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Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a major impact on nursing staff, resulting in alarming turnover rates. As part of the Quebec (Canada) government's response to the pandemic, nurses have been offered exceptional financial incentives. Considering the cost of these measures, the current article presents the research protocol of a study aiming to explore the impact of financial incentives on full-time equivalent, and retention rates among the nursing staff in two healthcare settings in Quebec., Methods and Analysis: A sequential mixed design (QUANT→QUAL) will be used. The quantitative phase will involve a quantitative descriptive analysis and the qualitative phase will consist of a qualitative descriptive study. Administrative data (working hours, employment status and retention rate) will be analysed over a 4.5-year follow-up (from 1 January 2019 to 30 June 2023) to explore the impact of the financial incentives. Focus groups will explore nurses' views on financial incentives. The results will inform the development of future interventions to mitigate attrition problems among nurses and ultimately improve access to and the continuity of public health services., Ethics and Dissemination: The study has been approved by ethics committees of the participating healthcare settings (Comité d'éthique de la recherche sectorial en santé des populations et première ligne du CIUSSS de la Capitale-Nationale; Comité d'éthique de la recherche du CISSS de Chaudière-Appalaches). The results will be disseminated mainly in scientific publications and at academic conferences in addition to presentations tailored to various non-academic audiences., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Purpose: Three subtypes of fecal incontinence (FI) are described in the literature: urge, mixed and passive FI, but the relevance of this classification remains unknown. To our knowledge, no questionnaire has been validated in a general population of patients with FI to classify patients between the different subtypes of FI. The aim of the present study was to validate the Fecal Incontinence Subtype Assessment (FI-SA) questionnaire in a general population of patients with FI., Methods: All consecutive patients referred to our unit for physiological investigations of anorectal function in case of FI were included. A feasibility study was done to assess the acceptability, understanding, and the reproducibility of the FI-SA questionnaire. Its performance to correctly classify patients between subtypes of FI was evaluated in both a feasibility study and in a validation study, using clinical interview as gold standard., Results: The FI-SA questionnaire was found to be well accepted and easily understood by patients. Moreover, it was filled rapidly by patients, with a good reproducibility with an intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.97 and 0.87 for questions 1 and 2. Lastly, the accuracy of the FI-SA questionnaire to predict subtypes of FI was 93.3 % in the feasibility study (n = 30) and 81.1 % in the validation study (n = 100), in comparison with clinical interview as gold standard., Conclusion: The FI-SA questionnaire could be used in the future to help standardize the methodology used among studies to evaluate the classification of patients in different subtypes of FI and ultimately to guide therapeutics., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)

Study Design: Retrospective cohort study., Objective: Bowel and anorectal dysfunctions are common in patients with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). The use of validated questionnaires is recommended in the initial assessment and patient's follow-up. The Neurogenic Bowel Dysfunction (NBD) score is the most used questionnaire but has been developed in spinal cord injured patients and has never been validated in other neurological diseases. We aimed to assess NBD's relevance in pwMS., Settings: Monocentric study in a tertiary neuro-urology department., Methods: A retrospective study in pwMS consulting for the first time in our department, that fulfilled the NBD questionnaire between 2010 and 2021 was performed. Qualitative and quantitative answers for each question were analyzed. Content validity and internal consistency were evaluated., Results: One hundred thirty-five pwMS (mean age 47.1, 58% of women) fulfilled the NBD questionnaire. Mean NBD score was 6.0 (SD 6.1) and 75% of patients had a score <9. Content validity analysis revealed 4 items not appropriate, 1 item with irrelevant calibration, and omission of some treatment widely used in pwMS. Internal consistency was appreciated with Cronbach's alpha = 0.48 IC 95% [0.31; 0.6]., Conclusion: NBD questionnaire lacks content validity and presents a weak internal consistency in pwMS. A specific questionnaire is therefore required in pwMS to optimize bowel management and follow-up., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to International Spinal Cord Society.)

