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The soft and delicate tissue of the brain, which is the center of our coordination, is protected by its surrounding layers. The disruption of these layers results in complicated situations and serious health problems. The brain has three protective layers of bone or skull tissue, the blood tissue layer, and finally the meningeal layer. The layer of blood tissue contains the blood vessels that are located between the skull and the meningeal membranes. If germs or foreign matter enter the fluid through the blood vessels under any circumstances and cause infection, the bones that protect the meninges will break and cause tissue damage. The present study aimed to assess the histological and immunohistochemical characteristics of the brain of rats that underwent induced acute purulent pneumococcal meningitis after antibiotic therapy with Ceftriaxone. A number of 20 white adult male Wistar rats were assigned to three groups. The first group (n=5) regarded as the control were injected with a saline solution into the subarachnoid space in an equivalent amount. The second and third groups of rats (n=5 and 10, respectively) were infected with acute purulent meningitis by the injection of 10 μl of Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumonia) suspension into the subarachnoid space of the brain using a 23-G needle. The various areas of the brains of rats after meningitis induced by S. pneumoniae were examined after the treatment with Ceftriaxone. The S. pneumoniae culture was injected into the subarachnoid space in the area of the rhomboid fossa. Treatment started 18 h after the injection. On day 10, a repeated puncture was performed with the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in order to confirm the absence of meningitis; thereafter, the animals were taken out of the experiment. No signs of meningitis were found on histological examination. Mild perivascular and pericellular focal edema were revealed with signs of overload of the lymphatic system in the brain and focal ischemic changes in neurons. The investigation of expression with caspase-3 revealed a positive reaction of individual neurons. A positive reaction with antibodies to NeuN and Doublecortin was detected in most neurons; moreover, Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes and their processes were visualized in all layers of the brain substance. The reaction with neuron-specific enolase (NSE), microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2), CD 31, and CD 34 was negative. Typical structure and pictures pointed to an intact brain and purulent meningitis in the first and second groups. The microscopic image and the changes revealed during immunohistochemistry by dual corticosteroid antibodies and neuronal nuclear protein were characterized by predominantly cytoplasmic and perinuclear reactions, respectively. Some neurons are positive for caspase-3 and are related to changes in the characteristic of premature aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diffuse nodular lymphoid hyperplasia is a rare gastrointestinal disease that can be diagnosed by multiple nodules in the small intestine, large intestine, or both. Immunodeficiency and infections are the common situations that lead to the diffusion of nodular lymphoid hyperplasia. For instance, Giardia lamblia and Helicobacter pylori are the major pathogens leading to this disorder. Diffuse nodular lymphoid hyperplasia leads to allergic reactions, immunodeficiency, and autoimmune diseases. Imunofan-RDKVYR Peptide-is a potential agent in regenerative medicine. The present study aimed to investigate morphological features of the aggregated lymphoid nodules of the small intestine after the Imunofan (IM) administration following Cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression. In total, 72 Wistar male rats were randomly divided into two groups (n=36). Group I was considered the control group, and group II was subjected to intramuscular injections (needle 21 G) of0.2 ml of normal saline following the Cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression on the2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, and 10th days of the experiment. The animals in group II were injected with Cyclophosphamide at a dose of 200 mg/kg bodyweight to induce immunosuppression. The animals in the experimental group (n=36) were subjected to intramuscular injections (needle 21 G) of the 0.2 ml IM at a dose of 0.7μg/kg body weight on the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, and 10th days of the experiment. The results of the study indicated that on the 7th day in group II, the length and width of the aggregated lymphoid nodules increased, as well as the height and width of the lymphoid nodules and internodular zones as structural components of the lymphoid formations in the small intestine. In group I, by the 30th day of the experiment, the linear dimensions of the aggregated lymphoid nodules exceeded, but to a lesser extent than on the 7th day of the experiment which explains the ability of IM to neutralize the effects of Cyclophosphamide. It should also be noted that the IM was performed to regenerate damaged cells which helped maintain the population of lymphocytes in the limb and led to an increase in linear dimensions (length and width) not only between the joint but also in the lymph nodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Evaluation of anti-inflammatory action of Codelac® Broncho with Thymus Serpyllum (elixir) in