ004998, JQ004999 and JQ005000) with identities of 87%, 87% and 86%, respectively. A total of 42 isolates of Tylenchidae (ingroup members) and Aphelenchoididae Skarbilovich, 1974 (as outgroup taxa) were selected for LSU rDNA gene (D2–D3 region) phylogenetic analyses. This dataset comprises 822 total characters. The phylogenetic relationships between the new species and representatives of Tylenchidae, as inferred from the Bayesian inference (BI) analysis, are presented in Figure 3. The sequenced isolate from the present study is in boldface. All isolates of Basiria species formed one clade. The monophyly of this clade is highly supported (BPP = 0.99). The new species clusters in a subclade containing three unidentified species of the genus Basiria from Iran (JQ004998, JQ004999 and JQ005000) with high support (BPP = 1.00). B. graminophila, B. gracilis and one unidentified species of the genus Basiria (DQ077803), formed another subclade with high support (BPP = 1.00).

Basiria khouzestanensis n. sp., recovered from the rhizosphere of orange in Khouzestan Province, south-western Iran, is described and illustrated based on morphological, morphometric and molecular data. The new species is characterized by having short body length (430–635 µm), lateral fields composed of four incisures, with non areolated bands, cephalic region smooth and continuous with body contour, stylet 9–12.5 µm long, basal bulb short and pyriform to slightly cylindrical, V = 63.3 (58–65.5), spermatheca non-offset, tail elongate-conoid, tail tip with various shapes and males with 16.5 (15–18) μm long spicules. Morphologically, the new species is similar to five known species of the genus: B. babhi, B. brevia, B. graminophila, B. lauta and B. shahidi. Morphological comparisons with these species are discussed. The sequence of the D2–D3 expansion segments of 28S rDNA gene for the new species was also used for molecular phylogenetic analysis. The phylogenetic relationships of the new species in relation to representatives of the family Tylenchidae, obtained from Bayesian inference (BI) analysis of the D2–D3 sequences, are presented and discussed. The new species clusters in a subclade containing three unidentified species of the genus Basiria from Iran with high support.

During a survey for plant parasitic nematodes affecting various vegetable crops grown in three hilly districts surrounding Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, five species of order Tylenchidae are reported for the first time from Nepal.The nematode species are Hoplolaimus indicus, Tylenchorhynchus mashhoodi, Helicotylenchus incisus, Microposthonia paraxestis and Hemicriconemoides cocophilus.All the species are illustrated with line diagrams and described with their morphometric data along with localities and host plants.International Journal of Life Sciences 10 (1) : 2016; 10-16

Summary During a survey in Iran, two known species of plant-parasitic nematodes of the families Tylenchidae and Criconematidae were reported for the first time. The morphological and morphometric characters of Iranian populations of the two recovered species are discussed and illustrated based on morphological and morphometrics data. Iranian population of Filenchus orientalis is characterized by having a 601-755μm body length, stylet length of 9.0-11.3 μm, lateral field with four incisures, tail length of 100-118 μm and males with 15-21 μm long spicules. Hemicriconemoides californianus population is characterized by having a body length of 430-550μm, lip region with two annuli, stylet length of 75-83μm and tail length of 20-28 μm. The morphological and morphometric characters of both species are in agreement with those in original descriptions.

Konani, Ehsan, Panahandeh, Yousef, Pourjam, Ebrahim, Álvarez-Ortega, Sergio, Pedram, Majid (2018): Two rare species of tylenchids, Discotylenchus biannulatus n. sp. and Labrys chinensis Qing & Bert, 2018 (Nematoda: Tylenchidae) from western Iran. Zootaxa 4413 (2): 260-270, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4413.2.2

Two rare species of the family Tylenchidae are described and illustrated based on morphological and morphometric characters. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies provided details of anterior end structures, helpful in generic identification of the studied populations. Discotylenchus biannulatus n. sp. is characterized by its dorso-ventrally flattened smooth cephalic region having two proximal annuli and a rectangular perioral disc, short longitudinal amphidial slits, lateral field with four incisures, stylet 9–10 μm long, with the conus shorter than half the total stylet length and with posteriorly directed knobs, well-developed median bulb, mono-prodelphic reproductive system with rounded empty spermatheca and short postvulval uterine sac (PUS), and filiform tail with pointed end. It is compared with other species of Discotylenchus having four lines in the lateral field. The Iranian population of Labrys chinensis is characterized by its long and slender (a = 45.2–57.2) body, smooth rounded cephalic region and an offset disc-like apical labial plate, short longitudinal lateral amphidial slits, lateral field with two incisures, moderately developed stylet with the conus less than half the total length and posteriorly directed knobs, median bulb fusiform with distinct but weak valve, gradually joining the isthmus, vulva at 57.2–59.1% with small flaps, elongate conoid tail, uniformly and slightly narrowing toward end with broadly rounded terminus and rare males. The minor morphological differences of the recovered population with the type population are discussed.

