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Background: Nonadherence to treatment remains a barrier to tuberculosis (TB) control. Directly observed therapy (DOT) is the standard for monitoring adherence to TB treatment worldwide, but its implementation is challenging, especially in resource-limited settings. DOT is labor-intensive and inconvenient to both patients and health care workers. Video DOT (VDOT) is a novel patient-centered alternative that uses mobile technology to observe patients taking medication remotely. However, the perceptions and acceptability of potential end users have not been evaluated in Africa., Objective: This study explores stakeholders' acceptability of, as well as perceptions of potential benefits of and barriers to, using VDOT to inform a pilot study for monitoring patients with TB in urban Uganda., Methods: An exploratory, qualitative, cross-sectional study with an exit survey was conducted in Kampala, Uganda, from April to May 2018. We conducted 5 focus group discussions, each comprising 6 participants. Groups included patients with TB (n=2 groups; male and female), health care providers (n=1), caregivers (n=1), and community DOT volunteer workers (n=1). The questions that captured perceived benefits and barriers were guided by domains adopted from the Technology Acceptance Model. These included perceived usefulness, ease of use, and intent to use technology. Eligible participants were aged ≥18 years and provided written informed consent. For patients with TB, we included only those who had completed at least 2 months of treatment to minimize the likelihood of infection. A purposive sample of patients, caregivers, health care providers, and community DOT workers was recruited at 4 TB clinics in Kampala. Trained interviewers conducted unstructured interviews that were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using inductive content analysis to generate emerging themes., Results: The average age of participants was 34.5 (SD 10.7) years. VDOT was acceptable to most participants on a scale of 1 to 10. Of the participants, 70% (21/30) perceived it as highly acceptable, with scores ≥8, whereas 30% (9/30) scored between 5 and 7. Emergent themes on perceived benefits of VDOT were facilitation of easy adherence monitoring, timely follow-up on missed doses, patient-provider communication, and saving time and money because of minimal travel to meet in person. Perceived barriers included limited technology usability skills, inadequate cellular connectivity, internet access, availability of electricity, cost of the smartphone, and use of the internet. Some female patients raised concerns about the disruption of their domestic work routines to record videos. The impact of VDOT on privacy and confidentiality emerged as both a perceived benefit and barrier., Conclusions: VDOT was acceptable and perceived as beneficial by most study participants, despite potential technical and cost barriers. Mixed perceptions emerged about the impact of VDOT on privacy and confidentiality. Future efforts should focus on training users, ensuring adequate technical infrastructure, assuring privacy, and performing comparative cost analyses in the local context., (©Juliet Nabbuye Sekandi, Vicent Kasiita, Nicole Amara Onuoha, Sarah Zalwango, Damalie Nakkonde, David Kaawa-Mafigiri, Julius Turinawe, Robert Kakaire, Paula Davis-Olwell, Lynn Atuyambe, Esther Buregyeya. Originally published in JMIR mHealth and uHealth (https://mhealth.jmir.org), 27.10.2021.)

Introduction: Nonadherence to treatment remains an obstacle to tuberculosis (TB) control worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using video directly observed therapy (VDOT) for supporting TB treatment adherence in Uganda., Methods: From May to December 2018, we conducted a pilot cohort study at a TB clinic in Kampala City. We enrolled patients aged 18-65 years with ≥3 months remaining of their TB treatment. Participants were trained to use a smartphone app to record videos of medication intake and submit them to a secured system. Trained health workers logged into the system to watch the submitted videos. The primary outcome was adherence measured as the fraction of expected doses observed (FEDO). In a secondary analysis, we examined differences in FEDO by sex, age, phone ownership, duration of follow-up, reasons for missed videos and patients' satisfaction at study exit., Results: Of 52 patients enrolled, 50 were analysed. 28 (56%) were male, the mean age was 31 years (range 19-50 years) and 35 (70%) owned smartphones. Of the 5150 videos expected, 4231 (82.2%) were received. The median FEDO was 85% (interquartile range 66%-94%) and this significantly differed by follow-up duration. Phone malfunction, uncharged battery and VDOT app malfunctions were the commonest reasons for missed videos. 92% of patients reported being very satisfied with using VDOT., Conclusion: VDOT was feasible and acceptable for monitoring and supporting TB treatment. It resulted in high levels of adherence, suggesting that digital technology holds promise in improving patient monitoring in Uganda., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: J.N. Sekandi has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: E. Buregyeya has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: S. Zalwango has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: K.K. Dobbin has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: L. Atuyambe has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: D. Nakkonde has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: J. Turinawe has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: E.G. Tucker has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: S. Olowookere has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: S. Turyahabwe has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: R.S. Garfein is a cofounder and the Chief Science Officer of SureAdhere Mobile Technology, Inc., (Copyright ©ERS 2020.)