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Turunçgiller yetiştiriciliği yapılan en önemli ve yüksek tür çeşitliliğine sahip meyve gruplarından biridir. Taze olarak tüketilmesi ve farklı endüstrilerde ham madde olarak kullanılması turunçgillerin önemini artırmaktadır. Bu nedenle turunçgillerde yeni çeşit ve anaç geliştirme çalışmaları oldukça önemlidir. Melezleme çalışmaları sonucunda elde edilen değerli bitkilerin çoğaltılması için bitki doku kültürü çalışmaları güçlü bir alternatiftir. Bu çalışmada, Sunki mandarin X Rubidoux üç yapraklı melezlerinin in vitro koşullarda mikroçoğaltımında genotip ve farklı besin ortamlarının (Murashige and Skoog Medium -MS, Woody Plant Medium -WPM, Rugini Olive Medium -ROM) etkisi incelenmiştir. Ayrıca bitkilerin köklendirilmesi üzerine genotip ve farklı bitki büyüme düzenleyicilerin (indol bütirik asit - IBA ve naftalen asetik asit - NAA) etkisi araştırılmıştır. Elde edilen köklü bitkiler dış koşullara alıştırılmıştır. Çalışmada kullanılan genotiplerden mikroçoğaltım aşamasında en başarılı genotipler SR-60 ve SR-75 olurken, köklenme aşamasında en başarılı genotipler SR-41, SR-47 ve SR-60 olmuştur. Besin ortamlarının mikroçoğaltım üzerine etkisi istatistiksel olarak önemsiz bulunmuştur (P

Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead) (Acari: Phyllocoptidae) dünyanın nemli bölgelerinde turunçgillerin ciddi bir zararlısıdır. Bu zararlı meyve verim ve kalitesinde kayıplara sebep olabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada P. oleivora’nın Valencia portakalı meyve kalite özelliklerine olan etkisi Adana ekolojik koşullarında araştırılmıştır. Bu sebepten dolayı P. oleivora ile bulaşık olan ve olmayan meyveler ağaçlardan toplanarak P. oleivora’nın zararının varlığına ve yokluğuna göre sınıflandırmıştır. Meyveler 1: Bronz olmayan, 2: Hafif bronz, 3: bronz ve 4: Yoğun bronz olarak kategorilere ayrılmıştır. Bu çalışma sonucunda, meyve yüzeyinde geniş lekeler bulunan meyvelerin normal meyvelerden titredilebilir asit oranı (%) ve Suda Çözülebilir Kuru Madde Oranının (SÇKM,%) daha yüksek; usare miktarı (%), kabuk kalınlığı ve SÇKM/asit oranının ise daha düşük olduğu saptanmıştır. Çekirdek sayısı, dilim sayısı ve meyve indeksine ait regresyon katsayılarının diğer meyve kalite özelliklerinden oldukça düşük olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca. yoğun popülasyon zararı sonucu dördüncü kategoriye giren meyvelerde, meyvelerin normal meyvelerden %16 daha küçük olduğu, çekirdek sayısının da sıfır olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Turuncgiller dunyada yetistiriciligi yapilan en onemli meyve gruplarindan biridir. Subtropik iklim kusaginda yer alan ulkemizde, turuncgil yetistiriciligi bakimindan kaliteli sofralik turuncgil uretimi yapilmaktadir. Calisma killi toprak kosullarinda yetistirilen, 1964 yilinda 7x7 m aralikla dikilmis Yerli turunc uzerine asili olan Kutdiken limon cesidinde Ekim, Subat, Mayis ve Agustos aylari olmak uzere yilda 4 donemde ve 2 yil sureyle 3’er yinelemeli olmak uzere ornekler alinarak yapilmis olup, agaclardan alinan tohum, meyve eti, meyve kabugu, yaprak, ana dal, kalin dal, normal dal, ince dal, kalem, anac, kok bogazi, kalin kokler, normal kokler ve kilcal kokler calisma materyali olarak kullanilmistir. Kutdiken limon cesidinde cinko (Zn) ve mangan (Mn) besin elementlerinin mevsimsel dagilimlari incelenmistir, Arastirma sonucunda Zn ve Mn bitki besin elementleri bakimindan organlar arasinda onemli farkliliklar bulunmustur. Kutdiken limon cesidinde donemlerin tamaminda en yuksek cinko ve mangan degerleri kilcal koklerde bulunmustur.