Discotylenchus biannulatus n. sp. (Figs. 1–3) Description. Measurements. See Table 1. Female: Body straight to slightly ventrally curved after heat relaxation. Cuticle finely annulated, annules ca. 1–2 µm wide at mid-body. Lateral fields with four incisures, outer lines partly areolated at anus/tail region in SEM images, 2–3 µm wide at mid-body, approximately 20% of body diameter. Lip region continuous with body contour, 5–6 µm wide and 3–4 µm high, dorso-ventrally flattened, smooth, having two annuli in the proximal end and a prominent perioral disc under SEM. Amphidial openings as longitudinal slits on lateral sides of the head. Stylet delicate, with conus shorter than the shaft comprising ca 32.7% of stylet total length; knobs small, slightly sloping posteriad. Dorsal gland orifice (DGO) 1–2 µm from base of stylet. Procorpus slender, joining to an ellipsoid muscular metacorpus with distinct valvular apparatus, located at 39–43% of total pharynx length; isthmus elongated and narrow; and basal bulb with slight variation in shape, saccate to bottle-shaped, 14–18 µm long and 7–9 µm wide. Cardia small. Nerve ring encircling anterior half of isthmus, 63–68 µm from anterior end. Excretory pore situated at the level of the middle of the isthmus, posterior to hemizonid. Deirids distinct and situated 4–6 annuli posterior to excretory pore. Reproductive system monodelphic-prodelphic, composed of an outstretched ovary occupying 23–26% of the body length, oocytes mainly in a single row, oviduct short, spermatheca rounded and empty, crustaformeria hardly visible, uterus tubular, vagina straight with thin walls; PUS length about 0.6–0.8 times vulval body width, vulva a transverse slit lacking any differentiation. Tail filiform, gradually tapering to a more or less pointed end. Male: not found. Type habitat and locality. Recovered from the rhizosphere of wheat, Giloran region, city of Khorram-Abad, Lorestan province, western Iran. GPS coordinates: N 33 27 ʹ 51.53 and E 48 18 ʹ 17.99. Etymology. The specific epithet refers to two unusual annuli at the anterior end of the cephalic region of the new species. Type material. Holotype and five paratypes deposited at the Ghent University Museum, Zoology Collection, Belgium. Diagnosis and relationships. Discotylenchus biannulatus n. sp. is characterized by its dorso-ventrally flattened smooth lip region having two proximal annuli and a distinct rectangular perioral disc, short longitudinal amphidial slits, lateral field with four incisures, stylet 9–10 µm long, empty spermatheca and short PUS, and filiform female tail with pointed end. With four lines in the lateral field, the new species can be compared with three known species of the genus: D. attenuatus Siddiqi, 1980, D. brevicaudatus and D. discretus. The new species can be distinguished from these species by its smooth cephalic region with two annuli at the anterior end. In addition, Discotylenchus biannulatus n. sp. differs from D. attenuatus by having longer body (675–708 vs 330–400 µm), longer stylet (9–10 vs 6.0–6.5 µm), longer tail (155–161 vs 68–96 µm) and higher cʹ ratio (14.1–16.1 vs 9–12). It can be distinguished from D. brevicaudatus by its dorso-ventrally flattened cephalic region (vs rounded, according to SEM data provided by Yaghoubi et al. 2016), longer body (675–708 vs 320–466 µm), longer stylet (9–10 vs 6–8 µm), more anteriorly located vulva (V = 59.5–60.6 vs 68–73), longer tail (155–161 vs 35–77 µm), smaller c ratio (4.2–4.5 vs 5.9–9.8), higher cʹ ratio (14.1–16.1 vs 4.5–9.6) and filiform tail with pointed end (vs thick with rounded end). Finally, compared to D. discretus, the new species has dorso-ventrally flattened cephalic region (vs rectangular, smooth, according to SEM data provided by Yaghoubi et al. 2016), longer stylet (9–10 vs 7–9 µm), more anteriorly located vulva (V = 59.5–60.6 vs 63–67), longer tail (155–161 vs 80–115 µm), smaller c ratio (4.2–4.5 vs 5.0–6.2), and higher cʹ ratio (14–16 vs 9–11). Remarks. The presently described new species was recovered from an agricultural wheat field usually plowed annually. Detailed SEM studies helped establish its generic identity, but further samplings to get fresh material for molecular phylogenetic studies failed. It has a unique head morphology, however, not reported or illustrated to date for any members of Tylenchidae. Light microscope observations at first indicated the presence of an anterior disk, also confirmed in SEM studies, and all other morphological characters (especially longitudinal amphidial slits) supported its placement under the genus Discotylenchus. Future molecular studies will help determine the phylogenetic affinities of this species.

