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Stelechocarpus merupakan salah satu genus anggota famili Annonaceae yang tumbuh di kawasan Asia-Pasifik. Sebagai salah satu tumbuhan yang kurang dikenal oleh masyarakat maka perlu adanya upaya konservasi karena jenis Stelechocarpus mempunyai banyak manfaat di bidang farmasi dan kosmetika. Salah satu strategi mendukung upaya konservasi yaitu dengan DNA barcoding yang masih sedikit informasinya untuk jenis Stelechocarpus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi lokus daerah kloroplas secara in-silico yang dapat digunakan sebagai DNA barcode anggota genus Stelechocarpus (Annonaceae). Penelitian ini dilakukan secara in-silico dengan mengekstrak sekuen penanda kloroplas meliputi rbcL, trnL-F, matK, psbA-trnH, dan ndhF yang terdapat pada pangkalan data NCBI. Hasil penelitian yang dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa hanya diperoleh 18 nomor sekuen lokus kloroplas dari dua jenis pada genus Stelechocarpus, meliputi S. burahol dan S. cauliflorus. Lokus psbA-trnH dan ndhF mengindikasikan dapat digunakan sebagai penanda untuk studi keragaman genetik pada S. burahol. Di sisi lain, lokus rbcL, trnL-F, dan matK mengindikasikan dapat digunakan untuk studi keragaman genetik pada genus Stelechocarpus.

The iron (Fe) toxicity stress is still a serious problem in rice cultivation, especially on land with high Fe content. The Fe toxicity stress affects various complex physiological aspects of plants. The metabolomic analysis using LC-MS is expected to provide information about rice's metabolism regulation under Fe toxicity stress. The objective of this study was to show the biological pathway signature in rice after exposure to Fe toxicity stress using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS-based metabolomic analysis. The two rice varieties, i.e., IR64 (Fe-sensitive) and Pokkali (Fe-tolerant) were analyzed their metabolites using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS. The metabolite profiles of both varieties were analyzed using MetaboAnalyst 5.0 software. The results showed that Fe toxicity stress affected the metabolite profile in both root and shoot tissues of two rice varieties. A number of 102 metabolites were detected in root and shoot tissues of rice. The comprehensive univariate and multivariate analyses showed that 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) in shoot tissues and galactose in root tissues was suggested as metabolite markers for Fe tolerance character of rice var. Pokkali. The genes encoded the enzymes involved in biosynthetic pathway of both metabolite markers could be a target to be explored for Fe toxicity tolerance in rice.

Abstract. Alfarabi M, Siagian FE, Cing JM, Suryowati T, Turhadi, Suyono MS, Febriyamti MS, Naibaho FB. 2022. Bioactivity and metabolite profile of papaya (Carica papaya) seed extract. Biodiversitas 23: 4589-4600. Papaya (Carica papaya) seeds are part of the papaya plant which is a source of organic waste. However, there are many scientific studies thatstate the metabolites found in papaya seeds have various benefits in medical aspects. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to examine the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of California and Bangkok type papaya seeds which are two local papaya types and widely consumed by the people of Indonesia. These papaya seeds'metabolite profiling was also conducted in this study therefore the antioxidant activity and cytotoxic mechanisms can be estimated. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method is used to investigate the antioxidant activity while 3- (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) isused to investigate the cytotoxic effect of extract. Metabolites contained in papaya seeds were measured by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-QTOF (LC-MS/MS-QTOF). The results showed that California and Bangkok papaya seed extracts had antioxidant activity with IC50being 24.4 ppm and 22.2 ppm, respectively. Both extracts were also able to inhibit the growth of cancer cells (MCF-7) and did not render any toxic effects on non-cancer cells at low concentrations. The metabolites contained in the two extracts were alkaloid, phenol hydrocarbon, flavonoid, fatty acid, and terpenoid groups. This study showed that papaya seeds have the potential to be further developed in medical field, especially as natural antioxidants and natural cancer-preventing ingredients.

Efek negatif yang ditimbulkan oleh pestisida kimia terhadap ekosistem dan lingkungan mendorong usaha untuk menekan penggunaannya, salah satunya melalui penggunaan biopestisida nabati. Sebagai salah satu hama penting tanaman pertanian, ulat grayak (Spodoptera litura) perlu untuk ditekan populasinya untuk meminimalisir kehilangan hasil panen. Salah satu tanaman yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai biopestisida nabati untuk mengendalikan hama ulat grayak yaitu Cerbera odollam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi biopestisida nabati daun bintaro terhadap waktu berhenti makan (stop feeding) dan mortalitas larva ulat grayak. Penelitian ini didesain menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap yang terdiri dari enam taraf perlakuan (0 (kontrol), 10, 15, 20, 25, dan 30 g/L) dan masing-masing perlakuan diulang tiga kali. Ekstrak diaplikasikan ke larva ulat grayak dengan menggunakan metode leaf dipping methods. Efektivitas pengaruh ekstrak daun bintaro terhadap ulat grayak dilakukan dengan mengamati waktu berhenti makan (time of stop feeding) dan mortalitas (tingkat kematian larva). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak daun bintaro berpotensi digunakan sebagai biopestisida nabati untuk larva S. litura. Mortalitas larva S. litura semakin meningkat sejalan dengan semakin lamanya waktu aplikasi ekstrak. Selain itu, mortalitas larva ulat grayak tertinggi terjadi pada perlakuan 20, 25, dan 30 g/L yaitu sebesar 40% pada 168 jam setelah aplikasi.

