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2. The projected future degradation in air quality is caused by more abundant natural aerosols in a warmer world
- Author
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Gomez, James, Allen, Robert J., Turnock, Steven T., Horowitz, Larry W., Tsigaridis, Kostas, Bauer, Susanne E., Olivié, Dirk, Thomson, Erik S., and Ginoux, Paul
- Published
- 2023
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3. Burden of disease scenarios for 204 countries and territories, 2022–2050: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
- Author
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Vollset, Stein Emil, Ababneh, Hazim S, Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasgholizadeh, Rouzbeh, Abbasian, Mohammadreza, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd Al Magied, Abdallah H A, Abd ElHafeez, Samar, Abdelkader, Atef, Abdelmasseh, Michael, Abd-Elsalam, Sherief, Abdi, Parsa, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abdoun, Meriem, Abdullahi, Auwal, Abebe, Mesfin, Abiodun, Olumide, Aboagye, Richard Gyan, Abolhassani, Hassan, Abouzid, Mohamed, Aboye, Girma Beressa, Abreu, Lucas Guimarães, Absalan, Abdorrahim, Abualruz, Hasan, Abubakar, Bilyaminu, Abukhadijah, Hana Jihad Jihad, Addolorato, Giovanni, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adetunji, Charles Oluwaseun, Adetunji, Juliana Bunmi, Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther, Adha, Rishan, Adhikary, Ripon Kumar, Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah, Adzigbli, Leticia Akua, Afrashteh, Fatemeh, Afzal, Muhammad Sohail, Afzal, Saira, Agbozo, Faith, Agodi, Antonella, Agrawal, Anurag, Agyemang-Duah, Williams, Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, Ahlstrom, Austin J, Ahmad, Aqeel, Ahmad, Firdos, Ahmad, Muayyad M, Ahmad, Sajjad, Ahmad, Shahzaib, Ahmed, Anisuddin, Ahmed, Ayman, Ahmed, Haroon, Ahmed, Safoora, Ahmed, Syed Anees, Akinosoglou, Karolina, Akkaif, Mohammed Ahmed, Akrami, Ashley E, Akter, Ema, Al Awaidy, Salah, Al Hasan, Syed Mahfuz, Al Mosa, Amjad S, Al Ta'ani, Omar, Al Zaabi, Omar Ali Mohammed, Alahdab, Fares, Alajlani, Muaaz M, Al-Ajlouni, Yazan, Alalalmeh, Samer O, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Tahiya, Alam, Zufishan, Al-amer, Rasmieh Mustafa, Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour, Alanzi, Turki M, Albakri, Almaza, Aldhaleei, Wafa A, Aldridge, Robert W, Alemohammad, Seyedeh Yasaman, Alemu, Yihun Mulugeta, Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali Saeed, Al-Hanawi, Mohammed Khaled, Ali, Abid, Ali, Amjad, Ali, Iman, Ali, Mohammed Usman, Ali, Rafat, Ali, Syed Shujait Shujait, Ali, Victor Ekoche, Ali, Waad, Al-Ibraheem, Akram, Alicandro, Gianfranco, Alif, Sheikh Mohammad, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alla, François, Almazan, Joseph Uy, Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M, Alqutaibi, Ahmed Yaseen, 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Hitesh, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Chung, Eric, Chutiyami, Muhammad, Clayton, Justin T, Cogen, Rebecca M, Cohen, Aaron J, Columbus, Alyssa, Comfort, Haley, Conde, Joao, Connolly, Jon T, Cooper, Ezra E K, Cortese, Samuele, Cruz-Martins, Natália, da Silva, Alanna Gomes, Dadras, Omid, Dai, Xiaochen, Dai, Zhaoli, Dalton, Bronte E, Damiani, Giovanni, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Das, Jai K, Das, Saswati, Das, Subasish, Dash, Nihar Ranjan, Davletov, Kairat, De la Hoz, Fernando Pio, De Leo, Diego, Debopadhaya, Shayom, Delgado-Enciso, Ivan, Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar, Dervenis, Nikolaos, Desai, Hardik Dineshbhai, Devanbu, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan, Dewan, Syed Masudur Rahman, Dhama, Kuldeep, Dhane, Amol S, Dhingra, Sameer, Dias da Silva, Diana, Diaz, Daniel, Diaz, Luis Antonio, Diaz, Michael J, Dima, Adriana, Ding, Delaney D, Do, Thao Huynh Phuong, do Prado, Camila Bruneli, Dodangeh, Masoud, Dodangeh, Milad, Doegah, Phidelia Theresa, Dohare, Sushil, Dong, Wanyue, D'Oria, Mario, Doshi, Rajkumar, Dowou, Robert Kokou, Dsouza, Haneil Larson, Dsouza, Viola, Dube, John, Dumith, Samuel C, Duncan, Bruce B, Duraes, Andre Rodrigues, Duraisamy, Senbagam, Durojaiye, Oyewole Christopher, Dushpanova, Anar, Dutta, Sulagna, Dzianach, Paulina Agnieszka, Dziedzic, Arkadiusz Marian, Eboreime, Ejemai, Ebrahimi, Alireza, Ebrahimi Kalan, Mohammad, Edinur, Hisham Atan, Efendi, Ferry, Eikemo, Terje Andreas, Eini, Ebrahim, Ekundayo, Temitope Cyrus, El Arab, Rabie Adel, El Sayed, Iman, Elamin, Osman, Elemam, Noha Mousaad, ElGohary, Ghada Metwally Tawfik, Elhadi, Muhammed, Elmeligy, Omar Abdelsadek Abdou, Elmoselhi, Adel B, Elshaer, Mohammed, Elsohaby, Ibrahim, Eltahir, Mohd. 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M. Mahmudul, Hasanian, Mohammad, Hasnain, Md Saquib, Hassan, Amr, Haubold, Johannes, Hay, Simon I, Hebert, Jeffrey J, Hegazi, Omar E, Heidari, Mohammad, Hemmati, Mehdi, Henson, Claire A, Herrera-Serna, Brenda Yuliana, Herteliu, Claudiu, Heydari, Majid, Hezam, Kamal, Hidayana, Irma, Hiraike, Yuta, Hoan, Nguyen Quoc, Holla, Ramesh, Hoogar, Praveen, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hossain, Md Mahbub, Hosseinzadeh, Hassan, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Hu, Chengxi, Huang, Junjie, Hultström, Michael, Hundie, Tsegaye Gebreyes, Hunt, Aliza J, Hushmandi, Kiavash, Hussain, Javid, Hussain, M. Azhar, Hussein, Nawfal R, Huynh, Hong-Han, Hwang, Bing-Fang, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Iftikhar, Pulwasha Maria, Ikiroma, Adalia I, Ikwegbue, Paul Chukwudi, Ilic, Irena M, Ilic, Milena D, Immurana, Mustapha, Isa, Mustafa Alhaji, Islam, Md. Rabiul, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Ismail, Faisal, Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah, Isola, Gaetano, Iwagami, Masao, Iyamu, Ihoghosa Osamuyi, Jacob, Louis, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jafarinia, Morteza, Jahankhani, Kasra, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jain, Nityanand, Jairoun, Ammar Abdulrahman, Jakhmola Mani, Dr Ruchi, Jamil, Safayet, Jamora, Roland Dominic G, Jatau, Abubakar Ibrahim, Javadov, Sabzali, Javaheri, Tahereh, Jayaram, Shubha, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeganathan, Jayakumar, Jiang, Heng, Jokar, Mohammad, Jonas, Jost B, Joseph, Nitin, Joshua, Charity Ehimwenma, Jürisson, Mikk, K, Vaishali, Kabir, Ali, Kabir, Zubair, Kadashetti, Vidya, Kalankesh, Laleh R, Kalra, Sanjay, Kamath, Ashwin, Kamath, Rajesh, Kamireddy, Arun, Kanaan, Mona, Kanchan, Tanuj, Kanmiki, Edmund Wedam, Kanmodi, Kehinde Kazeem, Kansal, Sushil Kumar, Karim, Asima, Karkhah, Samad, Kashoo, Faizan Zaffar, Kasraei, Hengameh, Kassel, Molly B, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, Kauppila, Joonas H, Kaur, Harkiran, Kayode, Gbenga A, Kazemi, Foad, 