Objective: The presence of a large number of seeds in citrus fruits is a big hindrance in consumer acceptability even if fruits posse high organolaptic properties. Mutation breeding is a common technique in citrus in order to obtain seedlessness. In the present study, a Robinson mandarin mutant population was evaluated in terms of fruit quality traits. Material and Methods: Mutant population was derived by irradiating budwoods of Robinson 4/4 mandarin type by a 6oCo gamma source with 50Gy. A total of 554 M2V3 plants were obtained and planted in the field as a result of the mutation breeding program. Among the mutant population, 73 plants had fruit set in the second year of plantation and these plants were evaluated in terms of 19 fruit quality traits. Data obtained from the pomological analysis were subjected to distrubition analyses for evaluation of the results. Results: Among the mutant population, 73 plants had fruit set in the second year of plantation and these plants were evaluated in terms of 19 fruit quality traits. Data obtained from the pomological analysis were subjected to distrubition analyses for evaluation of the results. Fruit diameter of the population ranged between 55.27-73.60 mm and fruit weights were between 74.20-192.50 g. Seed number of the population ranged between 0-3.55 seeds per fruit. 29% of the evaluated genotypes had been described as low seeded (≤1 seed) and two of them was completely seedless. Conclusion: In addition, fruit characteristics of a big part of the mutant population such as fruit weight, fruit height and fruit diameter which describe fruit size, were similar to Robinson mandarin in general. The evaluation of the performance of mutants is being continued and new field trials will be established with the promising genotypes evaluated in this study.

‘Clemenules’ (Nules, Clementina de Nules) has been a very popular variety in fresh mandarin markets especially in the Mediterranean region countries. It is commercially grown on sour orange rootstocks in the calcareous soils of Turkey. However, production of ‘Clemenules’ needs a substituted rootstock in addition to sour orange due to hypersensitive of sour orange to the “Citrus Tristeza Virus”. ‘Clemenules’ mandarin grafted onto ten rootstocks was evaluated in order to determine the influences of rootstocks on fruit yield, quality and photosynthetic variables of the scion as well as their relationship. Rootstocks significantly affected (p

Genetic variations are highly important in terms of plant breeding. These variations occur either spontaneously or artificially by mutations and sexual hybridizations in order to achieve specific breeding objectives. In this study, persimmon genetic resources collected from Turkey and preserved ex situ with commercial cultivars in a germplasm orchard located at Cukurova University, Turkey, were characterized based on their morphological traits. The collection was composed of traditional genotypes and local accessions together with global varieties. For the morphological characterization, 59 morphological and agronomic traits were investigated: 9 related to plant growth, 5 to leaf characteristics, 7 to flower traits, 32 to fruit traits, and 6 to seed traits. Moreover, the data obtained in this process were subjected to similarity coefficient, principal component, and cluster analyses to demonstrate the overall phenotypic relationships among these genotypes. The cumulative proportion of variation reached 39.04% with the first three PCA axes. The first component was based on shoot length, trunk surface structure, flowering time of female flowers, fruit length, and diameter. The twelve factor scores represented 74.75% of the total multivariate variation, and cluster analysis indicated that the similarity index of the population consisting of the investigated genotypes ranged between 81.09% and 17.32%.

