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The synthesis of ethyl-oleate by the lipase from the newly isolated strain Burkholderia cepacia LTEB11 in three different systems has been studied - immobilization on a hydrophobic support (Accurel EP 100®), encapsulation in reverse micelles, and direct addition of powdered free enzyme to the reaction medium. The immobilized enzyme performed best, giving a 70% ester yield in 10 h, this yield being five-fold greater than that obtained for reversed micelles, and two and a half times greater than that obtained for direct addition. An increase in the amount of immobilized enzyme preparation added gave a 100% ester yield in 3 h. The immobilized preparation was quite stable, giving a 100% yield of ethyl-oleate during 11 repeated reactions, and 50% yield after 24 reactions. These results suggest that the lipase of our strain of B. cepacia LTEB11 immobilized on Accurel has good potential for application in biocatalysis in organic media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Scuba diving for people with diabetes was discouraged due to hypoglycemia risks. However, evolving guidelines now enable safe diving for people with diabetes. Among them, the Diabete Sommerso® safety protocol. This study aims to describe data from 20 years of DS activities and evaluate the performance of the protocol in avoiding metabolic complications., Research Design and Methods: During DS camps, participants are trained to monitor glycemia before and immediately after diving, aiming for stable levels between 150-250 mg/dl. Since 2004, glycemic data from dives conducted with DS/independently by its members have been collected., Results: DS issued diving licenses to 74 type 1 diabetic people. Data are available for 68: median age was 32 years (IQR 22 yrs), diabetes duration 18 years (IQR 16 yrs), HbA1c 7 % (IQR 1 %). 34 used insulin pumps, 43 continuous glucose monitoring. A total of 1179 dives were analyzed, showing a median reduction in glycemia of -38 mg/dl during dives (IQR 92 mg/dl, p < 0.0001). Post-dive hypoglycemia occurred in 23 cases, 45 % of which involved protocol non-adherence. Hypoglycemia prevalence was 1.7 % when the protocol was followed. No severe hypoglycemic episodes occoured during/after diving., Conclusions: Data from 1179 dives indicate that, with adherence to the safety protocol, scuba diving is safe and poses no risk of severe hypoglycemia for people with type 1 diabetes., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Scuba diving was previously excluded because of hypoglycemic risks for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM). Specific eligibility criteria and a safety protocol have been defined, whereas continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems have enhanced diabetes management. This study aims to assess the feasibility and accuracy of CGM Dexcom G7 and Free Style Libre 3 in a setting of repetitive scuba diving in T1DM, exploring the possibility of nonadjunctive use. Material and Methods: The study was conducted during an event of Diabete Sommerso ® association in 2023. Participants followed a safety protocol, with capillary glucose as reference standard (Beurer GL50Evo). Sensors' accuracy was evaluated through median and mean absolute relative difference (MeARD, MARD) and surveillance error grid (SEG). Data distribution and correlation were estimated by Spearman test and Bland-Altman plots. The ability of sensors to identify hypoglycemia was assessed by contingency tables. Results: Data from 202 dives of 13 patients were collected. The overall MARD was 31% (Dexcom G7) and 14.2% (Free Style Libre 3) and MeARD was 19.7% and 11.6%, respectively. Free Style Libre 3 exhibited better accuracy in normoglycemic and hyperglycemic ranges. SEG analysis showed 82.1% (Dexcom G7) and 97.4% (Free Style Libre 3) data on no-risk zone. Free Style Libre 3 better performed on hypoglycemia identification (diagnostic odds ratio of 254.10 vs. 58.95). Neither of the sensors reached the MARD for nonadjunctive use. Conclusions: The study reveals Free Style Libre 3 superior accuracy compared with Dexcom G7 in a setting of repetitive scuba diving in T1DM, except for hypoglycemic range. Both sensors fail to achieve accuracy for nonadjunctive use. Capillary tests remain crucial for safe dive planning, and sensor data should be interpreted cautiously. We suggest exploring additional factors potentially influencing sensor performance.