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Shuke, Liu, Xiaofeng, Liu, Xuefeng, Llanaj, Erand, López-Bueno, Rubén, López-Gil, José Francisco, Loreche, Arianna Maever, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lozano, Rafael, Lubinda, Jailos, Lucchetti, Giancarlo, Luo, Lisha, Lusk, Jay B, Lv, Lei, M Amin, Hawraz Ibrahim, Ma, Zheng Feei, Maass, Kelsey Lynn, Machairas, Nikolaos, Machoy, Monika, Madureira-Carvalho, Áurea M, Magdy Abd El Razek, Hassan, Maghazachi, Azzam A, Mahadeshwara Prasad, D.R., Mahalleh, Mehrdad, Mahasha, Phetole Walter, Mahmoud, Mansour Adam, Mahmoudi, Elham, Mahmoudvand, Golnaz, Makama, Maureen, Malakan Rad, Elaheh, Malhotra, Kashish, Malik, Ahmad Azam, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Manla, Yosef, Mansour, Ali, Mansouri, Mohammad Hadi, Mansouri, Pejman, Mansouri, Vahid, Mansourian, Marjan, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Marasini, Bishnu P, Marateb, Hamid Reza, Maravilla, Joemer C, Mardi, Parham, Marjani, Abdoljalal, Markazi Moghadam, Hamed, Marrugo Arnedo, Carlos Alberto, Martinez, Gabriel, Martinez-Piedra, Ramon, Martins-Melo, Francisco 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Mirijello, Antonio, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Mirzaei, Roya, Mitchell, Philip B, Mittal, Chaitanya, Moberg, Madeline E, Moghadam Fard, Atousa, Mohajelin, Seyedehfatemeh, Mohamadkhani, Ashraf, Mohamed, Ahmed Ismail, Mohamed, Jama, Mohamed, Mouhand F H, Mohamed, Nouh Saad, Mohammad, Ameen Mosa, Mohammadi, Soheil, Mohammed, Hussen, Mohammed, Mustapha, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H, Molokhia, Mariam, Momani, Shaher Mohammad, Momtazmanesh, Sara, Monasta, Lorenzo, Mondello, Stefania, Moni, Mohammad Ali, Montazeri, Fateme, Moodi Ghalibaf, AmirAli, Moradi, Maryam, Moradi, Yousef, Moraga, Paula, Morawska, Lidia, Moreira, Rafael Silveira, Morovatdar, Negar, Morrison, Shane Douglas, Mosapour, Abbas, Mosser, Jonathan F, Mossialos, Elias, Motappa, Rohith, Mougin, Vincent, Mousavi, Parsa, Mrejen, Matías, Mubarik, Sumaira, Mueller, Ulrich Otto, Mulita, Francesk, Munjal, Kavita, Murillo-Zamora, Efrén, Musallam, Khaled M, Musina, Ana-Maria, Mustafa, Ghulam, Myung, Woojae, Nafei, Ayoub, Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman, Naghavi, Pirouz, Naik, Ganesh R, Naik, Gurudatta, Nainu, Firzan, Najdaghi, Soroush, Nakhostin Ansari, Noureddin, Nangia, Vinay, Narasimha Swamy, Sreenivas, Nargus, Shumaila, Narimani Davani, Delaram, Nascimento, Bruno Ramos, Nascimento, Gustavo G, Naser, Abdallah Y, Nashwan, Abdulqadir J, Natto, Zuhair S, Nauman, Javaid, Navaratna, Samidi N K, Naveed, Muhammad, Nawsherwan, Nayak, Biswa Prakash, Nayak, Vinod C, Negash, Hadush, Negoi, Ionut, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Nejadghaderi, Seyed Aria, Nejjari, Chakib, Nematollahi, Soroush, Netsere, Henok Biresaw, Ng, Marie, Nguefack-Tsague, Georges, Ngunjiri, Josephine W, Nguyen, Anh Hoang, Nguyen, Dang H, Nguyen, Duc Hoang, Nguyen, Hau Thi Hien, Nguyen, Nhan, Nguyen, Nhien Ngoc Y, Nguyen, Phat Tuan, Nguyen, QuynhAnh P, Nguyen, Van Thanh, Nguyen Tran Minh, Duc, Niazi, Robina Khan, Nigatu, Yeshambel T, Niknam, Mahdieh, Nikoobar, Ali, Nikpoor, Amin Reza, Nikravangolsefid, Nasrin, Noman, Efaq Ali, Nomura, Shuhei, Noor, Syed Toukir Ahmed, Noroozi, Nafise, Nouri, Mehran, Nozari, Majid, Nri-Ezedi, Chisom Adaobi, Ntaios, George, Nunemo, Mengistu H, Nurrika, Dieta, Nutor, Jerry John, Nzoputam, Chimezie Igwegbe, Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet, Oancea, Bogdan, Obamiro, Kehinde O, Odetokun, Ismail A, Oduro, Michael Safo, Ogundijo, Oluwaseun Adeolu, Ogunfowokan, Adesola Adenike, Ogunkoya, Abiola, Oguntade, Ayodipupo Sikiru, Oh, In-Hwan, Ojo-Akosile, Tolulope R, Okati-Aliabad, Hassan, Okekunle, Akinkunmi Paul, Okonji, Osaretin Christabel, Olagunju, Andrew T, Olatubi, Matthew Idowu, Oliveira, Gláucia Maria Moraes, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Oluwafemi, Yinka Doris, Omar, Hany A, Omer, Goran Latif, Ong, Sokking, Onie, Sandersan, Onwujekwe, Obinna E, Opejin, Abdulahi Opejin, Ordak, Michal, Orish, Verner N, Ortiz, Alberto, Ortiz-Prado, Esteban, Osman, Wael M S, Ostojic, Sergej M, Ostroff, Samuel M, Osuagwu, Uchechukwu Levi, Otoiu, Adrian, Otstavnov, Stanislav S, Ouyahia, Amel, Owolabi, Mayowa O, 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Woldeyes, Dawit Habte, Wolf, Axel Walter, Wolfe, Charles D A, Wu, Chenkai, Wu, Dongze, Wu, Felicia, Wu, Jiayuan, Wu, Zenghong, Wulf Hanson, Sarah, Xiao, Hong, Xu, Suowen, Yadav, Rakesh, Yamagishi, Kazumasa, Yang, Danting, Yano, Yuichiro, Yarahmadi, Amir, Yazdani Nia, Iman, Ye, Pengpeng, Yesodharan, Renjulal, Yesuf, Subah Abderehim, Yezli, Saber, Yiğit, Arzu, Yiğit, Vahit, Yigzaw, Zeamanuel Anteneh, Yin, Dehui, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, You, Yuyi, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Yu, Elaine A, Yu, Yong, Yuan, Chun-Wei, Yusuf, Hadiza, Zafar, Uzma, Zafari, Nima, Zahid, Mondal Hasan, Zakham, Fathiah, Zaki, Nazar, Zerfu, Taddese Alemu, Zhang, Haijun, Zhang, Jingya, Zhang, Liqun, Zhang, Yunquan, Zhang, Zhiqiang, Zhao, Xiu-Ju George, Zhao, Yang, Zhao, Zhongyi, Zhong, Chenwen, Zhou, Bolun, Zhou, Juexiao, Zhou, Shangcheng, Zhu, Bin, Zhumagaliuly, Abzal, Zielińska, Magdalena, Zoghi, Ghazal, Zumla, Alimuddin, Zyoud, Sa'ed H, Zyoud, Samer H, Smith, Amanda E, and Murray, Christopher J L
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- 2024
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4. Present-Day PM2.5 over Asia: Simulation and Uncertainty in CMIP6 ESMs
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Su, Xiaole, Wu, Tongwen, Zhang, Jie, Zhang, Yong, Jin, Junli, Zhou, Qing, Zhang, Fang, Liu, Yiming, Zhou, Yumeng, Zhang, Lin, Turnock, Steven T., and Furtado, Kalli
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- 2022
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5. Clean air policies are key for successfully mitigating Arctic warming
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von Salzen, Knut, Whaley, Cynthia H., Anenberg, Susan C., Van Dingenen, Rita, Klimont, Zbigniew, Flanner, Mark G., Mahmood, Rashed, Arnold, Stephen R., Beagley, Stephen, Chien, Rong-You, Christensen, Jesper H., Eckhardt, Sabine, Ekman, Annica M. L., Evangeliou, Nikolaos, Faluvegi, Greg, Fu, Joshua S., Gauss, Michael, Gong, Wanmin, Hjorth, Jens L., Im, Ulas, Krishnan, Srinath, Kupiainen, Kaarle, Kühn, Thomas, Langner, Joakim, Law, Kathy S., Marelle, Louis, Olivié, Dirk, Onishi, Tatsuo, Oshima, Naga, Paunu, Ville-Veikko, Peng, Yiran, Plummer, David, Pozzoli, Luca, Rao, Shilpa, Raut, Jean-Christophe, Sand, Maria, Schmale, Julia, Sigmond, Michael, Thomas, Manu A., Tsigaridis, Kostas, Tsyro, Svetlana, Turnock, Steven T., Wang, Minqi, and Winter, Barbara
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- 2022
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6. The co-benefits of a low-carbon future for PM2.5 and O3 air pollution in Europe.