Discotylenchus biannulatus n. sp. (Figs. 1���3) Description. Measurements. See Table 1. Female: Body straight to slightly ventrally curved after heat relaxation. Cuticle finely annulated, annules ca. 1���2 ��m wide at mid-body. Lateral fields with four incisures, outer lines partly areolated at anus/tail region in SEM images, 2���3 ��m wide at mid-body, approximately 20% of body diameter. Lip region continuous with body contour, 5���6 ��m wide and 3���4 ��m high, dorso-ventrally flattened, smooth, having two annuli in the proximal end and a prominent perioral disc under SEM. Amphidial openings as longitudinal slits on lateral sides of the head. Stylet delicate, with conus shorter than the shaft comprising ca 32.7% of stylet total length; knobs small, slightly sloping posteriad. Dorsal gland orifice (DGO) 1���2 ��m from base of stylet. Procorpus slender, joining to an ellipsoid muscular metacorpus with distinct valvular apparatus, located at 39���43% of total pharynx length; isthmus elongated and narrow; and basal bulb with slight variation in shape, saccate to bottle-shaped, 14���18 ��m long and 7���9 ��m wide. Cardia small. Nerve ring encircling anterior half of isthmus, 63���68 ��m from anterior end. Excretory pore situated at the level of the middle of the isthmus, posterior to hemizonid. Deirids distinct and situated 4���6 annuli posterior to excretory pore. Reproductive system monodelphic-prodelphic, composed of an outstretched ovary occupying 23���26% of the body length, oocytes mainly in a single row, oviduct short, spermatheca rounded and empty, crustaformeria hardly visible, uterus tubular, vagina straight with thin walls; PUS length about 0.6���0.8 times vulval body width, vulva a transverse slit lacking any differentiation. Tail filiform, gradually tapering to a more or less pointed end. Male: not found. Type habitat and locality. Recovered from the rhizosphere of wheat, Giloran region, city of Khorram-Abad, Lorestan province, western Iran. GPS coordinates: N 33 27 �� 51.53 and E 48 18 �� 17.99. Etymology. The specific epithet refers to two unusual annuli at the anterior end of the cephalic region of the new species. Type material. Holotype and five paratypes deposited at the Ghent University Museum, Zoology Collection, Belgium. Diagnosis and relationships. Discotylenchus biannulatus n. sp. is characterized by its dorso-ventrally flattened smooth lip region having two proximal annuli and a distinct rectangular perioral disc, short longitudinal amphidial slits, lateral field with four incisures, stylet 9���10 ��m long, empty spermatheca and short PUS, and filiform female tail with pointed end. With four lines in the lateral field, the new species can be compared with three known species of the genus: D. attenuatus Siddiqi, 1980, D. brevicaudatus and D. discretus. The new species can be distinguished from these species by its smooth cephalic region with two annuli at the anterior end. In addition, Discotylenchus biannulatus n. sp. differs from D. attenuatus by having longer body (675���708 vs 330���400 ��m), longer stylet (9���10 vs 6.0���6.5 ��m), longer tail (155���161 vs 68���96 ��m) and higher c�� ratio (14.1���16.1 vs 9���12). It can be distinguished from D. brevicaudatus by its dorso-ventrally flattened cephalic region (vs rounded, according to SEM data provided by Yaghoubi et al. 2016), longer body (675���708 vs 320���466 ��m), longer stylet (9���10 vs 6���8 ��m), more anteriorly located vulva (V = 59.5���60.6 vs 68���73), longer tail (155���161 vs 35���77 ��m), smaller c ratio (4.2���4.5 vs 5.9���9.8), higher c�� ratio (14.1���16.1 vs 4.5���9.6) and filiform tail with pointed end (vs thick with rounded end). Finally, compared to D. discretus, the new species has dorso-ventrally flattened cephalic region (vs rectangular, smooth, according to SEM data provided by Yaghoubi et al. 2016), longer stylet (9���10 vs 7���9 ��m), more anteriorly located vulva (V = 59.5���60.6 vs 63���67), longer tail (155���161 vs 80���115 ��m), smaller c ratio (4.2���4.5 vs 5.0���6.2), and higher c�� ratio (14���16 vs 9���11). Remarks. The presently described new species was recovered from an agricultural wheat field usually plowed annually. Detailed SEM studies helped establish its generic identity, but further samplings to get fresh material for molecular phylogenetic studies failed. It has a unique head morphology, however, not reported or illustrated to date for any members of Tylenchidae. Light microscope observations at first indicated the presence of an anterior disk, also confirmed in SEM studies, and all other morphological characters (especially longitudinal amphidial slits) supported its placement under the genus Discotylenchus. Future molecular studies will help determine the phylogenetic affinities of this species., Published as part of Konani, Ehsan, Panahandeh, Yousef, Pourjam, Ebrahim, ��lvarez-Ortega, Sergio & Pedram, Majid, 2018, Two rare species of tylenchids, Discotylenchus biannulatus n. sp. and Labrys chinensis Qing & Bert, 2018 (Nematoda: Tylenchidae) from western Iran, pp. 260-270 in Zootaxa 4413 (2) on pages 261-264, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4413.