Aim: To evaluate the impact of female perineal anatomy knowledge on the success of a first learning of intermittent self-catheterization (ISC)., Methods: Thirty subjects benefited from educational diagnosis, training and follow-up during 2 visits in a neuro-urology department. Three knowledge anatomical tests were carried out: a freehand drawing, then a diagram to be annotated and a self-location of the following 6 structures (labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, urethral meatus, vaginal orifice, anus) as well as a physiological knowledge test. A correction was made after annotating the diagram to perfect the learning process before performing the procedure., Results: Of the women studied, 83.3% had a neurological pathology and 77.7% had a gyneco-obstetrical history. Half of them had undergone perineal rehabilitation. Our study shows a lack of knowledge of the perineum prior to learning self-catheterization: 43.3% thought they knew it partially and 46.7% reported that they did not know it. Fifty-three percent of the subjects did not indicate the urethral meatus and 43.3% did not annotate the vaginal orifice on the diagram. Difficulties in anatomical transposition were observed: the urethral meatus was self-located in only 43.3% of subjects and 30% did not locate the vaginal orifice. Previous perineal rehabilitation was not benefical in the self-recognition of anatomical structures. However, all the patients, including those who did not initially locate the urethral meatus, acquired the technique of ISC., Conclusion: Intial perineal anatomy ignorance in women was frequent but was not an obstacle to learning ISC., Level of Proof: 4., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: This study aimed to empirically validate a French version of the Neurogenic Bladder Symptoms Score-Short From (NBSS-SF), a psychometric multidimensional tool to assess lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) for patients with a neurological condition., Methods: One hundred and five participants with multiple sclerosis or spinal cord injury prospectively completed the questionnaire at baseline and 7-14 days later. The α coefficient of Cronbach (internal consistency) and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) (test-retest reliability) were calculated., Results: The internal consistency for the overall questionnaire was high (Cronbach's α coefficients from 0.79), while coefficients for each subscale were variable (urinary incontinence 0.91; storage and voiding 0.69; consequences 0.25). For test-retest reliability, 88/105 (84%) patients filled and sent back their questionnaire 10 days (±3.6 days) after baseline version. ICC was 0.90 for the total score and was 0.73 for the urinary incontinence subdomain, 0.79 for storage and voiding, and 0.75 for consequences., Conclusions: The psychometric qualities of the French version of the NBSS-SF are well-supported, thus providing a valid tool to measure bladder symptoms across three different domains in patients with neurogenic bladder.

Background: Clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) is the reference treatment of urinary retention in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). Predicting which patients could use this treatment, based on their motor and cognitive abilities, is crucial., Objectives: To determine whether the Functional Independence Measure (FIM), used to assess degree of disability, can predict the outcome of CIC training in pwMS., Methods: All pwMS attending a tertiary neuro-urology department between 2011 and 2019 and eligible for CIC were included in this retrospective study. Level of disability was assessed with the FIM by an occupational therapist. Success for learning CIC, defined as the ability to perform at least 2 trials of the technique, was recorded at the end of the session by a continence nurse and a physiatrist. The association between the FIM and success for learning CIC was assessed by multivariable analysis., Results: We included 395 patients (mean [SD] age 49.8 [12.0] years; 70% women). More than half of patients had relapsing-remitting disease, and the Expanded Disability Status Scale score was≥6. Mean FIM total, motor and cognitive scores were 108.0 (14.2), 75.9 (12.3) and 32.1 (3.7), respectively (maximal scores: 126, 91 and 35). At the end of the session, 87% of patients were successful in learning CIC. After adjustment of potential confounding variables including age, sex, obesity and EDSS score, FIM total, motor and cognitive subscores were significantly associated with success (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] 1.06 [1.03-1.08], 1.05 [1.03-1.08], 1.21 [1.12-1.32], respectively)., Conclusions: FIM was an independent predictor of successful CIC training in pwMS. A 1-point increase in FIM was associated with 6% increased odds of successfully mastering the CIC technique. A widespread use of the FIM could help determine the different cognitive and/or motor objectives that need to be improved before CIC teaching., (Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)