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Clayton, Connor J., Marsh, Daniel R., Turnock, Steven T., Graham, Ailish M., Pringle, Kirsty J., Reddington, Carly L., Kumar, Rajesh, and McQuaid, James B.
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AGRICULTURAL pollution ,EMISSIONS (Air pollution) ,CLIMATE change mitigation ,PARTICULATE matter ,POLLUTANTS - Abstract
There is considerable academic interest in the potential for air quality improvement as a co-benefit of climate change mitigation. Few studies use regional air quality models for simulating future co-benefits, but many use global chemistry–climate model output. Using regional atmospheric chemistry could provide a better representation of air quality changes than global chemistry–climate models, especially by improving the representation of elevated urban concentrations. We use a detailed regional atmospheric-chemistry model (WRF-Chem v4.2) to model European air quality in 2050 compared to 2014 following three climate change mitigation scenarios. We represent different climate futures by using air pollutant emissions and chemical boundary conditions (from CESM2-WACCM output) for three shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5 and SSP3-7.0: high-, medium- and low-mitigation pathways respectively). We find that in 2050, following SSP1-2.6, mean population-weighted PM 2.5 concentrations across European countries are reduced by 52 % compared to 2014. Under SSP2-4.5, this average reduction is 34%. The smallest average reduction is 18 %, achieved following SSP3-7.0. Maximum 6-monthly-mean daily-maximum 8 h (6mDM8h) ozone (O 3) is reduced across Europe by 15 % following SSP1-2.6 and by 3 % following SSP2-4.5, but it increases by 13 % following SSP3-7.0. This demonstrates clear co-benefits of climate mitigation. The additional resolution allows us to analyse regional differences and identify key sectors. We find that the mitigation of agricultural emissions will be key for attaining meaningful co-benefits of mitigation policies, as evidenced by the importance of changes in NO 3 aerosol mass to future PM 2.5 air quality and changes in CH 4 emissions to future O 3 air quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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7. On the changes in surface ozone over the twenty-first century : sensitivity to changes in surface temperature and chemical mechanisms
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Archibald, Alex T., Turnock, Steven T., Griffiths, Paul T., Cox, Tony, Derwent, Richard G., Knote, Christoph, and Shin, Matthew
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- 2020
8. Burden of disease scenarios for 204 countries and territories, 2022–2050: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
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Tolulope R, Okati-Aliabad, Hassan, Okekunle, Akinkunmi Paul, Okonji, Osaretin Christabel, Olagunju, Andrew T, Olatubi, Matthew Idowu, Oliveira, Gláucia Maria Moraes, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Oluwafemi, Yinka Doris, Omar, Hany A, Omer, Goran Latif, Ong, Sokking, Onie, Sandersan, Onwujekwe, Obinna E, Opejin, Abdulahi Opejin, Ordak, Michal, Orish, Verner N, Ortiz, Alberto, Ortiz-Prado, Esteban, Osman, Wael M S, Ostojic, Sergej M, Ostroff, Samuel M, Osuagwu, Uchechukwu Levi, Otoiu, Adrian, Otstavnov, Stanislav S, Ouyahia, Amel, Owolabi, Mayowa O, Oyeyemi, Oyetunde T, Ozair, Ahmad, P A, Mahesh Padukudru, Padron-Monedero, Alicia, Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, Pal, Pramod Kumar, Palicz, Tamás, Pan, Feng, Pan, Hai-Feng, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pandey, Anamika, Pando-Robles, Victoria, Pangaribuan, Helena Ullyartha, Panos, Georgios D, Panos, Leonidas D, Pantazopoulos, Ioannis, Pantea Stoian, Anca Mihaela, Parikh, Romil R, Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Seoyeon, Park, 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Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stanaway, Jeffrey D, Stanikzai, Muhammad Haroon, Starodubova, Antonina V, Stein, Dan J, Steiner, Caitlyn, Steiropoulos, Paschalis, Stockfelt, Leo, Stokes, Mark A, Straif, Kurt, Subedi, Narayan, Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Rizwan, Sultana, Abida, Sun, Jing, Sundström, Johan, Swain, Chandan Kumar, Szarpak, Lukasz, Szeto, Mindy D, Tabaee Damavandi, Payam, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabatabaei Malazy, Ozra, Tabatabaeizadeh, Seyed-Amir, Tabatabai, Shima, Tabb, Karen M, Tabche, Celine, Tabish, Mohammad, Taheri Abkenar, Yasaman, Taheri Soodejani, Moslem, Taiba, Jabeen, Talaat, Iman M, Tamuzi, Jacques Lukenze, Tan, Ker-Kan, Tang, Haosu, Tat, Nathan Y, Tavakoli Oliaee, Razieh, Tavangar, Seyed Mohammad, Taveira, Nuno, Tbakhi, Abdelghani, Tehrani, Hadi, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Teramoto, Masayuki, Tesfaye, Behailu Terefe, Teye-Kwadjo, Enoch, Thangaraju, Pugazhenthan, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Thapar, Rekha, Thayakaran, Rasiah, Thirunavukkarasu, Sathish, Thomas, Nihal, Thygesen, Lau Caspar, Ticoalu, Jansje Henny Vera, Timalsena, Dinesh, Tiruye, Tenaw Yimer, Tiwari, Krishna, Tomo, Sojit, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Touvier, Mathilde, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Tran, An Thien, Tran, Jasmine T, Tran, Nghia Minh, Tran, Thang Huu, Trico, Domenico, Tromans, Samuel Joseph, Truyen, Thien Tan Tri Tai, Tsatsakis, Aristidis, Tsermpini, Evangelia Eirini, Tumurkhuu, Munkhtuya, Turnock, Steven T, Udoh, Arit, Ullah, Atta, Ullah, Saeed, Ullah, Sana, Umakanthan, Srikanth, Umar, Muhammad, Umar, Shehu Salihu, Unim, Brigid, Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran, Upadhyay, Era, Usman, Jibrin Sammani, Vahdati, Sanaz, Vaithinathan, Asokan Govindaraj, Vakili, Omid, Valizadeh, Rohollah, Van den Eynde, Jef, Vart, Priya, Varthya, Shoban Babu, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Vasic, Milena, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Veroux, Massimiliano, Verras, Georgios-Ioannis, Vervoort, Dominique, Vijayageetha, Mathavaswami, Villafañe, Jorge Hugo, Vinayak, Manish, Violante, Francesco S, Vladimirov, Sergey Konstantinovitch, Vlassov, Vasily, Vo, Bay, Vohra, Karn, Vos, Theo, Wadood, Abdul Wadood, Waheed, Yasir, Wang, Fang, Wang, Shaopan, Wang, Shu, Wang, Yanqing, Wang, Yanzhong, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Wanjau, Mary Njeri, Waqas, Muhammad, Ward, Paul, Waris, Abdul, Wassie, Emebet Gashaw, Watson, Stefanie, Weaver, Marcia R, Weerakoon, Kosala Gayan, Weintraub, Robert G, Weldetinsaa, Haftom Legese Legese, Wells, Katherine M, Wen, Yi Feng, Westerman, Ronny, Wiangkham, Taweewat, Wickramasinghe, Dakshitha Praneeth, Widowati, Evi, Wojewodzic, Marcin W, Woldeyes, Dawit Habte, Wolf, Axel Walter, Wolfe, Charles D A, Wu, Chenkai, Wu, Dongze, Wu, Felicia, Wu, Jiayuan, Wu, Zenghong, Wulf Hanson, Sarah, Xiao, Hong, Xu, Suowen, Yadav, Rakesh, Yamagishi, Kazumasa, Yang, Danting, Yano, Yuichiro, Yarahmadi, Amir, Yazdani Nia, Iman, Ye, Pengpeng, Yesodharan, Renjulal, Yesuf, Subah Abderehim, Yezli, Saber, Yiğit, Arzu, Yiğit, Vahit, Yigzaw, Zeamanuel Anteneh, Yin, Dehui, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, You, Yuyi, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Yu, Elaine A, Yu, Yong, Yuan, Chun-Wei, Yusuf, Hadiza, Zafar, Uzma, Zafari, Nima, Zahid, Mondal Hasan, Zakham, Fathiah, Zaki, Nazar, Zerfu, Taddese Alemu, Zhang, Haijun, Zhang, Jingya, Zhang, Liqun, Zhang, Yunquan, Zhang, Zhiqiang, Zhao, Xiu-Ju George, Zhao, Yang, Zhao, Zhongyi, Zhong, Chenwen, Zhou, Bolun, Zhou, Juexiao, Zhou, Shangcheng, Zhu, Bin, Zhumagaliuly, Abzal, Zielińska, Magdalena, Zoghi, Ghazal, Zumla, Alimuddin, Zyoud, Sa'ed H, Zyoud, Samer H, Smith, Amanda E, and Murray, Christopher J L
