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This article responds to recent media coverage and legislative action regarding transgender athletes. For every step forward that organizations like the National Collegiate Athletic Association take to improve the wellbeing of transgender athletes, they are met with increasingly vehement objections. Often, these objections take the form of hurtful comments about the bodies, sexuality, and personality of individual athletes. Recently, several state legislatures have enacted "fairness" laws that categorically exclude transgender athletes from female programs. This article considers the relationship between two significant harms perpetuated by sex segregation in athletics: the relegation of female athletes to a second-tier status that caps their potential, and the trauma gender minority athletes experience while trying to fit into a heteronormative structure. Using Equal Protection doctrine, Title VII, and Title IX, the article argues against rigid sex and gender classifications in favor of individualized assessment of merit. The overall goal of the article is to advocate for a system of school athletics defined by inclusion rather than exclusion in which every athlete can find their ideal competitive fit and maximize their athletic excellence, a result that will strengthen the quality of American sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To purchase or authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9787.2008.00589.x Byline: Tracy M. Turner (1), Marc T. Smith (2) Abstract: ABSTRACT. This paper examines the extent to which populations experiencing low homeownership rates in the U.S. also experience high homeownership exit rates. We determine whether low-income Hispanic and black households that achieve homeownership are as likely as white and high-income households to sustain it. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics spanning the years 1970-2005, we find that low-income homeowners consistently have higher homeownership exit rates, Hispanic households have higher raw exit rates prior to but not subsequent to 1997, and a black/white sustainability gap appears to arise post-1997. Author Affiliation: (1)Department of Economics, Kansas State University, 327 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506-4001. E-mail:turner@ksu.edu (2)Department of Finance and Director, Institute of Housing Studies, DePaul University Article History: Received: April 2005; revised: December 2007, May 2008; accepted: June 2008.

Households assume substantial house-price risk when purchasing a home. This article investigates the effect of such risk on families' housing decisions. Using a repeat cross-section of household data from the American Housing Survey spanning a 10-year period and measures of expected return and time-varying risk, I find that families are less likely to own and housing demand is reduced during episodes of relatively high, anticipated house-price volatility. The impact is greater on low- and moderate-income families and first-time homeowners than other groups. The results hold implications for policies designed to assist homeowners in lessening the risk they bear. (JEL R21, D12, D84), I. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this article is to investigate the effect of heightened price volatility in housing markets on homeownership and housing demand. The literature on housing markets has [...]

The state of Kansas made dramatic changes to the structure of its personal income tax by eliminating taxation of business income and lowering marginal tax rates on other personal income sources. Proponents of the legislation maintain that the tax reductions will stimulate employment growth. Using a difference-in-differences approach, we estimate the impact of the tax changes on private-sector employment in the state of Kansas, relative to its border states, using data on the number of establishment employees and proprietors. We apply multistate county fixed effect model and county-border matching approaches to identify tax effects. Our findings indicate that two years post enactment, the tax law changes have not yielded a net increase in private-sector employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many areas in China experienced steeply rising house prices beginning in 2003. We test whether a change in local residency requirements may have played a role in driving up house prices in some places by tying access to Chinese universities to local homeownership status in the presence of a rising college premium. We generate a novel dataset that combines China housing market and neighborhood data with household and university admission data. We find evidence of capitalization effects and a sizable increase in the likelihood of homeownership postpolicy change in places with the greatest preferential access to China's elite universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]