Background: Neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD) is frequent in multiple sclerosis (MS) and renal prognosis is a key point of bladder management., Objective: To assess upper urinary tract damage risk using voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) in patients with (PwMS) and NLUTD., Methods: We conducted a retrospective study between 2010 and 2020. Demographic data, urinary symptoms, urinary tract infection (UTI), renal ultrasounds findings, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), VCUG data, and urodynamic parameters were collected in PwMS with NLUTD., Results: Among 325 PwMS included, 67% were female, mean age was 51.6 ± 12.0 years, and mean EDSS 4.6 ± 1.8. VCUG showed vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in 18 patients. A link was found between VUR and progressive MS course (p = 0.04), hydronephrosis (odds ratio [OR] = 17.44; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.46-87.87; p = 0.001), low GFR (p < 0.001), and detrusor overactivity (p = 0.04). No association with UTIs, EDSS, detrusor sphincter dyssynergia, were elicited. On multivariate analysis, alteration of GFR was independently related to the presence of VUR (OR = 0.95; 95% CI = 0.92-0.98)., Conclusions: VUR elicited on VCUG is associated with lower GFR and hydronephrosis. However, due to the low prevalence (5.5%) of this abnormality in PwMS, VCUG should be performed in selected cases and not in routinary practice., (© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Purpose: The current health crisis has drastically impacted patient management in many fields, including neuro-urology, leading to a mandatory reorganization. The aim of this work was to establish guidelines regarding the prioritization and optimal timing of each step of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction management., Methods: A steering committee included urologists and physical medicine and rehabilitation practitioners. Based on a literature review and their own expertise, they established a comprehensive risk-situation list and built a risk scale, allowing multiple other experts to score each clinical situation. New recommendations were generated using a Delphi process approach., Results: Forty-nine experts participated in the rating group. Among the 206 initial items, 163 were selected and divided into four domains, diagnosis and assessment, treatment, follow-up, and complications, and two sub-domains, general (applicable for all neurological conditions) and condition-specific [varying according to the neurological condition (spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, brain injury, Parkinsonism, dysraphism, lower motor neuron lesions)]. The resulted guidelines are expert opinions established by a panel of French-speaking specialists, which could limit the scalability of this work., Conclusions: The present multidisciplinary collaborative work generates recommendations which complement existing guidelines and help clinicians to reorganize their patients' list in the long term with a personalized medicine approach, in the context of health crisis or not., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Objective: To analyze and quantify sacral spinal excitability through bulbocavernosus reflex (BCR) stimulus-response curves., Methods: Thirty subjects with upper motor neuron lesions (UMN) and nine controls were included in this prospective, monocentric study. Sacral spinal excitability was assessed using stimulus-response curves of the BCR, modeled at different bladder filling volumes relative to the desire to void (as defined by the International Continence Society) during a cystometry. Variations in α (i.e. the slope of the stimulus-response curve) were considered as an indicator of the modulation of sacral spinal excitability., Results: In all subjects, α increased during bladder filling suggesting the modulation of spinal sacral excitability during the filling phase. This increase was over 30% in 96.7% of neurological subjects and 88.9% of controls. The increase was higher before the first sensation to void in the neurological population (163.15%), compared to controls, (29.91%), p < 0.001., Conclusions: We showed the possibility of using BCR stimulus-response curves to characterize sacral