- Published
- 2024
9. Evaluation of CMIP6 model simulations of PM2.5 and its components over China.
- Author
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Ren, Fangxuan, Lin, Jintai, Xu, Chenghao, Adeniran, Jamiu A., Wang, Jingxu, Martin, Randall V., van Donkelaar, Aaron, Hammer, Melanie S., Horowitz, Larry W., Turnock, Steven T., Oshima, Naga, Zhang, Jie, Bauer, Susanne, Tsigaridis, Kostas, Seland, Øyvind, Nabat, Pierre, Neubauer, David, Strand, Gary, van Noije, Twan, and Le Sager, Philippe
- Subjects
PARTICULATE matter ,SOOT ,RADIATIVE forcing ,CARBON-black ,AMMONIUM nitrate ,SIMULATION methods & models - Abstract
Earth system models (ESMs) participating in the latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) simulate various components of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) as major climate forcers. Yet the model performance for PM2.5 components remains little evaluated due in part to a lack of observational data. Here, we evaluate near-surface concentrations of PM2.5 and its five main components over China as simulated by 14 CMIP6 models, including organic carbon (OC; available in 14 models), black carbon (BC; 14 models), sulfate (14 models), nitrate (4 models), and ammonium (5 models). For this purpose, we collect observational data between 2000 and 2014 from a satellite-based dataset for total PM2.5 and from 2469 measurement records in the literature for PM2.5 components. Seven models output total PM2.5 concentrations, and they all underestimate the observed total PM2.5 over eastern China, with GFDL-ESM4 (- 1.5 %) and MPI-ESM-1-2-HAM (- 1.1 %) exhibiting the smallest biases averaged over the whole country. The other seven models, for which we recalculate total PM2.5 from the available component output, underestimate the total PM2.5 concentrations partly because of the missing model representations of nitrate and ammonium. Concentrations of the five individual components are underestimated in almost all models, except that sulfate is overestimated in MPI-ESM-1-2-HAM by 12.6 % and in MRI-ESM2-0 by 24.5 %. The underestimation is the largest for OC (by - 71.2 % to - 37.8 % across the 14 models) and the smallest for BC (- 47.9 % to - 12.1 %). The multi-model mean (MMM) reproduces the observed spatial pattern for OC (R = 0.51), sulfate (R = 0.57), nitrate (R = 0.70) and ammonium (R = 0.74) fairly well, yet the agreement is poorer for BC (R = 0.39). The varying performances of ESMs on total PM2.5 and its components have important implications for the modeled magnitude and spatial pattern of aerosol radiative forcing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Current and future global climate impacts resulting from COVID-19
- Author
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Forster, Piers M., Forster, Harriet I., Evans, Mat J., Gidden, Matthew J., Jones, Chris D., Keller, Christoph A., Lamboll, Robin D., Quéré, Corinne Le, Rogelj, Joeri, Rosen, Deborah, Schleussner, Carl-Friedrich, Richardson, Thomas B., Smith, Christopher J., and Turnock, Steven T.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. 300 years of tropospheric ozone changes using CMIP6 scenarios with a parameterised approach
- Author
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Turnock, Steven T., Wild, Oliver, Sellar, Alistair, and O'Connor, Fiona M.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. The Co-benefits of a Low-Carbon Future on Air Quality in Europe.
- Author
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Clayton, Connor J., Marsh, Daniel R., Turnock, Steven T., Graham, Ailish M., Pringle, Kirsty J., Reddington, Carly L., Kumar, Rajesh, and McQuaid, James B.
- Subjects
AGRICULTURAL pollution ,EMISSIONS (Air pollution) ,CLIMATE change mitigation ,AIR quality ,ATMOSPHERIC chemistry ,POLLUTANTS - Abstract
There is considerable academic interest in the potential for air quality improvement as a co-benefit of climate change mitigation. Few studies use regional air quality models for simulating future co-benefits, but many use global chemistry-climate model output. Using regional atmospheric chemistry could provide a better representation of air quality changes than global chemistry-climate models, especially by improving the representation of elevated urban concentrations. We use a detailed regional atmospheric chemistry model (WRF-Chem v 4.2) to model European air quality in 2050 compared to 2014 following three climate change mitigation scenarios. We represent different climate futures by using air pollutant emissions and chemical boundary conditions (from CESM2-WACCM output) for three Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0; a high, medium and low mitigation pathway). We find that in 2050, following SSP1-2.6, mean population-weighted PM
2.5 concentrations across European countries reduces by 52 % compared to 2014. Whilst under SSP2-4.5, this average reduction is 34 %. The smallest average reduction was 18 % by following SSP3-7.0. Maximum 6-monthly-mean daily-maximum 8 h (6mDM8h) ozone (O3 ) is reduced across Europe by 15 % following SSP1-2.6, and 3 % following SSP2-4.5, but increases by 13 % following SSP3-7.0. This demonstrates clear co-benefits of climate mitigation. The additional resolution allows us to analyse regional differences and identify key sectors. We find that mitigation of agricultural emissions will be key for attaining meaningful co-benefits of mitigation policies, evidenced by the importance of changes in NO3 aerosol mass to determining future PM2.5 air quality and changes in CH4 emissions to future O3 air quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Inequalities in air pollution exposure and attributable mortality in a low carbon future
- Author
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Reddington, Carly Lauren Serena, primary, Turnock, Steven T, additional, Conibear, Luke, additional, Forster, Piers, additional, Lowe, Jason A., additional, Berrang-Ford, Lea, additional, Weaver, Charlotte, additional, Bavel, Bianca Van, additional, Dong, Huijuan, additional, Alizadeh, Mohammad Reza, additional, and Arnold, Steve Robert, additional
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. The Air Pollution Human Health Burden in Different Future Scenarios That Involve the Mitigation of Near‐Term Climate Forcers, Climate and Land‐Use
- Author
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Turnock, Steven T., primary, Reddington, Carly L., additional, West, J. Jason, additional, and O’Connor, Fiona M., additional
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Benefits of Net Zero policies for future ozone pollution in China
- Author
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Liu, Zhenze, primary, Wild, Oliver, additional, Doherty, Ruth M., additional, O’Connor, Fiona M., additional, and Turnock, Steven T., additional
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Supplementary material to "Benefits of Net Zero policies for future ozone pollution in China"
- Author
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Liu, Zhenze, primary, Wild, Oliver, additional, Doherty, Ruth M., additional, O’Connor, Fiona M., additional, and Turnock, Steven T., additional
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Arctic tropospheric ozone : assessment of current knowledge and modelperformance
- Author
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Whaley, Cynthia H., Law, Kathy S., Hjorth, Jens Liengaard, Skov, Henrik, Arnold, Stephen R., Langner, Joakim, Pernov, Jakob Boyd, Bergeron, Garance, Bourgeois, Ilann, Christensen, Jesper H., Chien, Rong-You, Deushi, Makoto, Dong, Xinyi, Effertz, Peter, Faluvegi, Gregory, Flanner, Mark, Fu, Joshua S., Gauss, Michael, Huey, Greg, Im, Ulas, Kivi, Rigel, Marelle, Louis, Onishi, Tatsuo, Oshima, Naga, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Peischl, Jeff, Plummer, David A., Pozzoli, Luca, Raut, Jean-Christophe, Ryerson, Tom, Skeie, Ragnhild, Solberg, Sverre, Thomas, Manu, Thompson, Chelsea, Tsigaridis, Kostas, Tsyro, Svetlana, Turnock, Steven T., von Salzen, Knut, Tarasick, David W., Whaley, Cynthia H., Law, Kathy S., Hjorth, Jens Liengaard, Skov, Henrik, Arnold, Stephen R., Langner, Joakim, Pernov, Jakob Boyd, Bergeron, Garance, Bourgeois, Ilann, Christensen, Jesper H., Chien, Rong-You, Deushi, Makoto, Dong, Xinyi, Effertz, Peter, Faluvegi, Gregory, Flanner, Mark, Fu, Joshua S., Gauss, Michael, Huey, Greg, Im, Ulas, Kivi, Rigel, Marelle, Louis, Onishi, Tatsuo, Oshima, Naga, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Peischl, Jeff, Plummer, David A., Pozzoli, Luca, Raut, Jean-Christophe, Ryerson, Tom, Skeie, Ragnhild, Solberg, Sverre, Thomas, Manu, Thompson, Chelsea, Tsigaridis, Kostas, Tsyro, Svetlana, Turnock, Steven T., von Salzen, Knut, and Tarasick, David W.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Modulation of daily PM2.5 concentrations over China in winter by large-scale circulation and climate change
- Author
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Jia, Zixuan, Ordóñez, Carlos, Doherty, Ruth M., Wild, Oliver, Turnock, Steven T., O'Connor, Fiona M., Jia, Zixuan, Ordóñez, Carlos, Doherty, Ruth M., Wild, Oliver, Turnock, Steven T., and O'Connor, Fiona M.