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1226931, {"references":["Siddiqi, M. R. (1980) Two new nematode genera, Safianema (Anguinidae) and Discotylenchus (Tylenchidae), with descriptions of three new species. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 47, 85 - 94.","Yaghoubi, A., Pourjam, E., Alvarez-Ortega, S. Liebanas, G., Atighi, M. R. & Pedram, M. (2016) Discopersicus n. gen., a New Member of the Family Tylenchidae Orley, 1880 with Detailed SEM Study on Two Known Species of the Genus Discotylenchus Siddiqi, 1980 (Nematoda; Tylenchidae) from Iran. Journal of Nematology, 48, 214 - 221. https: // doi. org / 10.21307 / jofnem- 2017 - 029"]}

Malenchus geraerti n. sp. Figs 1���3 The new species is named after Prof. Etienne Geraert, the pioneer and outstanding scientist in the taxonomy of Tylenchidae. Measurements, see Table 1. Female. Body slightly ventrally curved after fixation, markedly narrowing from the level of vulva to distal end. Cuticle coarsely annulated, annuli 2.1���2.3 ��m wide at mid-body. Lateral field a plain band (i.e. composed of two incisures), raised in cross section, constricted at the junction with body (Fig. 3B, arrows), originating at about the level of the middle of the stylet shaft in its resting position. Lip region continuous with body contour; not conspicuously narrower than the adjacent body, 5���7 ��m wide, 3���4 ��m high, bearing 3���4 annuli. Amphidial openings S-shaped slits, starting from labial plate, extending posteriorly, markedly narrowing and reaching base of the head (extending to the weakly sclerotized cephalic framework). Stylet shaft moderately developed, conus much finer, knobs directed posteriorly. Dorsal gland orifice (DGO) close to knobs. Excretory pore (ex. pore) at the level of pharyngeal bulb, slightly variable in position, 91���94 ��m from anterior end. Hemizonid 92 ��m (n = 3) and nerve ring 63���75 ��m from anterior end. Pharynx with slender procorpus, muscular, rounded to ellipsoid metacorpus with well-developed valve and corresponding plates at 43���49 ��m from anterior end, slender/narrow isthmus and saccate pharyngeal bulb 13���18 �� 8���11 ��m. Reproductive system mono-prodelphic, ovary outstretched, oocytes mostly in single file, except in germinal zone, oviduct short, spermatheca elongate-rounded, filled with small spheroid sperm cells, offset and sometimes appearing as bilobed (with depression or constriction at middle), crustaformeria and uterus not clearly discernible from each other. Vagina perpendicular to body axis, with moderately sclerotized walls. Small, undifferentiated postvulval uterine sac (PUS) present. Vulva sunken inside body, in the form of a transverse slit, with large epiptygma and no flaps. Prophasmid barely visible, located 14 ��m anterior to vulval opening (n = 1). Vulva���anus distance 64���77 ��m, or 0.8���1.1 times the tail length. Tail conical, tapering gradually to a more or less pointed tip. Male. About half as frequent as females in the studied population. General morphology similar to that of female, except in sexual characters. Testis single, outstretched. Spicules tylenchoid, narrow and slender, slightly arcuate distally, 17���22 ��m long with rounded capitulum, slender shaft and blade narrowing toward distal end. Gubernaculum small, 4���6 ��m. Bursa cloacal, 26���43 ��m long, with smooth margin. Tail similar to that of female. Type Habitat And Locality. Recovered from soil samples collected about rhizosphere of forest trees in forests of Gilan province, northern Iran. GPS coordinates: 37��7��30.719����N, 49��39��25.742����E. Type Material. Five females (holotype and paratypes) and five males deposited in the Nematode Collection of the Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. Five paratype females and two males deposited at each of the following collections: WANECO collection, Wageningen, The Netherlands, and UGent Nematode Collection of the Nematology Research Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. Diagnosis And Relationships. The new species belongs to the subgenus Malenchus owing to its amphidial opening characteristics (S-shaped in lateral view, wide at anterior end, narrowing distally and reaching to the base of the head), and two lateral lines, forming a plain band under light microscopy. It is further characterized by having short-bodied females, lateral field origin at about the middle of the stylet shaft, muscular, rounded to ellipsoid metacorpus with well-developed valve and valvular plates, small PUS, vulva sunken in body with large epiptygma and no flap, conical tail, tapering gradually to a more or less pointed tip, functional males with 17���22 ��m tylenchoid spicules, adcloacal bursa with smooth margin and tail similar to that of female. Morphologically, the new species is similar to five known Malenchus species: M. fusiformis (Thorne & Malek, 1968) Siddiqi, 