spinal response with an amplification of this response during bladder filling as well as a difference in this response amplification in patients with UMN in comparison with a control group., Significance: BCR, through stimulus-response curves, might be an indicator of pelvic-perineal exaggerated reflex response and possibly a tool for evaluating treatment effectiveness., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTSs), especially overactive bladder, are frequent in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). Urinary urgency and urge urinary incontinence could lead to precipitation and thus could increase the risk of falling in these individuals., Objective: We aimed to assess the association between severity of LUTSs and risk of falling in PwMS., Methods: PwMS with LUTSs were recruited in a neuro-urology department. Participants were asked about the number of falls in the past 3 months and their circumstances. Severity of LUTSs was assessed by the Urinary Symptoms Profile (USP) score, and individuals were classified as with or without urinary incontinence., Results: This cross-sectional study included 154 patients (69% women); the mean (SD) age was 50.1 (11.5) years and median EDSS was 5 (interquartile range 3-6). Overall, 20 (13%) patients reported one fall during the past 3 months, and 43 (28%) reported at least 2 falls. Only 9 (6%) patients reported a fall on the way to the toilet, 6 during a urinary urgency. No link was found between falls and urinary incontinence (P=0.71), type or severity of urinary symptoms (overactivity, voiding dysfunction or stress incontinence, P>0.05). Falls on the way to the bathroom was associated with high USP score related to overactive bladder (P=0.03) and severe nocturia (>2 nocturnal micturitions) (P<0.01). Falling at night was also associated with severe nocturia (P<0.001)., Conclusions: The severity of LUTSs and presence of urinary incontinence do not appear related to the risk of falling in PwMS and urinary disorders but rather to the specific risk of falling on the way to the bathroom. Severe nocturia increases the risk of falling at night. Further studies are needed to assess the impact of LUTS treatment on the risk of falling. ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04338646)., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Sexual activity is composed of different phases (excitation, plateau, resolution). Each phase is associated with cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular and hormonal modification which can have an influence on the nervous system. This impact has been studied many times in literature, but no study has synthetized the complications related to coitus or orgasm., Method: Systematic review of literature on neurological complications, except headache, of coitus based on Medline and Embase., Results: We screened 1424 articles and selected 46 for this review. 7 (15 %) were clinical or epidemiologic studies, 6 (13 %) were reviews of literature and 33 (72 %) were cases or series of cases reports. 12 articles (26 %) talked about strokes, 10 (22 %) about subarachnoid hemorrhage, 9 (20 %) about reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. We found 3 (7 %) articles for each of the following complication: intraparenchymal, hematoma and epilepsy. Autonomic hypereflexia was treated in 3 articles (7 %). Only 1 article was included concerning ictus, spinal cord injury, neuralgia and cataplexia. These events can be considered as rare as emergencies related to sexual activity represent only 0.1 % of all emergencies and among these, 12 % are neurological. 31 of the reported cases concerned vascular events (stroke or hemorrhage) and 18 (58 %) of these patients had a patent malformation (aneurism, intracardiac shunt, foramen ovale)., Conclusion: This is one of the first review of literature trying to synthetise the neurological complications of coitus. Many articles exist in literature. It is necessary to prevent the occurrence of these complications in a population already at risk of neurological events., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Aims: To measure the time required to perform clean intermittent self-catheterization (CISC) in daily life and to assess its impact on adherence and quality of life., Methods: Patients performing CISC for more than 1 month were invited to participate. At home, patients were asked to complete a 1-day diary to assess the specific duration of the CISC (time from when the equipment and environment are brought together to perform CISC) and the next day to complete a second diary for the total duration of the CISC (starting when the patient intent to self-catheterize to the return