- Abstract
We use the United Kingdom Earth System Model, UKESM1, to investigate the influence of the winter large-scale circulation on daily concentrations of PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 µm or less) and their sensitivity to emissions over major populated regions of China over the period 1999–2019. We focus on the Yangtze River delta (YRD), where weak flow of cold, dry air from the north and weak inflow of maritime air are particularly conducive to air pollution. These provide favourable conditions for the accumulation of local pollution but limit the transport of air pollutants into the region from the north. Based on the dominant large-scale circulation, we construct a new index using the north–south pressure gradient and apply it to characterise PM2.5 concentrations over the region. We show that this index can effectively distinguish different levels of pollution over YRD and explain changes in PM2.5 sensitivity to emissions from local and surrounding regions. We then project future changes in PM2.5 concentrations using this index and find an increase in PM2.5 concentrations over the region due to climate change that is likely to partially offset the effect of emission control measures in the near-term future. To benefit from future emission reductions, more stringent emission controls are required to offset the effects of climate change.
- Published
- 2023
19. Evaluation of CMIP6 model simulations of PM2.5 and its components over China.
- Author
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Fangxuan Ren, Jintai Lin, Chenghao Xu, Adeniran, Jamiu A., Jingxu Wang, Martin, Randall V., van Donkelaar, Aaron, Hammer, Melanie S., Horowitz, Larry W., Turnock, Steven T., Naga Oshima, Jie Zhang, Bauer, Susanne, Tsigaridis, Kostas, Seland, Øyvind, Nabat, Pierre, Neubauer, David, Strand, Gary, van Noije, Twan, and Le Sager, Philippe
- Subjects
RADIATIVE forcing ,PARTICULATE matter ,AMMONIUM nitrate ,CARBON-black ,SIMULATION methods & models - Abstract
Earth system models (ESMs) participating in the latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) simulate various components of fine particulate matter (PM
2.5 ) as major climate forcers. Yet the model performance for PM2.5 components remains little evaluated due in part to lack of observational data. Here, we evaluate near-surface concentrations of PM2.5 and its five main components over China as simulated by fourteen CMIP6 models, including organic carbon (OC, available in 14 models), black carbon (BC, 14 models), sulfate (14 models), nitrate (4 models), and ammonium (5 models). For this purpose, we collect observational data between 2000 and 2014 from a satellite-based dataset for total PM2.5 and from 2469 measurement records in the literature for PM2.5 components. Seven models output total PM2.5 concentrations, and they all underestimate the observed total PM2.5 over eastern China, with GFDL-ESM4 (–1.5 %) and MPI-ESM-1-2-HAM (–1.1 %) exhibiting the smallest biases averaged over the whole country. The other seven models, for which we recalculate total PM2.5 from the available components output, underestimate the total PM2.5 concentrations, partly because of the missing model representations of nitrate and ammonium. Concentrations of the five individual components are underestimated in almost all models, except that sulfate is overestimated in MPI-ESM-1-2-HAM by 12.6 % and in MRI-ESM2-0 by 24.5 %. The underestimation is the largest for OC (by –71.2 % to –37.8 % across the 14 models) and the smallest for BC (–47.9 % to –12.1 %). The multi-model mean (MMM) reproduces fairly well the observed spatial pattern for OC (R = 0.51), sulfate (R = 0.57), nitrate (R = 0.70) and ammonium (R = 0.75), yet the agreement is poorer for BC (R = 0.39). The varying performances of ESMs on total PM2.5 and its components have important implications for the modeled magnitude and spatial pattern of aerosol radiative forcing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Evaluation of CMIP6 model simulations of PM2.5 and its components over China.
- Author
-
Ren, Fangxuan, Lin, Jintai, Xu, Chenghao, Adeniran, Jamiu A., Wang, Jingxu, Martin, Randall V., Donkelaar, Aaron van, Hammer, Melanie, Horowitz, Larry, Turnock, Steven T., Oshima, Naga, Zhang, Jie, Bauer, Susanne, Tsigaridis, Kostas, Seland, Øyvind, Nabat, Pierre, Neubauer, David, Strand, Gary, Noije, Twan van, and Sager, Philippe Le
- Subjects
RADIATIVE forcing ,PARTICULATE matter ,AMMONIUM nitrate ,CARBON-black ,SIMULATION methods & models - Abstract
Earth system models (ESMs) participating in the latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) simulate various components of fine particulate matter (PM
2.5 ) as major climate forcers. Yet the model performance for PM2.5 components remains little evaluated due in part to lack of observational data. Here, we evaluate near-surface concentrations of PM2.5 and its five main components over China as simulated by fourteen CMIP6 models, including organic carbon (OC, available in 14 models), black carbon (BC, 14 models), sulfate (14 models), nitrate (4 models), and ammonium (5 models). For this purpose, we collect observational data between 2000 and 2014 from a satellite-based dataset for total PM2.5 and from 2469 measurement records in the literature for PM2.5 components. Seven models output total PM2.5 concentrations, and they all underestimate the observed total PM2.5 over eastern China, with GFDL-ESM4 (–1.5 %) and MPI-ESM-1-2-HAM (–1.1 %) exhibiting the smallest biases averaged over the whole country. The other seven models, for which we recalculate total PM2.5 from the available components output, underestimate the total PM2.5 concentrations, partly because of the missing model representations of nitrate and ammonium. Concentrations of the five individual components are underestimated in almost all models, except that sulfate is overestimated in MPI-ESM-1-2-HAM by 12.6 % and in MRI-ESM2-0 by 24.5 %. The underestimation is the largest for OC (by –71.2 % to –37.8 % across the 14 models) and the smallest for BC (–47.9 % to –12.1 %). The multi-model mean (MMM) reproduces fairly well the observed spatial pattern for OC (R = 0.51), sulfate (R = 0.57), nitrate (R = 0.70) and ammonium (R = 0.75), yet the agreement is poorer for BC (R = 0.39). The varying performances of ESMs on total PM2.5 and its components have important implications for the modeled magnitude and spatial pattern of aerosol radiative forcing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Benefits of net-zero policies for future ozone pollution in China.
- Author
-
Liu, Zhenze, Wild, Oliver, Doherty, Ruth M., O'Connor, Fiona M., and Turnock, Steven T.