Genetik varyasyonlar bitki ıslahının başarısında önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bu varyasyonlar bitki cins ve türleri içinde doğal olarak var olduğu ya da oluştuğu gibi yapay olarak insan eliyle yapılan melezlemelerle de belirli hedefler doğrultusunda oluşturulabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada Çukurova Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Bahçe Bitkileri Bölümünde yürütülen turunçgil çeşit ıslah programı kapsamında gerçekleştirilen monoembriyonik Red şadok ile poliembriyonik Rio Red altıntopu melezlemesinden elde edilmiş bir yaşlı 100 bitki kullanılmıştır. Popülasyonda morfolojik karakterizasyon yapılarak genetik çeşitlilik vejetatif özellikler bakımından ortaya konmuştur. Her bitkide, bitki vejetatif gelişimi, yaprak yapısı ve dikenlilik gibi karakterlerden oluşan 17 farklı morfolojik özellik incelenmiştir. Ayrıca morfolojik karakterizasyon sonucu elde edilen verilerde, melezlerin populasyon içindeki benzerlik katsayısı, temel bileşenler analizi (PCA) ve kümeleme analizi yapılarak morfolojik dendogram oluşturulmuştur. PCA analizi sonucunda 5 temel faktör grubunu temsil eden 12 değişkenin populasyon varyansının %74.14'ü tanımladığı saptanmıştır. Toplam 100 adet birey içerisindeki benzerlik indeksi %66.00 ile 95.32 arasında değişim göstermiştir. Genetic variations have a great importance in terms of plant breeding. These variations can be obtained either spontaneously or artificially by mutations and sexual hybridizations in order to achieve specific breeding objectives. In this study a hundred progenies obtained by crossing Red Pommelo x Rio Red Grapefruit during citrus cultivar breeding program carried out by Cukurova University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, used for morphological characterization. Morphological characterizations were performed in a population consists of one-year-old 100 plants obtained by crossing a monoembryonic Red shaddock and poliembryonic Rio Red grapefruit in order to determine the genetic variability in terms of vegetative characters. Seventeen different morphologic characters consist of characters such as plant vegetative development, leaf structure and thorniness were used in characterization studies. Besides, data obtained by characterization were subjected to similarity coefficient, principal components and cluster analyses to to demonstrate the overall phenotypic relationships among these genotypes. The first five factor scores contained 74.14% the total multivariate variation. According to a cluster analysis, the similarity index of the population consists of 100 hybrids ranged between 66.00 % and 95.32 %.

The general and volatile properties, and the quality of two new Satsuma clones – 11/1 İzmir and 30/İzmir – selected under a Citrus Bud Wood Selection Program, were compared with Owari Satsuma samples grown under Adana ecological conditions. Gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, flame ionization detection (GC/MS/FID) analysis was used in the identification and quantification of the aromatic compounds, and a sensory profile analysis was performed to complete the general understanding using chemical analysis. The general analysis showed that the clone samples have higher yields, are more intense in skin color and more acidic; however, the total soluble solids and total sugar amount are lower than the Owari Satsuma samples. The terpenes are the major aromatic compound class. Along with other terpenes, there were significant amounts of dl-limonene followed by ?-terpinene, ß-elemene, linalool and ?-terpineol. The sensory analysis showed that the Owari Satsuma samples are sweeter and riper, with a better floral, spicy-citrus flavor than both clones. Both clones had a lower “Overall liking” rating than the Owari Satsuma samples. © 2019, Sociedade Brasileira de Ciencia e Tecnologia de Alimentos, SBCTA. All rights reserved.

Turunçgillerin sahip olduğu tür çeşitliliği ve ekonomik değeri nedeniyle klasik ıslah çalışmaları yanında bitki biyoteknolojisi çalışmaları da ön plana çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Carrizo sitranjının in vıtro koşullarda çimlendirilen tohumlarından gelişen kök eksplantları kullanılarak kökten bitki rejenerasyonunun optimizasyonu hedeflenmiştir. Carrizo sitranjına ait kök eksplantları BA (6-Benzil amino purin) ve NAA (1- Naftalenasetik asit)’nın 21 farklı konsantrasyonunu içeren MS (Murashige ve Skoog, 1962) besin ortamında kültüre alınmışlardır. Çalışma sonucunda en iyi kallus oluşumu 0.5 mg/L BA+1.5 mg/L NAA; 1 mg/L BA+0.5 mg/L NAA; 1 mg/L BA+1 mg/L NAA; 0.5 mg/L BA; 1.5 mg/L BA+0.5 mg/L NAA; 1.5 mg/L BA+1.5 mg/L NAA; 2 mg/L BA veya 2.5 mg/L BA+1.5 mg/L NAA içeren MS ortamından elde edilmiştir (%100). Sürgün oluşumunda 0.5 mg/L BA, 1 mg/L BA+0.5 mg/L NAA veya 2 mg/L BA içeren MS ortamlarında %100 başarı elde edilmiştir. The diversity and economic value of citrus encourages study of plant biotechnology in addition to classical plant breeding. In this study, optimization of plant regeneration was aimed at using root explants developed from the seeds of Carrizo citrange germinated in in vitro conditions. Root explants of Carrizo citrange were cultured in MS nutrient medium containing 21 different concentrations of BA (6-Benzyl amino purine) and NAA (1-Naphthaleneacetic acid). The best callus formation (100%) was obtained from MS medium containing 0.5 mg/L BA+1.5 mg/L NAA; 1 mg/L BA+0.5 mg/L NAA; 1 mg/L BA+1 mg/L NAA; 0.5 mg/L BA; 1.5 mg/L BA+0.5 mg/L NAA; 1.5 mg/L BA+1.5 mg/L NAA; 2 mg/L BA or 2.5 mg/L BA+1.5 mg/L NAA. In shoot formation, 100% success was achieved in MS media containing 0.5 mg/L BA, 1 mg/L BA+0.5 mg/L NAA or 2 mg/L BA.