comparison with Fenspiride was carried out on the model of acute carrageenan inflammation of the paws in rats. Materials and methods: Edema was caused by subplantar injection of 0.1 ml of 1% - carrageenan gel into the hind paw. The severity of edema was assessed by using 37140 plethysmometer (UGO BASILE, Italy). The measurements were performed before edema induction and 1, 2, 4, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours afterwards. Anti-inflammatory activity of the drugs was also evaluated based on the analysis of rats' blood, C-reactive protein concentration and histological examination results. Results and discussion: A decrease in the paw volume increment was revealed in the group with the studied drug in comparison with the group with the carrageenan edema model (control) 4, 12, 24 hours after injection of carrageenan (p<0.05). As a result of plethysmometry, a more pronounced anti-inflammatory effect of the studied drug than that of Fenspiride was revealed. There was a significant decrease in the levels of leukocytes (p<0.05), lymphocytes (p<0.05), monocytes (p<0.05) and neutrophils (p<0.05) in the group with the studied drug compared to those the the control 48 hours after the initiation of edema, while in the group with Fenspiride, there was only a decrease in the levels of leukocytes (p<0.05) and lymphocytes (p<0.05). There were no differences in the concentration of C-reactive protein between the groups. Conclusion: The obtained data indicate a more pronounced anti-inflammatory activity of Codelac® Broncho with Thymus Serpyllum in comparison with Fenspiride, on the model of acute carrageenan inflammation of the paw in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the research was to study adenomatous and adenomyomatous lesions of the major duodenum papilla with its normal structure and the presence of heterotopic pancreatic tissue in it. Materials and Method: The study was carried out on the material of 327 pathoanatomical autopsies taking into account the sex, age, clinical data, pathoanatomical, and clinical diagnoses. The material is divided into two groups: The 1st group - without an ectopic pancreatic tissue in the major duodenum papilla (279 cases) and the 2nd group - with different variants of ectopic pancreatic tissue (48 cases). In each of them, the distribution was carried out according to sex, age, and cause of death. Results: Adenomyomatous lesions of the papilla of Vater often combined with pancreatic heterotopia in it - in 23 of 48 cases, various changes were observed in both the papilla wall and ectopic tissue. These include atrophy of the epithelial structures of the papilla, primarily glands, hyperplastic changes in the mucous membrane and glands, significant ductal and cystic transformation, and foci of adenomyosis. Conclusion: In the areas of hyperplastic changes in the epithelium of the cystically altered ducts, hyperplasia of stromal elements with a smooth-muscle immunophenotype was determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The objective of the research was to study the morphological changes in the most sensitive areas of the brain under hypergravity, using standard general histological and histochemical, as well as immunohistochemical methods with antibodies to glial fibrillary acid protein, neurofilament protein, Ki67 proliferation markers, and p53 apoptosis. Materials and Methods: The experiment was performed on 40 white Wistar rats divided into 4 groups: 1st - control, 2nd - rats exposed to hypergravity for 8 min at a centrifuge rotation rate of 5,000 rpm, 3rd - rats exposed to hypergravity 3 times during the 1st day for 5 min and at a rotation rate of 4,000 rpm, and 4th - rats exposed to hypergravity 3 times for 5 min and a rotation speed of 4,000 rpm for 3 days. After the end of the experiment, morphological changes in the brain were examined. Results: It was established that the animals of the first group died from compression and dislocation of the brain resulted from overloads. Rats from the second group had clinical signs, such as weakness, one- and two-sided paresis, which completely passed within an hour. The histological picture of the brain had no specific features. In the third and fourth groups, the clinical symptoms were more pronounced, remaining until the end of the 1st day. Morphological picture of the immunohistochemical examination had no features but showed severe microcirculation disorders when stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Conclusion: Thus, the hypergravitational model of cerebral ischemia allows obtaining circulatory hypoxia of the brain, which is confirmed by clinical data and general histological methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the yellow synthetic azo dye tartrazine is widely used in such industrial fields as pharmy, food and cosmetology. The effects of tartrazine on morphological and functional state of bones as well as ways of correction of changes insufficiently studied. The aim of the study was to establish the possibilities of using Mexidol as a pharmacological corrector for changes in the chemical and mineral composition of skeletal bones in mature rats after 60 days of using tartrazine. The research was carried out on 175 white mature male rats, divided into 5 groups. 