Alfarabi M, Turhadi, Suryowati T, Imaneli NA, Sihombing PO. 2022. Short Communication: Antioxidant activity and metabolite profiles of leaves and stem extracts of Vitex negundo. Biodiversitas 23: 2663-2667. Many plantspecies could be used as natural sources of antioxidants, one of which is Vitex negundo or lagundi which grows widely in Southeast and South Asia. Due to the wide distribution of growth areas, so different habitats could be a factor causing variations in V. negundo bioactivity, especially antioxidant activity. In addition to environmental factors, extract derived from different plant parts could also contribute to variations in the content of metabolites that affect bioactivity. The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity of leaf and stem extracts of V. negundo and evaluate the metabolites contained in the extracts. Antioxidant activity analysis was performed using the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and GC-MS analysis was used to identify bioactive metabolites. Leafand stem extract of V. negundo showed antioxidant activity directly proportional to the increasein extract concentration. A total of 8 metabolites were identified from the three extracts, i.e., acrolein, hydroquinone, sitosterol, naphthalene, pyrogallol, squalene, phytol, and hexadecenoic acid. There were correlations between antioxidant activity and the metabolites contained in the three extracts. It is suggested that the bioactivity of the extract is due to the interaction of these metabolites.

Background: Evaluation of the tolerance level of rice to iron (Fe) toxicity stress can be done using a hydroponic system in a nutrient culture solution under a controlled condition. This study aimed to obtain a nutrient culture solution that effective as a medium for evaluating the response of rice under Fe toxicity stress condition. Methods: This experiment was carried out by comparing the effectiveness of three kinds of nutrient culture media, namely Yoshida’s Half-Strength solution (HSY), Yoshida’s Half-Strength + 0.2% agar solution (HSYA), and Yoshida’s Full-Strength + 0.2% agar solution (FSYA) using two rice genotypes, Inpara 5 (sensitive to Fe toxicity) and Mahsuri (tolerant to Fe toxicity). Leaf bronzing level, plant dry weight, and pH of nutrient culture media were observed in this experiment. Results: The results showed that the stress response as represented by the bronzing score in Inpara 5 leaves was known to be higher than that of Mahsuri in the three nutrient culture media. The decrease of root and shoot dry weight in Inpara 5 was higher than that of Mahsuri. In addition, the decrease in the pH of nutrient culture solution media without an agar addition (HSY) occurred faster than the media with the agar addition (HSYA and FSYA). Conclusion: The HSYA and FSYA media exhibited a similar pattern of pH declining but causing significant differences in growth responses between Inpara 5 and Mashuri indicating the HSYA medium is considered more efficient compared to the FSYA medium because it only requires a smaller amount of agar.

Waterlogging is one of the limiting factors in crop cultivation. Moreover, high iron (Fe) content in acidic soils could also disturb plant growth. However, there is limited scientific information of morpho-physiological and anatomical responses of rice grown in waterlogged acidic soils with high Fe. Therefore, the objective of the research was to investigate the morpho-physiological and anatomical responses of rice to waterlogged and water-saturated soil condition in acidic soil with high Fe. Morpho-physiological and anatomical characters of rice were evaluated. The results showed that the waterlogging in acidic and high Fe content soil disturbed the rice growth as indicated by the change of morpho-physiological and anatomical characters. The water-saturated soil showed better condition for rice cultivation than that of waterlogging. The plant biomass, root anatomical, lipid peroxidation level, Fe absorption, and leaf gas exchange parameter could be evidences of changes in rice under both conditions. Based on the waterlogging tolerance coefficient (WTC), we proposed shoot and root dry weight, cortex thickness, and Fe content in shoot as screening tools for waterlogging tolerance of rice in acidic and high Fe content soil. The finding offers insight about waterlogged condition in acidic and high Fe soil could be restored in crop cultivation.

Iron toxicity stress causes physiological and metabolic changes in rice and other plants. To date, there is little information about the metabolite profile of rice under Fe toxicity conditions. In fact, metabolite has a contribution to the physiological condition of plants. Plant metabolomics is a study of low-molecular weight metabolites in plants under certain conditions. The objective of the research was to investigate physiological and metabolic changes in rice under Fe toxicity stress. Two-week-old seedlings of four rice varieties with various Fe toxicity tolerance levels were stressed hydroponically with 400 ppm FeSO(4)(.)7H(2)O for 10 d. Numerous physiological characters were observed and untargeted metabolomic analysis was carried out using gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). The results showed Fe toxicity induced physiological and metabolite variation in rice. By comparing the metabolites synthesized in Fe toxicity-stressed plants with control plants, it showed that elaidic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid could be as metabolite marker candidates for rice response to Fe toxicity stress. When plants exposed to Fe toxicity stress, elaidic acid increased, whereas linoleic- and linolenic acid decreased. The alteration of fatty acid composition in the root and shoot suggests the alteration of metabolites is one of the tolerance strategies of rice to Fe toxicity stress. This finding offers an insight about the tolerance strategies of rice under Fe toxicity stress related to the maintenance process of the cell membranes during this stress. The genes underlying biosynthesis of the fatty acid could be a target of future research on responsible genes for Fe toxicity tolerance in rice.