1979, M. machadoi (Andr��ssy, 1963) Andr��ssy, 1968, M. pachycephalus Andr��ssy, 1981, M. solovjovae Brzeski, 1989 and M. undulatus but most closely resembles M. pachycephalus forming a morphologically-similar cryptic species pair. Compared to M. fusiformis, a poorly known species of the genus described based only on one female and only known from its type locality (Geraert 2008), the new species has a longer body (439���489 vs 350 ��m), narrower annuli (2.1���2.3 ��m wide at mid-body vs 3 ��m), posteriorly directed stylet knobs (vs rounded) and lacks vulval membranes (vs having obscure lateral membranes). Compared to M. machadoi, the new species has a shorter body (439���489 vs 520���560 ��m), lip region continuous with body contour (vs markedly narrower), annuli 2.1���2.3 ��m wide at mid-body (vs 1.6���1.8 ��m) and median bulb with distinct valves (vs very small or indistinct valves, as described by Andr��ssy 1968). Compared to M. pachycephalus, besides differences in partial SSU and LSU rDNA sequences and divergent placement in the corresponding phylogenetic trees, the new species differs in the nature of the median bulb (welldeveloped with valvular plates vs very weakly developed, without valve), stylet knobs (symmetrical vs slightly asymmetrical), lateral field margin (smooth vs crenate), pharynx length (93���108 vs 86���90 ��m) and lacks vulval flaps (vs small dikes present). Furthermore, the raised lateral fields of the new species are separated from the rest of the body by a sharp constriction (Fig. 3B, arrows); this demarcation is lacking in M. pachycephalus as illustrated by Qing et al. (2017). Compared to M. solovjovae, the new species has a well-developed stylet and corresponding knobs and welldeveloped valve in the median bulb. Compared to M. undulatus, besides differences in SSU and LSU rDNA sequences and distant positions in the corresponding phylogenetic trees, the new species has annuli 2.1���2.3 ��m wide (vs 1.7���1.9), plain lateral field margins (vs deeply crenate), lip region continuous with body contour (vs distinctly narrower), longer stylet (11���13 vs 9.5���10.0 ��m), more posterior vulva (V = 66.0���69.5 vs 63���66) and lacks vulval dikes (vs having dikes 3 annuli long). Compared to M. neosulcus Geraert & Raski, 1986, its sister taxon in our SSU rDNA phylogeny, the new species has 3���4 head annuli (vs 5���6), lateral field with plain margins (vs slightly crenate), well-developed median bulb, valve, and valve plates (vs weakly developed), wider body annuli (2.1���2.3 vs 1.8���2.0 ��m), shorter tail (65���87 vs 86���96 ��m), with smaller c' (5.9���8.1 vs 8���10) and greater c (5.4���6.8 vs 4.7���5.5) values, and differences in SSU sequence (accession numbers KX907138 for the new species and KJ869330 for M. neosulcus). Compared to M. labiatus, its sister taxon in our LSU rDNA phylogeny, the new species has a longer stylet (11��� 13 vs 8���9 ��m), greater V value (66.0���69.5 vs 59���63), shorter tail (65���87 vs 98���112 ��m) and lacks both vulval flaps and a disc-like structure at the lip apex. Molecular Phylogeny. Partial sequencing of the SSU rDNA gene from the new species yielded a single fragment 1066 nt long. Blast searches using the sequence of this fragment revealed the highest coverage with two sequences of M. neosulcus (KJ869330) and M. acarayensis Andr��ssy, 1968 (KJ869331), with identities of 93% and 91%, respectively. A 98% identity was achieved for a short (74% coverage) sequence of M. pachycephalus. Two longer sequences (with 88% coverage) of M. pachycephalus (KX156286 and KX156286) had 92% identity with partial SSU rDNA of the new species. Lower identity and coverage percentages were returned for other sequences. A total of 98 species/isolates of Tylenchoidea ��rley, 1880, along with Aphelenchoididae Skarbilovich, 1947 and two panagrolaimid species as outgroup taxa were selected for our SSU rDNA-based phylogenetic analysis. This dataset comprises 1495 total characters, of which 739 are variable. Figure 4 presents the Bayesian phylogenetic tree inferred using this dataset. The major clade of Malenchus spp. in this tree (based on currently available SSU sequences for the genus, and designated M, in green) has full BPP and moderate (62%) ML BS support. The new species forms a well-supported clade (1.00 BPP / 98% MLBS) with M. neosulcus in this tree. The phylogenetic relationship of these two species (M. geraerti n. sp. and M. neosulcus) with M. acarayensis, M. pachycephalus and an unidentified isolate of Malenchus sp. (KX156289) is not further resolved due to polytomy. Partial sequencing of the LSU rDNA gene (D2/D3 region) from two females of the new species yielded single fragments of 650 (isolate1) and 654 (isolate 2) nt long. A Blast search using these fragments��� sequences indicated no significant identity with any of the currently available sequences deposited in GenBank. A total of 90 species/ isolates of Tylenchoidea (ingroup members) and Aphelenchoididae (as outgroup taxa) were selected for our