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The recent discovery that dairy cattle can be infected by highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus of the H5N1 subtype (2,2), in combination with the virus's propensity to replicate in [...]

This case report describes New Neonatal Porcine Diarrhea Syndrome (NNPDS) caused by Enterococcus hirae. Four piglets at 3–5 days old with diarrhea were submitted for diagnostic investigation. The histopathological analysis revealed numerous large Gram-positive cocci adherent to the luminal surface from the tip to the base of the villi. The organisms were tightly adherent to enterocytes on the villous tips and exfoliated enterocytes within the luminal detritus. In situ hybridization revealed positive signals of E. hirae, the enteroadherent Gram-positive cocci, in the intestinal tissue. The swab of distal jejunum and gut content was cultured positive for E. hirae. Taken all results together, it was concluded that neonatal diarrhea in piglets was caused by E. hirae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The critical early stages of infection and innate immune responses to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) at the intestinal epithelium remain underexplored due to the limitations of traditional cell culture and animal models. This study aims to establish a porcine enteroid culture model to investigate potential differences in susceptibility to infection across segments of the porcine small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum)., Methods: Intestinal crypt cells from nursery pigs were cultured in Matrigel to differentiate into porcine enteroid monolayer cultures (PEMCs). Following characterization, PEMCs were enzymatically dissociated and subcultured on transwell inserts (PETCs) for apical surface exposure and infection studies. Characterization of region-specific PEMCs and PETCs included assessment of morphology, proliferation, viability, and cellular phenotyping via immunohistochemistry/immunocytochemistry and gene expression analysis. Subsequently, PETCs were inoculated with 10 5 TCID 50 (50% tissue culture infectious dose)/mL of a high pathogenic PEDV non-S INDEL strain and incubated for 24 h. Infection outcomes were assessed by cytopathic effect, PEDV N protein expression (immunofluorescence assay, IFA), and PEDV N-gene detection (quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, RT-qPCR)., Results: No significant morphological and phenotypical differences were observed among PEMCs and PETCs across intestinal regions, resembling the porcine intestinal epithelium. Although PETCs established from different segments of the small intestine were susceptible to PEDV infection, jejunum-derived PETCs exhibited higher PEDV replication, confirmed by IFA and RT-qPCR., Discussion: This segment-specific enteroid culture model provides a reliable platform for virological studies, offering a controlled environment that overcomes the limitations of in vivo and traditional cell culture methods. Standardizing culture conditions and characterizing the model are essential for advancing enteroid-based infection models., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Yen, Nelli, Twu, Mora-Díaz, Castillo, Sitthicharoenchai and Giménez-Lirola.)