1st group - control; 2nd and 3rd groups - 1 ml of tartrazine solution was administered to rats daily intragastrically at dose 750 and 1500 mg/kg body weight respectively for 60 days; 4th and 5th groups - 1 ml of tartrazine solution was administered to rats daily intragastrically at dose 750 and 1500 mg/kg body weight respectively for 60 days and intramuscularly 5% solution of mexidol at dose 50 mg/kg body weight. The periods of observation were 3, 10, 15, 24 and 45 days after the end of 60-days tartrazine administration. The chemical and mineral composition of the humerus, hip bones, and the third lumbar vertebra were studied by gravimetric method. Also the spectrophotometry was used. The application of mexidol is accompanied by smoothing out the negative effect of 60-day tartrazine administration at dose of 7500 and 1500 mg/kg body weight on the mineral and chemical composition of the rat's skeletal bones from the 15th to the 45th days of observation. The mineral and chemical structure of bones was recovered to control values more quickly in group with the use of tartrazine at dose of 750 mg/kg body weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we studied the peculiarities of cyclophosphamide and imunofan effect on the processes of apoptosis and necrosis in Peyer's patches of the rats' small intestine. The study was conducted on 18 white mature rats, which were divided into three groups. Group I was administered imunofan according to the scheme on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 of the experiment at a dose of 0.7 pg/kg of body weight of the animal, Group II was administered cyclophosphamide once at a dose of 200 mg/kg (for 1 day), then imunofan according to scheme (on the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, 10th day of the experiment) at a dose of 0.7 pg/kg body weight of the animal, and Group III - intact animals served. Ultrathin sections of Peyer's patches of the rats' small intestine were prepared and studied under electron microscope with further photographing. Mostly one type of cell death - apoptosis is detected in group I animals on the 7th and 30th day of the experiment in Peyer's patches. The number of cells with apoptosis is directly proportional to the observation period, which seems to indicate the ability of imunofan to influence this process, maintaining the constancy of Peyer's patches cellular composition in small intestine. In animals of group II, on the 7th day of the experiment, both apoptosis and necrosis take place, and on the 30th day it is mainly apoptosis. Apparently, this is due to the immunosuppressive effect of cyclophosphamide on the lymphocytes of Peyer's patches of the small intestine, which manifests itself in the early period of the experiment after correction by the immunomodulator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The soft and delicate tissue of the brain, which is the center of our coordination, is protected by its surrounding layers. The disruption of these layers results in complicated situations and serious health problems. The brain has three protective layers of bone or skull tissue, the blood tissue layer, and finally the meningeal layer. The layer of blood tissue contains the blood vessels that are located between the skull and the meningeal membranes. If germs or foreign matter enter the fluid through the blood vessels under any circumstances and cause infection, the bones that protect the meninges will break and cause tissue damage. The present study aimed to assess the histological and immunohistochemical characteristics of the brain of rats that underwent induced acute purulent pneumococcal meningitis after antibiotic therapy with Ceftriaxone. A number of 20 white adult male Wistar rats were assigned to three groups. The first group (n=5) regarded as the control were injected with a saline solution into the subarachnoid space in an equivalent amount. The second and third groups of rats (n=5 and 10, respectively) were infected with acute purulent meningitis by the injection of 10 μl of Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumonia) suspension into the subarachnoid space of the brain using a 23-G needle. The various areas of the brains of rats after meningitis induced by S. pneumoniae were examined after the treatment with Ceftriaxone. The S. pneumoniae culture was injected into the subarachnoid space in the area of the rhomboid fossa. Treatment started 18 h after the injection. On day 10, a repeated puncture was performed with the analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in order to confirm the absence of meningitis; thereafter, the animals were taken out of the experiment. No signs of meningitis were found on histological examination. Mild perivascular and pericellular focal edema were revealed with signs of overload of the lymphatic system in the brain and focal ischemic changes in neurons. The investigation of expression with caspase-3 revealed a positive reaction of individual neurons. A positive reaction with antibodies to NeuN and Doublecortin was detected in most neurons; moreover, Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes and their processes were visualized in all layers of the brain substance. The reaction with neuron-specific enolase (NSE), microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2), CD 31, and CD 34 was negative. Typical structure and pictures pointed to an intact brain and purulent meningitis in the first and second groups. The microscopic image and the changes revealed during immunohistochemistry by dual corticosteroid antibodies and neuronal nuclear protein were characterized by predominantly cytoplasmic and perinuclear reactions, respectively. Some neurons are positive for caspase-3 and are related to changes in the characteristic of premature aging.