- Subjects
OZONE ,GLOBAL warming ,OZONE layer ,ATMOSPHERIC methane ,EMISSION control ,DEEP learning ,POLLUTION - Abstract
Net-zero emission policies principally target climate change but may have a profound influence on surface ozone pollution. To investigate this, we use a chemistry–climate model to simulate surface ozone changes in China under a net-zero pathway and examine the different drivers that govern these changes. We find large monthly mean surface ozone decreases of up to 16 ppb in summer and small ozone decreases of 1 ppb in winter. Local emissions are shown to have the largest influence on future ozone changes, outweighing the effects of changes in emissions outside China, changes in global methane concentrations, and a warmer climate. Impacts of local and external emissions show strong seasonality, with the largest contributions to surface ozone in summer, while changes in global methane concentrations have a more uniform effect throughout the year. We find that while a warmer climate has a minor impact on ozone change compared to the net-zero scenario, it will alter the spatial patterns of ozone in China, leading to ozone increases in the south and ozone decreases in the north. We also apply a deep learning model to correct biases in our ozone simulations and to provide a more robust assessment of ozone changes. We find that emission controls may lead to a surface ozone decrease of 5 ppb in summer. The number of days with high-ozone episodes with daily mean ozone greater than 50 ppb will be reduced by 65 % on average. This is smaller than that simulated with the chemistry–climate model, reflecting overestimated ozone formation under present-day conditions. Nevertheless, this assessment clearly shows that the strict emission policies needed to reach net zero will have a major benefit in reducing surface ozone pollution and the occurrence of high-ozone episodes, particularly in high-emission regions in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. High Resolution Simulations of European Air Quality in 2050 Following Different CMIP6 Climate Change Mitigation Pathways
- Author
-
Clayton, Connor J., primary, McQuaid, James B., additional, Marsh, Daniel R., additional, Turnock, Steven T., additional, Graham, Ailish M., additional, Pringle, Kirsty J., additional, and Kumar, Rajesh, additional
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Arctic Tropospheric Ozone Trends
- Author
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Law, Kathy S, primary, Hjorth, Jens Liengaard, additional, Pernov, Jakob Boyd, additional, Whaley, Cynthia, additional, Skov, Henrik, additional, Coen, Martine Collaud, additional, Langner, Joakim, additional, Arnold, Steve Robert, additional, Tarasick, David W, additional, Christensen, Jesper, additional, Deushi, Makoto, additional, Effertz, Peter, additional, Faluvegi, Greg, additional, Gauss, Michael, additional, Im, Ulas, additional, Oshima, Naga, additional, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, additional, Plummer, David, additional, Tsigaridis, Kostas, additional, Tsyro, Svetlana, additional, Solberg, Sverre, additional, and Turnock, Steven T, additional
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Arctic tropospheric ozone: assessment of current knowledge and model performance
- Author
-
Whaley, Cynthia H., primary, Law, Kathy S., additional, Hjorth, Jens Liengaard, additional, Skov, Henrik, additional, Arnold, Stephen R., additional, Langner, Joakim, additional, Pernov, Jakob Boyd, additional, Bergeron, Garance, additional, Bourgeois, Ilann, additional, Christensen, Jesper H., additional, Chien, Rong-You, additional, Deushi, Makoto, additional, Dong, Xinyi, additional, Effertz, Peter, additional, Faluvegi, Gregory, additional, Flanner, Mark, additional, Fu, Joshua S., additional, Gauss, Michael, additional, Huey, Greg, additional, Im, Ulas, additional, Kivi, Rigel, additional, Marelle, Louis, additional, Onishi, Tatsuo, additional, Oshima, Naga, additional, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, additional, Peischl, Jeff, additional, Plummer, David A., additional, Pozzoli, Luca, additional, Raut, Jean-Christophe, additional, Ryerson, Tom, additional, Skeie, Ragnhild, additional, Solberg, Sverre, additional, Thomas, Manu A., additional, Thompson, Chelsea, additional, Tsigaridis, Kostas, additional, Tsyro, Svetlana, additional, Turnock, Steven T., additional, von Salzen, Knut, additional, and Tarasick, David W., additional
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Publisher Correction: Current and future global climate impacts resulting from COVID-19
- Author
-
Forster, Piers M., Forster, Harriet I., Evans, Mat J., Gidden, Matthew J., Jones, Chris D., Keller, Christoph A., Lamboll, Robin D., Quéré, Corinne Le, Rogelj, Joeri, Rosen, Deborah, Schleussner, Carl-Friedrich, Richardson, Thomas B., Smith, Christopher J., and Turnock, Steven T.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Modulation of daily PM2.5 concentrations over China in winter by large-scale circulation and climate change
- Author
-
Jia, Zixuan, primary, Ordóñez, Carlos, additional, Doherty, Ruth M., additional, Wild, Oliver, additional, Turnock, Steven T., additional, and O’Connor, Fiona M., additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Supplementary material to "Modulation of daily PM2.5 concentrations over China in winter by large-scale circulation and climate change"
- Author
-
Jia, Zixuan, primary, Ordóñez, Carlos, additional, Doherty, Ruth M., additional, Wild, Oliver, additional, Turnock, Steven T., additional, and O’Connor, Fiona M., additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Correcting ozone biases in a global chemistry–climate model: implications for future ozone
- Author
-
Liu, Zhenze, primary, Doherty, Ruth M., additional, Wild, Oliver, additional, O'Connor, Fiona M., additional, and Turnock, Steven T., additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. The Future Climate and Air Quality Response From Different Near‐Term Climate Forcer, Climate, and Land‐Use Scenarios Using UKESM1
- Author
-
Turnock, Steven T., primary, Allen, Robert, additional, Archibald, Alex T., additional, Dalvi, Mohit, additional, Folberth, Gerd, additional, Griffiths, Paul T., additional, Keeble, James, additional, Robertson, Eddy, additional, and O’Connor, Fiona M., additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Regional Features of Long-Term Exposure to PM 2.5 Air Quality over Asia under SSP Scenarios Based on CMIP6 Models
- Author
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Shim, Sungbo, Sung, Hyunmin, Kwon, Sanghoon, Kim, Jisun, Lee, Jaehee, Sun, Minah, Song, Jaeyoung, Ha, Jongchul, Byun, Younghwa, Kim, Yeonhee, Turnock, Steven T., Stevenson, David S., Allen, Robert J., O’Connor, Fiona M., Teixeira, Joao C., Williams, Jonny, Johnson, Ben, Keeble, James, Mulcahy, Jane, Zeng, Guang, Shim, Sungbo [0000-0002-3533-5818], Sung, Hyunmin [0000-0003-3120-7912], Kwon, Sanghoon [0000-0002-9121-3954], Sun, Minah [0000-0001-9722-3654], Song, Jaeyoung [0000-0002-9554-9252], Byun, Younghwa [0000-0002-6074-4461], Turnock, Steven T. [0000-0002-0036-4627], Allen, Robert J. [0000-0003-1616-9719], O’Connor, Fiona M. [0000-0003-2893-4828], Teixeira, Joao C. [0000-0001-7134-5653], Keeble, James [0000-0003-2714-1084], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
- Subjects
Asia ,climate changes ,air quality index ,PM2.5 ,SSP scenarios ,CMIP6 - Abstract
This study investigates changes in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration and air-quality index (AQI) in Asia using nine different Coupled Model Inter-Comparison Project 6 (CMIP6) climate model ensembles from historical and future scenarios under shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs). The results indicated that the estimated present-day PM2.5 concentrations were comparable to satellite-derived data. Overall, the PM2.5 concentrations of the analyzed regions exceeded the WHO air-quality guidelines, particularly in East Asia and South Asia. In future SSP scenarios that consider the implementation of significant air-quality controls (SSP1-2.6, SSP5-8.5) and medium air-quality controls (SSP2-4.5), the annual PM2.5 levels were predicted to substantially reduce (by 46% to around 66% of the present-day levels) in East Asia, resulting in a significant improvement in the AQI values in the mid-future. Conversely, weak air pollution controls considered in the SSP3-7.0 scenario resulted in poor AQI values in China and India. Moreover, a predicted increase in the percentage of aged populations (>65 years) in these regions, coupled with high AQI values, may increase the risk of premature deaths in the future. This study also examined the regional impact of PM2.5 mitigations on downward shortwave energy and surface air temperature. Our results revealed that, although significant air pollution controls can reduce long-term exposure to PM2.5, it may also contribute to the warming of near- and mid-future climates.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. The Future Climate and Air Quality Response From Different Near-Term Climate Forcer, Climate, and Land-Use Scenarios Using UKESM1
- Author
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Turnock, Steven T., Allen, Robert, Archibald, Alex T., Dalvi, Mohit, Folberth, Gerd, Griffiths, Paul T., Keeble, James, Robertson, Eddy, O’Connor, Fiona M., Turnock, Steven T., Allen, Robert, Archibald, Alex T., Dalvi, Mohit, Folberth, Gerd, Griffiths, Paul T., Keeble, James, Robertson, Eddy, and O’Connor, Fiona M.
- Abstract
Near-term climate forcers (NTCFs) can influence climate via interaction with the Earth's radiative balance and include both aerosols and trace gas constituents of the atmosphere (such as methane and ozone). Two of the principal NTCFs, aerosols (particulate matter) and tropospheric ozone (O3), can also affect local air quality when present in the lower levels of the atmosphere. Previous studies have shown that mitigation of NTCFs has the potential to improve air quality and reduce the rate of surface warming induced by long-lived greenhouse gases. Here, we assess the combined air quality and climate impacts from changes in NTCFs under numerous different future mitigation scenarios, relative to a future reference scenario, that were conducted by a single Earth system model (UKESM1) as part of the Aerosol and Chemistry Model Intercomparison Project (AerChemMIP). Co-benefits to both global air quality and climate are only achieved in the future scenario with strong mitigation measures applied to all NTCFs, particularly aerosols and methane, with penalties identified for inaction. When compared to the combined NTCF mitigation scenario, analysis of individual mitigation scenarios shows that there are important non-linearities and interactions between NTCFs (e.g., aerosols and clouds). If only aerosol components are mitigated, there are still benefits to air quality but detrimental impacts on climate, particularly at the regional scale. In addition, other changes in future land-use and climate could have important impacts on regional NTCFs, which should be considered when designing future mitigation measures to anthropogenic emissions.
- Published
- 2022
32. Benefits of Net Zero policies for future ozone pollution in China.
- Author
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Zhenze Liu, Wild, Oliver, Doherty, Ruth M., O’Connor, Fiona M., and Turnock, Steven T.