to the initial activity, including the displacement, and gathering the required device). Adherence, difficulties with CISC, and quality of life were measured with validated questionnaires: Intermittent Catheterization Satisfaction Questionnaire, Intermittent Catheterization Difficulty Questionnaire, Intermittent Catheterization Adherence Scale, and SF Qualiveen Questionnaire., Results: Thirty-six patients agreed to participate but only 25 patients completed the entire protocol. The participants performed CISC for an average of 7 years. The median specific duration of CISC was 2 min and 23 s (ranging from 47'' to 11'50''). The median total duration of CISC was 3 min and 40 s (1'35''; 18'47''). No significant correlation was found between the duration of CISC and patient characteristics, adherence, difficulty to self-catheterize, or quality of life., Conclusion: The time to perform CISC was brief, and less than 2-3 min on average. The impact on adherence and quality of life should be assessed in a larger cohort., (© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Aim: The COVID-19 pandemic led to limit patients' visits to the neuro-urology department. Telemedicine was seen as a pragmatic solution to provide follow-up care. This study aimed to assess the efficiency and satisfaction of a telephone consultation in neuro-urology., Methods: During the pandemic, the scheduled medical visits were converted into telephone consultation. For each teleconsultation, the physician assessed the efficiency and the patient-rated global satisfaction of the teleconsultation. The physician and the patient assessed whether this teleconsultation replaced a physical visit., Results: About 358 neurologic patients were included in the study. The mean efficiency of the telephone consultation was 9.3/10 (±1.5). The mean global satisfaction was 9.0/10 (±1.3). The majority of the patients (52.4%) would prefer a physical consultation. 90.2% might convert some clinic visits to teleconsultations in the future. No agreement was found between the patient and the physician when they were asked if the teleconsultation replaced the physical consultation initially scheduled (weight kappa = 0.02; 95% confidence interval = [-0.06 to 0.11]). Cognitive impairment, difficulty to obtain relevant information, and lack of physical examination were unfavorable to the efficiency of the teleconsultation. Cognitive impairment, embarrassing nature of the teleconsultation, and preference for a physical consultation were unfavorable to satisfaction of the patient., Conclusion: Telemedicine in neuro-urology was associated with a high satisfaction of the patients and was described as efficient by the physicians. Despite this, the majority of the patients reported a preference for physical consultation. The COVID-19 pandemic might be an opportunity to refine our practices in neuro-urology and to develop telemedicine., (© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background/aims: External anal sphincter (EAS) plays an important role in fecal and gas voluntary continence. Like every muscle, it can be affected by repeated efforts due to fatigability (physiological response) and/or fatigue (pathological response). No standardized fatiguing protocol and measure method to assess EAS fatigability has existed. The aim is to test a simple, standardized protocol for fatiguing and measuring EAS fatigability and fatigue to understand better the part of EAS fatigability in the pathophysiology of fecal incontinence., Methods: Patients with anorectal disorders evaluated with anorectal manometry were included. They had to perform 10 repetitions of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) of 20 seconds. Measurement was made with an anorectal manometry catheter and a surface recording electromyography (EMG). The primary outcome was the difference in EMG root mean square between the first and the last MVC. Secondary outcomes were differences in other EMG and manometry parameters between the first and the last MVC. Difficulties and adverse effects were recorded., Results: Nineteen patients underwent the fatiguing protocol. All patients completed the entire protocol and no complications were found. No difficulty was declared by the examiner. A significant decrease in root mean square was found between the first and last MVC (0.01020 ± 0.00834 mV vs 0.00661 ± 0.00587 mV; P = 0.002), in maximum anal pressure area under the curve of continuous recordings of anal pressure and mean and total EMG power (P < 0.05)., Conclusions: This protocol is simple and minimally invasive to measure EAS fatigue and fatigability. We highlighted a fatigue of EAS in many patients with anorectal disorders.