LSU rDNA gene (D2/D3 region) phylogenetic analysis. This dataset contains 468 total characters, of which 297 are variable. Figure 5 presents the Bayesian tree inferred using this dataset. Species of the genus Malenchus occur in two major clades, A and B, in this tree. Clade A also includes the ambiguous species Filenchus balcarceanus Torres & Geraert, 1996 (sensu Qing et al. 2017), which shares characters of both Filenchus Andr��ssy, 1954 and Malenchus. The monophyly of this clade is highly supported (1.00 BPP / 81% MLBS). Clade B is a strongly supported (1.00 BPP / 99% MLBS) monophyletic group including our new, three known, and three unidentified isolates/species of Malenchus, along with two species of Lelenchus Andr��ssy, 1954. The new species clusters in a subclade containing two species of Lelenchus (KU234169, KP730042, KX156335) and M. labiatus (KP730047)., Published as part of Pedram, Majid, Soleymanzadeh, Mahya, Pourjam, Ebrahim & Mobasseri, Mahyar, 2018, Observations on MaleNChus geraerti n. sp. (Rhabditida: Tylenchidae), a morphological and molecular phylogenetic study, pp. 406-418 in Zootaxa 4369 (3) on pages 408-412, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4369.3.6, http://zenodo.org/record/1135450, {"references":["Thorne, G. & Malek, R. B. (1968) Nematodes of the Northern Great Plains. Part I. Tylenchida (Nemata: Secernentea). South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin 31, 111 pp.","Siddiqi, M. R. (1979) Seven new species in a new nematode subfamily Duosulciinae (Tylenchidae), with proposals for Duosulcius gen. n., Zanenchus gen. n. and Neomalenchus gen. n. Nematologica, 25, 215 - 236. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529279 X 00244","Andrassy, I. (1963) Freilebende Nematoden aus Angola, I. Einige moosbewohnende Nematoden. Publicacoes Culturais da Companhia de Diamantes de Angola, 66, 55 - 80.","Andrassy, I. (1968) Fauna Paraguayensis. 2. Nematoden aus den Galeriewaldern des Acaray Flusses. Opuscula Zoologica Budapestensis, 8, 167 - 315.","Andrassy, I. (1981) Genera and species of the family Tylenchidae Orley, 1880 (Nematoda). The genus Malenchus Andrassy, 1968. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 27, 1 - 47.","Brzeski, M. W. (1989) Malenchus parvus sp. n., M. solovjovae sp. n. and observations on M. leiodermis (Nematoda, Tylenchidae). Nematologica 34, 47 - 56. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 002825988 X 00035","Geraert, E. (2008) The Tylenchidae of the World. Identification of the Family Tylenchidae (Nematoda). Ghent, Belgium, Akademia Press.","Qing, X., Decraemer, W., Claeys, M. & Bert, W. (2017) Molecular phylogeny of Malenchus and Filenchus (Nematoda: Tylenchidae). Zoologica Scripta, 0 0, 1 - 12 https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zsc. 12236","Geraert, E. & Raski, D. (1986) Unusual Malenchus species (Nematoda: Tylenchidae). Nematologica, 32, 27 - 55. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529286 X 00020","Orley, L. (1880) Monographie der Anguilluliden. Termeszettudomanyi. Fuzetek, Budapest, 4, 165 pp.","Skarbilovich, T. S. (1947) [Revision of the systematics of the nematode family Anguillulinidae Baylis and Daubney, 1926.] Doklady Akademii Nauk SSR 57, 307 - 308. [In Russian]","Torres, M. S. & Geraert, E. (1996) Tylenchidae from Buenos Aires, Argentina. Nematologica, 42, 42 - 61. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529296 X 00058","Andrassy, I. (1954) Revision der gattung Tylenchus Bastian, 1865 (Tylenchidae, Nematoda). Acta Zoologica Academic Scientiarum Hungaricae 1, 5 - 42."]}

Malenchus geraerti n. sp., recovered from natural regions of northern Iran, is described and illustrated based on morphological, morphometric and molecular data. The new species is characterized by having females with a short body, an anteriorly wide S-shaped amphidial opening narrowing posteriorly, cuticle with prominent annuli, lateral field a plain band with smooth margins, muscular metacorpus with well-developed valve and corresponding plates, spermatheca filled with small spheroid sperm cells, vulva sunken in body with large epiptygma and no flap, and conical tail tapering gradually to a more or less pointed tip. Males of the new species are characterized by having a short body, tylenchoid spicules, adcloacal bursa with smooth margin and tail similar to that of the female. Morphologically, the new species is similar to five known species of the genus: M. fusiformis, M. machadoi, M. pachycephalus, M. solovjovae and M. undulatus. It most closely resembles M. pachycephalus, but as a cryptic species it can be differentiated using morphological and molecular characteristics. Comparisons with the four other aforementioned species are also discussed. Molecular phylogenetic studies using partial sequences of small and large subunit ribosomal DNA fragments reveal that the new species forms a clade with the species M. neosulcus in the small subunit (SSU) rDNA, and two species of Lelenchus in the large subunit (LSU) rDNA tree.