- Abstract
Net Zero emission policies principally target climate change, but may have a profound influence on surface ozone pollution. To investigate this, we use a chemistry-climate model to simulate surface ozone changes in China under a Net Zero pathway, and examine the different drivers that govern these changes. We find large monthly mean surface ozone decreases of up to 16 ppb in summer and small ozone decreases of 1 ppb in winter. Local emissions are shown to have the largest influence on future ozone changes, outweighing the effects of changes in emissions outside China, changes in global methane concentrations and a warmer climate. Impacts of local and external emissions show strong seasonality, with the largest contributions to surface ozone in summer, while changes in global methane concentrations have a more uniform effect throughout the year. We find that while a warmer climate has a minor impact on ozone change compared to the Net Zero scenario, it will alter the spatial patterns of ozone in China, leading to ozone increases in the south and ozone decreases in the north. We also apply a deep learning model to correct biases in our ozone simulations, and to provide a more robust assessment of ozone changes. We find that emission controls may lead to a surface ozone decrease of 5 ppb in summer. This is smaller than that simulated with the chemistry-climate model, reflecting overestimated ozone formation under present-day conditions. Nevertheless, this assessment clearly shows that the strict emission policies needed to reach Net Zero will have a major benefit in reducing surface ozone pollution and the occurrence of high ozone episodes, particularly in high-emission regions in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. The contribution of emission sources to the future air pollution disease burden in China
- Author
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Conibear, Luke, primary, Reddington, Carly L, additional, Silver, Ben J, additional, Arnold, Stephen R, additional, Turnock, Steven T, additional, Klimont, Zbigniew, additional, and Spracklen, Dominick V, additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Arctic tropospheric ozone: assessment of current knowledge and model performance
- Author
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Whaley, Cynthia H., primary, Law, Kathy S., additional, Hjorth, Jens Liengaard, additional, Skov, Henrik, additional, Arnold, Stephen R., additional, Langner, Joakim, additional, Pernov, Jakob Boyd, additional, Chien, Rong-You, additional, Christensen, Jesper H., additional, Deushi, Makoto, additional, Dong, Xinyi, additional, Faluvegi, Gregory, additional, Flanner, Mark, additional, Fu, Joshua S., additional, Gauss, Michael, additional, Im, Ulas, additional, Marelle, Louis, additional, Onishi, Tatsuo, additional, Oshima, Naga, additional, Plummer, David A., additional, Pozzoli, Luca, additional, Raut, Jean-Christophe, additional, Skeie, Ragnhild, additional, Thomas, Manu A., additional, Tsigaridis, Kostas, additional, Tsyro, Svetlana, additional, Turnock, Steven T., additional, von Salzen, Knut, additional, and Tarasick, David W., additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Supplementary material to "Arctic tropospheric ozone: assessment of current knowledge and model performance"
- Author
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Whaley, Cynthia H., primary, Law, Kathy S., additional, Hjorth, Jens Liengaard, additional, Skov, Henrik, additional, Arnold, Stephen R., additional, Langner, Joakim, additional, Pernov, Jakob Boyd, additional, Chien, Rong-You, additional, Christensen, Jesper H., additional, Deushi, Makoto, additional, Dong, Xinyi, additional, Faluvegi, Gregory, additional, Flanner, Mark, additional, Fu, Joshua S., additional, Gauss, Michael, additional, Im, Ulas, additional, Marelle, Louis, additional, Onishi, Tatsuo, additional, Oshima, Naga, additional, Plummer, David A., additional, Pozzoli, Luca, additional, Raut, Jean-Christophe, additional, Skeie, Ragnhild, additional, Thomas, Manu A., additional, Tsigaridis, Kostas, additional, Tsyro, Svetlana, additional, Turnock, Steven T., additional, von Salzen, Knut, additional, and Tarasick, David W., additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Arctic tropospheric ozone : integratedobservations, modelling, and analysis
- Author
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Whaley, Cynthia H., Law, Kathy S., Jens Liengaard Hjorth, Henrik Skov, Arnold, Stephen R., Joakim Langner, Jakob Boyd Pernov, Rong-You Chien, Christensen, Jesper H., Makoto Deushi, Xinyi Dong, Gregory Faluvegi, Mark Flanner, Fu, Joshua S., Michael Gauss, Ulas Im, Louis Marelle, Tatsuo Onishi, Naga Oshima, Plummer, David A., Luca Pozzoli, Jean-Christophe Raut, Ragnhild Skeie, Thomas, Manu A., Kostas Tsigaridis, Svetlana Tsyro, Turnock, Steven T., Knut von Salzen, Tarasick, David W., and Cardon, Catherine
- Subjects
[SDU.OCEAN] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere ,[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph] - Published
- 2022
37. Evaluation of SO2, SO42− and an updated SO2 dry deposition parameterization in UKESM1
- Author
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Hardacre, Catherine, Mulcahy, Jane P., Pope, Richard J., Jones, Colin G., Rumbold, Steven T., Li, Can, Johnson, Colin, and Turnock, Steven T.
- Abstract
In this study we evaluate simulated surface SO2 and sulfate (SO42-) concentrations from the United Kingdom Earth System Model (UKESM1) against observations from ground-based measurement networks in the USA and Europe for the period 1987–2014. We find that UKESM1 captures the historical trend for decreasing concentrations of atmospheric SO2 and SO42- in both Europe and the USA over the period 1987–2014. However, in the polluted regions of the eastern USA and Europe, UKESM1 over-predicts surface SO2 concentrations by a factor of 3 while under-predicting surface SO42- concentrations by 25 %–35 %. In the cleaner western USA, the model over-predicts both surface SO2 and SO42- concentrations by factors of 12 and 1.5 respectively. We find that UKESM1’s bias in surface SO2 and SO42- concentrations is variable according to region and season. We also evaluate UKESM1 against total column SO2 from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) using an updated data product. This comparison provides information about the model's global performance, finding that UKESM1 over-predicts total column SO2 over much of the globe, including the large source regions of India, China, the USA, and Europe as well as over outflow regions. Finally, we assess the impact of a more realistic treatment of the model's SO2 dry deposition parameterization. This change increases SO2 dry deposition to the land and ocean surfaces, thus reducing the atmospheric loading of SO2 and SO42-. In comparison with the ground-based and satellite observations, we find that the modified parameterization reduces the model's over-prediction of surface SO2 concentrations and total column SO2. Relative to the ground-based observations, the simulated surface SO42- concentrations are also reduced, while the simulated SO2 dry deposition fluxes increase.\ud
- Published
- 2021
38. Tropospheric ozone changes and ozone sensitivity from the present day to the future under shared socio-economic pathways
- Author
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Liu, Zhenze, primary, Doherty, Ruth M., additional, Wild, Oliver, additional, O'Connor, Fiona M., additional, and Turnock, Steven T., additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. The role of anthropogenic aerosols in the anomalous cooling from 1960 to 1990 in the CMIP6 Earth system models
- Author
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Zhang, Jie, primary, Furtado, Kalli, additional, Turnock, Steven T., additional, Mulcahy, Jane P., additional, Wilcox, Laura J., additional, Booth, Ben B., additional, Sexton, David, additional, Wu, Tongwen, additional, Zhang, Fang, additional, and Liu, Qianxia, additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Evaluation of SO<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> and an updated SO<sub>2</sub> dry deposition parameterization in the United Kingdom Earth System Model
- Author
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Hardacre, Catherine, primary, Mulcahy, Jane P., additional, Pope, Richard J., additional, Jones, Colin G., additional, Rumbold, Steven T., additional, Li, Can, additional, Johnson, Colin, additional, and Turnock, Steven T., additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Competing effects of aerosol reductions and circulation changes for\ud future improvements in Beijing haze
- Author
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Guo, Liang, Wilcox, Laura J., Bollasina, Bollasina, Turnock, Steven T., Lund, Marianne T., and Zhang, Lixia
- Subjects
genetic structures ,sense organs ,eye diseases - Abstract
Despite local emission reductions, severe haze events remain a serious issue in Beijing. Previous studies have suggested that both greenhouse gas increases and aerosol decreases are likely to increase the frequency of weather patterns conducive to haze events. However, the combined effect of atmospheric circulation changes and aerosol and precursor emission changes on Beijing haze remains unclear.\ud \ud We use the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) to explore the effects of aerosol and greenhouse gas emission changes on both haze weather and Beijing haze itself. We confirm that the occurrence of haze weather patterns is likely to increase in future under all SSPs, and show that even though aerosol reductions play a small role, greenhouse gas increases are the main driver, especially during the second half of the 21st century. However, the severity of the haze events decreases on decadal timescales by as much as $70\%$ by 2100. The main influence on the haze itself is the reductions in local aerosol emissions, which outweigh the effects of changes in atmospheric circulation patterns. This demonstrates that aerosol reductions are beneficial, despite their influence on the circulation.