Introduction: The anal tone allows the maintenance of anorectal continence. Its regulation depends on spinal segmental mechanisms under supra-sacral control., Material and Methods: A systematic review was performed using Medline database, according to PRISMA methodology, using following keywords anal tone ; anal sphincter ; anorectal function ; reflex ; digital rectal examination., Results: Anal hypertonia is an increase in the muscle's resistance to passive stretching. Muscular hypotonia is a decrease in muscle tone. It is associated with a decrease in resistance to passive mobilization. It is not possible to quantify the prevalence of anal tone alterations in the general population and in specific pathological conditions (urinary disorders, neurogenic or non-neurogenic anorectal disorders). In case of hypotonia, most often due to a lower motor neuron lesion, fecal incontinence may occur. Hypertonia (anal sphincter overactivity) is not always due to perineal spasticity. Indeed, in the majority of the cases, the cause of this anal hypertonia in a neurologic context, can be secondary to an upper motor neuron disease due to spinal or encephalic lesion, leading to recto-anal dyssynergia, giving distal constipation. In another way, this anal hypertonia can be purely behavioral, with no direct pathological significance. The evaluation of anal tone is clinical with validated scores but whose sensitivity is not absolute, and instrumental with, on the one hand, the measurement of anal pressure in manometry and, on the other hand, electrophysiological testing which still require validation in this indication., Conclusion: Anal tone assessment is of interest in clinical practice because it gives diagnostic arguments for the neurological lesion and its level, in the presence of urinary or anorectal symptoms., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Cortical somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) are usually used to test the integrity of lemniscal pathways and thus provide arguments for the neurogenic etiology of sensory symptoms. For example, PES by perineal stimulation (SEP-P) has been shown to be altered in incontinence or neurogenic sexual dysfunction. We wanted to verify the integrity, structure and amplitude of far-field responses of PES-P in two conditions, the first without feeling the need to urinate (S0), the second with urgency (US)., Methods: SEP-P were recorded in ten patients without neurological pathology in both conditions S0 and US after stimulation of the dorsal nerve of the penis/clitoris. Three consecutive responses each averaged over 1000 passages at a frequency of 3Hz were recorded., Results: Seven men and 3 women were included. All patients had normal SEP-P in terms of amplitude and latency of the P40 complex and fully reproducible especially for late responses. These early P40 responses were identical in both S0 and US states. Conversely, the far-field potentials, i.e. the late responses, were different in the two states, with a significant decrease (P<0.008 paired T-test) in the amplitude of cortical responses in the US state., Conclusion: We observe that the late components of SEP-P were altered by the need to urinate urgently with sustained and selective attention to this need. These late components of SEP-P could be useful to better specify the attentional mechanisms involved in the continence-voiding cycle and to specify pathological sensory dysfunctions (urgency, painful bladder, frequency…)., Level of Evidence: 4., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Aims: The primary aim of this study was to assess the relationship between a strong desire to void (SDV) and rectal sensory function in patients with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) and anorectal disorders. The secondary aim was to identify clinical, urodynamic or manometric factors associated with greater rectal sensory function impairment in this population., Methods: Thirty PwMS (mean age 49.2 ± 10.9 years) with anorectal disorders (constipation and/or fecal incontinence) participated in this observational study. Rectal sensory parameters during anorectal manometry were recorded at a strong desire to void and after urination (PV, post-void). The primary outcome was the desire to defecate volume. Secondary outcomes were first perception and maximum tolerated threshold volumes, presence and modulation of recto-anal inhibitory reflex., Results: The mean desire to defecate volume was 125 ± 59 mL at SDV and 104 ± 64 mL at PV (P < .001). The mean maximum tolerated volume was 167 ± 61 mL at SDV vs 141 ± 64 mL after urination (P = .01). The other parameters were not different between SVD and PV conditions. No predictive factors for greater impairment of rectal sensory function were identified., Conclusion: This study suggests a relationship between bladder sensation and thus bladder capacity, and rectal sensory function in PwMS and with anorectal disorders., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Background: Urgency urinary incontinence is one of the major disabling urinary symptoms in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). The warning time (time from first sensation of urgency to voiding or incontinence) only partially reflects the possibility of continence. Other factors such as mobility, difficulties in transfer