The article provides morphological and molecular description of rare species Malenchus pressulus (Kazachenko, 1975) Andrassy, 1980 which was found for the first time in Poland. Morphology of specimens belonging to Polish population correspond well with previous descriptions of M. pressulus. Howewer, small differences were observed — number of lines on lateral field or number of head annuli between various populations. This article also provides comparison of head morphology of two very similar and difficult to distinguish species: M. pressulus and Malenchus neosulcus Geraert et Raski, 1986. Additionally, for the first time descriptions of partial sequences of 18S rDNA and 28S rDNA for M. pressulus are given.

Telotylenchus paaloofi Tikyani & Khera, 1970 (Figs 7 & 8) Measurements. See Table 2. Female. Body almost straight to slight ventrally curved after fixation. Cuticle annuli about 1 ��m wide at midbody. Each lateral field with four incisures near mid-body, not areolated; 30���38 % of the corresponding body diameter. Lip region hemispherical, offset from the body by a distinct constriction, 4���5 ��m high and 7���8 ��m wide at base; with six or seven distinct annuli. Perioral disc slightly raised on lip region and cephalic framework moderately developed. Stylet robust, 2.6���2.8 times the cephalic region diameter at base, conus 10���11 ��m and about half of the stylet; basal knobs directed slightly backward. Dorsal pharyngeal gland orifice 1���2 ��m from stylet base. Median bulb rounded to slightly oval, 83���91 ��m from anterior end. Nerve ring situated slightly anterior to the middle of the isthmus, 117 ��m from the anterior end. Hemizonid three annuli wide, five annuli anterior to secretory-excretory pore. Deirids were not observed. Pharyngeal glands elongated, extending over intestine laterally by 2���3 times of the corresponding body diameter. Pharyngo-intestinal valve pyriform, usually shifted centrally. Intestinal fasciculi inconspicuous. Vulva a transverse slit, cuticle around vulval region with normal thickness; vagina shorter than half of the corresponding body diameter, spermatheca indistinct. Post-anal intestinal sac absent. Tail broadly conical, with rounded and annulated terminus. Phasmids 22 ��m posterior to anus, near middle of tail. Male. Not found. Remarks. The morphological and morphometric characters of our population fit well with those of T. paaloofi from India (Tikyani & Khera, 1970), except for having a slightly shorter tail (46���47 vs. 56 ��m; c' = 2.5���2.8 vs. 3��� 4) and a longer pharynx (134���141 vs. 115 ��m). Our population also shares several characters with T. avaricus Kleynhans, 1975, T. brevicaudatus Mirzoyants, 1996, T. elongatus Sultan, Singh & Sakhuja, 1989, T. flaccidus Baydulova, 1984 and T. ventralis Loof, 1963, but can be separated from these by differences in certain diagnostic characters: our Iranian population differs from T. avaricus in having a longer body (984���1039 vs. 630���740 ��m) and non-areolated lateral field (vs. all three bands areolated). In our population, the tail is broadly conical with annulated terminus and 26���32 ventral annuli, while T. brevicaudatus has a sharply conical tail with smooth terminus and 16���20 ventral annuli. T. elongatus, has a shorter body (720���750 ��m), fewer head annuli (5���6) and smooth tail terminus. In T. flaccidus, the stylet is slightly shorter (17.5���19 vs. 20���21 ��m), the tail has more ventral annuli (42���57 vs. 26���32), and the cuticle is thickened around vulva (vs. undifferentiated). Our population can be distinguished from T. ventralis by its annulated (vs. smooth) tail terminus and 26���32 tail annuli (vs. 48���52). Also, the stylet is slightly shorter (16���19 ��m) and the lateral field is areolated in T. ventralis. This population was collected many years ago by the well-known nematologist, Dr. Dieter Sturhan, from the rhizosphere of an unknown plant in Ahvaz county, Khuzestan province, south-western Iran. Sturhan (1974) listed 26 genera of plant-parasitic nematodes, including Telotylenchus, from Iran, but identification to species level was not undertaken in that survey. The present study reports the first species of the genus Telotylenchus from Iran., Published as part of Ghaderi, Reza, Karegar, Akbar, Miraeiz, Esmaeil & Hashemi, Kobra, 2017, Comparative morphology of the anterior end of selected taxa of Merliniidae Siddiqi, 1971 (Nematoda: Tylenchoidea), with morphological characterisation of two species and taxonomic keys to several genera, pp. 571-588 in Zootaxa 4300 (4) on pages 583-584, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4300.