- Published
- 2021
42. Tropospheric ozone in CMIP6 Simulations
- Author
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Griffiths, Paul T, Murray, Lee T, Zeng, Guang, Archibald, Alexander T, Emmons, Louisa K, Galbally, Ian, Hassler, Birgit, Horowitz, Larry W, Keeble, James, Liu, Jane, Moeini, Omid, Naik, Vaishali, O'Connor, Fiona M, Shin, Youngsub Matthew, Tarasick, David, Tilmes, Simone, Turnock, Steven T, Wild, Oliver, Young, Paul J, Zanis, Prodromos, Griffiths, Paul T [0000-0002-1089-340X], Murray, Lee T [0000-0002-3447-3952], Zeng, Guang [0000-0002-9356-5021], Archibald, Alexander T [0000-0001-9302-4180], Emmons, Louisa K [0000-0003-2325-6212], Galbally, Ian [0000-0003-2383-1360], Hassler, Birgit [0000-0003-2724-709X], Liu, Jane [0000-0001-7760-2788], Tilmes, Simone [0000-0002-6557-3569], Turnock, Steven T [0000-0002-0036-4627], Wild, Oliver [0000-0002-6227-7035], Young, Paul J [0000-0002-5608-8887], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
- Subjects
13 Climate Action ,3701 Atmospheric Sciences ,37 Earth Sciences - Abstract
The evolution of tropospheric ozone from 1850 to 2100 has been studied using data from Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). We evaluate long-term changes using coupled atmosphere-ocean chemistry-climate models, focusing on the CMIP historical and ScenarioMIP ssp370 experiments, for which detailed tropospheric ozone diagnostics were archived. The model ensemble has been evaluated against a suite of surface, sonde, and satellite observations of the past several decades, and found to reproduce well the salient spatial, seasonal and decadal variability and trends. The tropospheric ozone burden increases from 244 ± 30 Tg in 1850 to a mean value of 348 ± 15 Tg for the period 2005–2014, an increase of 40 %. Modelled present day values agree well with previous determinations (ACCENT: 336 ± 27 Tg; ACCMIP: 337 ± 23 Tg and TOAR: 340 ± 34 Tg). In the ssp370 experiments, the ozone burden reaches a maximum of 402 ± 36 Tg in 2090, before declining slightly to 396 ± 32 Tg by 2100. The ozone budget has been examined over the same period using lumped ozone production (PO3) and loss (LO3) diagnostics. There are large differences (30 %) between models in the preindustrial period, with the difference narrowing to 15 % in the present day. Both ozone production and chemical loss terms increase steadily over the period 1850 to 2100, with net chemical production (PO3-LO3) reaching a maximum around the year 2000. The residual term, which contains contributions from stratosphere-troposphere transport reaches a minimum around the same time, while dry deposition increases steadily across the experiment. Differences between the model residual terms are explained in terms of variation in tropopause height and stratospheric ozone burden.
- Published
- 2020
43. Exploring the sensitivity of atmospheric nitrate concentrations to nitric acid uptake rate using the Met Office's Unified Model
- Author
-
Jones, Anthony C., primary, Hill, Adrian, additional, Remy, Samuel, additional, Abraham, N. Luke, additional, Dalvi, Mohit, additional, Hardacre, Catherine, additional, Hewitt, Alan J., additional, Johnson, Ben, additional, Mulcahy, Jane P., additional, and Turnock, Steven T., additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Competing effects of aerosol reductions and circulation changes for future improvements in Beijing haze
- Author
-
Guo, Liang, primary, Wilcox, Laura J., additional, Bollasina, Massimo, additional, Turnock, Steven T., additional, Lund, Marianne T., additional, and Zhang, Lixia, additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Modulation of daily PM2.5 concentrations over China in winter by large-scale circulation and climate change.
- Author
-
Zixuan Jia, Ordóñez, Carlos, Doherty, Ruth M., Wild, Oliver, Turnock, Steven T., and O'Connor, Fiona M.
- Abstract
We use the United Kingdom Earth System Model, UKESM1, to investigate the influence of the winter large-scale circulation on daily concentrations of PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm or less) and their sensitivity to emissions over major populated regions of China over the period 1999--2019. We focus on the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), where weak flow of cold, dry air from the north and weak inflow of maritime air are particularly conducive to air pollution. These provide favourable conditions for the accumulation of local pollution but limit the transport of air pollutants into the region from the north. Based on the dominant large-scale circulation, we construct a new index using the north-south pressure gradient and apply it to characterize PM2.5 concentrations over the region. We show that this index can effectively distinguish different levels of pollution over YRD and explain changes in PM2.5 sensitivity to emissions from local and surrounding regions. We then project future changes in PM2.5 concentrations using this index and find an increase in PM2.5 concentrations over the region due to climate change that is likely to partially offset the effect of emission control measures in the near-term future. To benefit from future emission reductions, more stringent emission controls are required to offset the effects of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Tropospheric ozone changes and ozone sensitivity from present-day to future under shared socio-economic pathways
- Author
-
Liu, Zhenze, primary, Doherty, Ruth M., additional, Wild, Oliver, additional, O’Connor, Fiona M., additional, and Turnock, Steven T., additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Investigations on the anthropogenic reversal of the natural ozone gradient between northern and southern midlatitudes
- Author
-
Parrish, David D., primary, Derwent, Richard G., additional, Turnock, Steven T., additional, O'Connor, Fiona M., additional, Staehelin, Johannes, additional, Bauer, Susanne E., additional, Deushi, Makoto, additional, Oshima, Naga, additional, Tsigaridis, Kostas, additional, Wu, Tongwen, additional, and Zhang, Jie, additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Regional Features of Long-Term Exposure to PM2.5 Air Quality over Asia under SSP Scenarios Based on CMIP6 Models
- Author
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Shim, Sungbo, primary, Sung, Hyunmin, additional, Kwon, Sanghoon, additional, Kim, Jisun, additional, Lee, Jaehee, additional, Sun, Minah, additional, Song, Jaeyoung, additional, Ha, Jongchul, additional, Byun, Younghwa, additional, Kim, Yeonhee, additional, Turnock, Steven T., additional, Stevenson, David S., additional, Allen, Robert J., additional, O’Connor, Fiona M., additional, Teixeira, Joao C., additional, Williams, Jonny, additional, Johnson, Ben, additional, Keeble, James, additional, Mulcahy, Jane, additional, and Zeng, Guang, additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Supplementary material to "Exploring the sensitivity of atmospheric nitrate concentrations to nitric acid uptake rate using the Met Office's Unified Model"
- Author
-
Jones, Anthony C., primary, Hill, Adrian, additional, Remy, Samuel, additional, Abraham, N. Luke, additional, Dalvi, Mohit, additional, Hardacre, Catherine, additional, Hewitt, Alan J., additional, Johnson, Ben, additional, Mulcahy, Jane P., additional, and Turnock, Steven T., additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Regional features of long-term exposure to PM2.5 air quality over Asia under ssp scenarios based on CMIP6 models
- Author
-
Shim, Sungbo, Sung, Hyunmin, Kwon, Sanghoon, Kim, Jisun, Lee, Jaehee, Sun, Minah, Song, Jaeyoung, Ha, Jongchul, Byun, Younghwa, Kim, Yeonhee, Turnock, Steven T., Stevenson, David S., Allen, Robert J., O’connor, Fiona M., Teixeira, Joao C., Williams, Jonny, Johnson, Ben, Keeble, James, Mulcahy, Jane, Zeng, Guang, Shim, Sungbo, Sung, Hyunmin, Kwon, Sanghoon, Kim, Jisun, Lee, Jaehee, Sun, Minah, Song, Jaeyoung, Ha, Jongchul, Byun, Younghwa, Kim, Yeonhee, Turnock, Steven T., Stevenson, David S., Allen, Robert J., O’connor, Fiona M., Teixeira, Joao C., Williams, Jonny, Johnson, Ben, Keeble, James, Mulcahy, Jane, and Zeng, Guang
- Abstract
This study investigates changes in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration and air-quality index (AQI) in Asia using nine different Coupled Model Inter-Comparison Project 6 (CMIP6) climate model ensembles from historical and future scenarios under shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs). The results indicated that the estimated present-day PM2.5 concentrations were comparable to satellite-derived data. Overall, the PM2.5 concentrations of the analyzed regions exceeded the WHO air-quality guidelines, particularly in East Asia and South Asia. In future SSP scenarios that consider the implementation of significant air-quality controls (SSP1-2.6, SSP5-8.5) and medium air-quality controls (SSP2-4.5), the annual PM2.5 levels were predicted to substantially reduce (by 46% to around 66% of the present-day levels) in East Asia, resulting in a significant improvement in the AQI values in the mid-future. Conversely, weak air pollution controls considered in the SSP3-7.0 scenario resulted in poor AQI values in China and India. Moreover, a predicted increase in the percentage of aged populations (>65 years) in these regions, coupled with high AQI values, may increase the risk of premature deaths in the future. This study also examined the regional impact of PM2.5 mitigations on downward shortwave energy and surface air temperature. Our results revealed that, although significant air pollution controls can reduce long-term exposure to PM2.5, it may also contribute to the warming of near-and mid-future climates.
- Published
- 2021
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