or undressing can influence this time., Objectives: The aim was to create a specific test for PwMS to assess the global time required to be ready to perform micturition and to assess its reliability., Methods: The Time to be Ready to Void (TRV) was based on 2 timed steps: "mobility" stage, including standing up and walking 6m to the toilet, and the "settled" stage, starting as soon as the individual opens the toilet door until readiness for micturition. All participants performed the TRV twice. Reliability were assessed by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and convergent validity by Spearman correlation coefficient., Results: We included 71 PwMS (mean [SD] age 54.4 [11.7] years). Inter-rater reliability was excellent for the TRV mobility stage (ICC: 0.97), settled stage (ICC: 0.99) and total test (ICC: 0.99). Test-retest reliability was good for the mobility stage (ICC: 0.88) and total test (ICC: 0.81) and moderate for the settled stage (ICC: 0.67). Test-retest reliability assessed by a Likert-type scale was good for each stage (κ 0.75 and 0.88). The mobility stage was correlated with the scores for the Timed Up and Go test, 10-Meter Walk Test, and Tinetti Mobility Test (ρ=0.89; ρ=0.88; ρ=-0.67, respectively; P<0.0001) and the settled stage with scores for the Tinetti Mobility Test, Functional Independence Measure and Nine Hold Peg test (right) (ρ=-0.48; ρ=-0.36; ρ=0.31, respectively; P<0.01). Comprehension, acceptance and relevance were rated good by most participants (97%, 95% and 90%, respectively)., Conclusion: The TRV is a new tool to measure the global time needed to be ready to achieve micturition in PwMS. It seems useful in clinical practice for overactive bladder in addition to the classical warning time because it takes into account all the time needed to accomplish micturition (mobility, undressing, installation)., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Wolfram syndrome is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by childhood onset diabetes mellitus, optic nerve atrophy, diabetes insipidus, hearing impairment, brainstem alteration and commonly bladder and bowel dysfunction., Objective: We present here, 6 new cases of urinary dysfunction in this rare disease., Results: All patients had urinary retention with overactive bladder. The urodynamic assessment found overactive detrusor in 3 cases. Five out of six patients performed self-catheterization and were treated with anticholinergics or intradetrusor injection of botulinum toxin. The follow-up at 5 years found an alteration of the upper urinary tracts and a renal failure 3/6., Conclusion: Urinary dysfunction is common in Wolfram syndrome, mainly characterized by overactive bladder and urinary retention. The urological risk is major requiring a systelmatic follow-up of these patients., Level of Evidence: 4., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Background: Lower urinary tract symptoms, especially overactive bladder, are frequent and disabling in individuals with multiple sclerosis (IwMS). An association with gait disorders is common, which could aggravate continence difficulties and affect quality of life. The association between the need to void and walking has never been studied in this population., Objective: The primary aim of this study was to assess the effect of a strong desire to void (SDV) on walking speed in IwMS and lower urinary tract symptoms. The secondary aim was to identify clinical or urodynamic factors associated with walking speed impairment at SDV in this population., Methods: We included IwMS with urinary disorders and Expanded Disability Status Scale score<7 in this observational study. Individuals underwent 3 10-m walk tests (10MWT) and one Timed Up and Go (TUG) test at SDV and at post-void (PV)., Results: Among the 72 IwMS included (mean [SD] age 50.6 [11.6] years; 46 [64%] females), the mean (SD) speed for 10MWT was 1.00 (0.31) m.s -1 at SDV and 1.07 (0.30) m.s -1 at PV (P<0.0001). Time for TUG was also increased when individuals felt SDV: mean 11.53 (4.6) sec at SDV versus 10.77 (3.8) sec at PV (P=0.004). No predictors of greater impairment of walking speed at SDV were identified., Conclusion: This study suggests a clinical impact of bladder sensation on walking speed in IwMS and urinary disorders. None of the individual characteristics could predict greater decrease in gait velocity at SDV., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Aim: The aim was to determine which criteria are most influential in guiding the patient's choice of catheter during clean intermittent self-catheterization (CISC) education., Methods: A questionnaire exploring five traits (catheter design, catheter length, the comfort of use, nurse's explanations, and how easy it was to carry and dispose of the catheter) was administered to all patients who succeeded in performing CISC. The patients had to report the criterion that most influenced their choice, and rate the importance of each criterion from 1 to 4 on a Likert scale (strongly disagree, somewhat disagree, somewhat agree, strongly agree). The study assessed the impact that age, sex, etiology, dependency, motor or sensory upper limb deficiency, and position required to perform CISC may have had on the importance of the different criteria., Results: Seventy-three patients were included (mean age, 