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/839278, {"references":["Tikyani, M. G. & Khera, S. (1970) A new species of Telotylenchus (Nematoda: Tylenchida). Labdev Journal of Science and Technology, 8 B, 27 - 29.","Kleynhans, K. P. N. (1975) Some Tylenchoidea (Nematoda) from South Africa. Phytophylactica, 7, 97 - 104.","Mirzoyants, S. N. (1996) Telotylenchus brevicaudatus sp. n. (Tylenchida: Telotylenchinae) a new species of nematodes in the South Karakum. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Turkmenistana Seriya Biologicheskikh Nauk, 4, 67 - 69. [in Russian]","Sultan, M. S., Singh, I. & Sakhuja, P. K. (1989) Plant parasitic nematodes of Punjab, India V. Merlinius communica n. sp. with key to species of the genus and Telotylenchus elongatus n. sp. Indian Journal of Nematology, 18 (1988), 44 - 48.","Baydulova, L. A. (1984) Tylenchorhynchus flaccidus. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk Kazakhskoi SSR, Series Biology, 5, 34 - 36.","Loof, P. A. A. (1963) A new species of Telotylenchus (Nematoda: Tylenchida). Nematologica, 9, 76 - 80. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 187529263 X 00151","Sturhan, D. (1974) Nematodes and nematode problems of Iran. Second Plant Medicine Congress of Iran, Tabriz, 1974, 1 - 2."]}

Ghaderi, Reza, Karegar, Akbar, Miraeiz, Esmaeil, Hashemi, Kobra (2017): Comparative morphology of the anterior end of selected taxa of Merliniidae Siddiqi, 1971 (Nematoda: Tylenchoidea), with morphological characterisation of two species and taxonomic keys to several genera. Zootaxa 4300 (4): 571-588, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4300.4.6

Family Tylenchidae ��rley, 1880 126. Tylenchidae gen sp.��� {29} (0, 4, 0, 0; 1) Population structure and abundance. Single female of an unidentified genus. Ecology and distribution. The majority of tylenchids are edaphobionts inhabiting various terrestrial biotopes, but there are species occurring in the aquatic environment as well (Andr��ssy 2007; Bert & Borgonie 2006). Remarks. Several genera of this family have been found in Vietnam (Nguyen & Nguyen 2005; Nguyen 2007). 127. * Filenchus orientalis Xie & Feng, 1996 ��� {57} (0, 0, 8, 0; 1) Population structure and abundance. Two females and one male (~ 1x10 3/m2). Ecology and distribution. Likely an edaphobiont. Phytoparasite. Recorded in China and Iran in plant rhizosphere soil (Azimi et al. 2016). First record for Vietnam., Published as part of Gusakov, Vladimir A. & Gagarin, Vladimir G., 2017, An annotated checklist of the main representatives of meiobenthos from inland water bodies of Central and Southern Vietnam. I. Roundworms (Nematoda), pp. 1-43 in Zootaxa 4300 (1) on page 35, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4300.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/837117, {"references":["Andrassy, I. (2007) Free-living nematodes of Hungary (Nematoda Errantia). II. Pedozoologica Hungarica, No. 4, 1 - 496.","Bert, W. & Borgonie, G. (2006) Order Rhabditida: Suborder Tylenchina. In: Eyualem-Abebe, Traunspurger, W. & Andrassy, I. (Eds.), Freshwater nematodes: ecology and taxonomy. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, pp. 648 - 695. https: // doi. org / 10.1079 / 9780851990095.0648","Nguyen, T. T. & Nguyen, V. T. (2005) Comparison on Free-living Nematode Compositions of the Cau, Day, Cam and Nhue Rivers. T ap chi Sinh H oc, 27, 36 - 42. [in Vietnamese]","Nguyen, V. T. (2007) Free-living nematodes Monhysterida, Araeolaimida, Chromadorida, Rhabditida, Enoplida, Mononchida, Dorylaimida. In: Dang, N. T. (Ed.), Fauna of Fietnam. Fol. 22. Science and Technics Publishing House, Hanoi, 455 pp. [in Vietnamese]","Azimi, S., Mahdikhani-Moghadam, E., Rouhani, H. & Memari, H. R. (2016) First report of the nematodes Filenchus orientalis and Hemicriconemoides californianus on faba bean in Iran. Hellenic Plant Protection Journal, 9, 44 - 50. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / hppj- 2016 - 0005"]}

Gusakov, Vladimir A., Gagarin, Vladimir G. (2017): An annotated checklist of the main representatives of meiobenthos from inland water bodies of Central and Southern Vietnam. I. Roundworms (Nematoda). Zootaxa 4300 (1): 1-43, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4300.1.1