50.9 ± 14.3 years). The most important criterion was the nurse's explanations (44%), followed by comfort of handling (32%), the discreet aspect of carrying the catheter (15%), and catheter length (7%). The esthetic aspect was not important for 34% of patients, whereas all the other criteria were important for at least 82% of patients. The comfort of handling was more often a priority for those with motor or sensory upper limb disorders (P < .01). The other characteristics of the patients did not impact the way they prioritized the criteria., Conclusion: These results highlight the importance of extensive training for nurses involved in CISC education, as their explanations have the greatest impact on the patient's choice of the catheter., (© 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Objective: The aim of this article was to review the literature about vaginal winds (VW)., Methods: A literature review (Medline database, Cochrane Library and Google scholar) with no time limit was performed using keywords "vaginal winds", "vaginal noise", "vaginal gaz", "flatus vaginalis", "vaginal flatus", "colpophony", "Garrulitas vulvae", "vaginal laxity"., Results: From 412 articles about VW, 15 have been selected and 99 from 110 about vaginal laxity. VW occurs during physical exercises but also during and just after coïtus. The prevalence is about 20%. The pathophyiology of VW is probably a vaginal hyperlaxity itself secondary to pelvic floor muscles weakness and thus increased diameter of vaginal hiatus. VW alter sexual function in female patients but this sexual function seems not influenced in male partners. Tampons or pessaries are currently the most commonly proposed treatment (but naturally impossible to use during sexual intercourse), but some results from vaginal laser therapy are encouraging., Conclusion: Data from the literature suggest that vaginal winds are frequent and seriously impact quality of life of female patients. Childbirth and more generally vaginal laxity are the main causes. Pelvic-floor exercises, tampons, pessaries, surgery and laser can be proposed in order to improve sexual function in patients seeking treatment., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To assess the effect of urine stream interruption exercise on micturition., Methods: This study was conducted prospectively in female patients without urinary disorders. Two uroflowmetries were performed: one during a usual micturition and one during an exercise of urine stream interruption. For the urine stream interruption exercise the subject was asked to begin the micturition, to stop it at 3 s, when the stream is interrupted, to start voiding again, then again stop it at 3 s and repeat this manoeuvre until the end of the micturition., Results: Twenty female patients (mean age 38.7 years old, SD 12.3) were included. Post void residual volume was higher after the urine stream interruption micturition (mean 36.7 mL, SD 46.6) than during standard micturition (mean 8.2 mL, SD 24.1) (P = 0.02). During normal voiding, the maximal flow rate was higher (26.9 mL/min vs 17.8 mL/min; P < 0.0001). There was no difference concerning neither the voiding volume nor the slope of ascending part of flow curve. During urine stream interruption micturition, the flow rate slope, the voiding volume and the maximal flow rate by voiding sequence were decreasing as the voiding sequences followed each other., Conclusions: Urine stream interruption increases the post-void residual volume and translates into less efficient micturition. Thus, it should not be used in current practice of pelvic floor muscles training., (© 2019 The Japanese Urological Association.)

Objective: Prostate cancer is the most frequent cancer in men and radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) is one of the first-line treatment. However, RRP has some side effects and can lead to chronic perineal pain. The objective of the study was to determine in patients suffering from perineal pain after RRP the possibility of a neurogenic damage by means of a specific questionnaire dedicated to track down neuropathic pain., Methods: Forty patients were explored by a specific and validated questionnaire, the Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory (NPSI). Patients were divided into two groups: Group A with an NSPI score ≥4 was considered as suffering from neuropathic pain, and Group B was considered as a control group without neuropathic pain (NSPI score <4). All patients had a perineal electrophysiological testing to confirm the possibility of a neurogenic damage., Results: Group A was composed by 13 men and Group B by 27 men, with mean age 72.45 years and mean duration of pain 2.7 years. In Group A, the most frequent symptoms were burning sensation, electrical shock and numbness. Location of the pain was global perineal area (8/13), anus (10/13), penis (5/13) and glans penis (2/13). Electromyography (EMG) findings confirmed the presence of denervation and neurogenic damages compared with controls ( p  < 0.001)., Conclusion: One third of the patients consulting for chronic pain following RRP had probably a neuropathic lesion leading to a chronic perineal pain as suggested by an NSPI score ≥ 4 and EMG alterations., (© 2019 Editorial Office of Asian Journal of Urology. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.)