Dunyada ve ulkemizde turuncgil cesit gelistirme programlarinin en guncel hedefi cekirdeksiz yeni cesitlerin gelistirilmesidir. Turuncgillerde cekirdeksizlik dogal ve yapay mutasyonlarla saglandigi gibi, diploid ebeveyn bitkiler veya diploid ve tetraploid ebeveyn bitkiler arasinda gerceklesen melezlemeler yoluyla da saglanmaktadir. Bu nedenle cekirdeksizlik islahi calismalari acisindan, turuncgil gen kaynaklarinda dogal olarak bulunmayan tetraploid bireylerin uretilmesi buyuk onem tasimaktadir. Bu calisma, ploidi islahi yoluyla cekirdeksiz yeni turuncgil cesitlerini gelistirmek amaciyla tetraploid bitki elde edilmesine yonelik olarak planlanmistir. Calismada, Klemantin 22D mandarini, W. Murcott mandarini ve Moro kan portakali genotipleri kullanilmis ve bu genotiplerin asi kalemlerine kolhisin uygulamasinin tetraploid bitki elde edilmesine etkileri arastirilmistir. Asi kalemlerine %0.0, %0.2, %0.4, %0.6 ve %0.8 dozlarinda 4, 6 ve 8 saat sureyle kolhisin uygulamasi gerceklestirilmistir. Kolhisin uygulamalari sonucu elde edilen bitkilerde canlilik orani (%) belirlendikten sonra tum bitkilerden alinan yaprak orneklerinde flow sitometri yoluyla ploidi analizi yapilmistir. Ayrica tetraploid bitkilerde stomal gozlemler (stoma yogunlugu, uzunlugu, genisligi, buyuklugu ve indeksi) yapilarak diploid bitkiler ile karsilastirilmistir. Calisma sonucunda, Klemantin 22D asi kalemine 6 saat sureyle %0.4 dozunda yapilan uygulama sonucu bir adet tetraploid (4x) bitki elde edilmistir. Ayrica W. Murcott mandarini ve Moro Kan portakali cesitlerinden mixoploid (2x+4x) bitkiler elde edilmistir.

W. Murcott scion, budded onto two rootstocks, was evaluated under high pH conditions supplied with different Fe levels. Plant dry weight, leaf area, iron chlorosis symptom scale, leaf chlorophyll concentration, net photosynthetic rate, and ferric-chelate reductase (FCR) activity variables were investigated under high pH conditions. Control plants (T1) produced the most leaf area, whereas plants grown without Fe (T2) produced the least. Dry weight was highest in ‘Volkameriana’ T1 (control) plants and lowest in ‘Swingle citrumelo’ T3 (10 mM Fe and 7.8 pH) and T2 (0 mM Fe and 7.8 pH) treatments. Significant differences in SPAD and iron chlorosis scale reading were found between rootstocks and treatments. Treatments significantly affected the net photosynthetic rate of the W. Murcott mandarin. Moreover, it was found that tolerant rootstock had higher FCR activity in application T2 than in applications T3 and T4 (100 mM Fe and 7.8 pH). The data of the present study suggested that scion budded onto Volkameriana rootstock showed a higher tolerance to iron deficiency than those budded onto Swingle citrumelo under high pH conditions. W. Murcott scion, budded onto two rootstocks, was evaluated under high pH conditions supplied with different Fe levels. Plant dry weight, leaf area, iron chlorosis symptom scale, leaf chlorophyll concentration, net photosynthetic rate, and ferric-chelate reductase (FCR) activity variables were investigated under high pH conditions. Control plants (T1) produced the most leaf area, whereas plants grown without Fe (T2) produced the least. Dry weight was highest in ‘Volkameriana’ T1 (control) plants and lowest in ‘Swingle citrumelo’ T3 (10 mM Fe and 7.8 pH) and T2 (0 mM Fe and 7.8 pH) treatments. Significant differences in SPAD and iron chlorosis scale reading were found between rootstocks and treatments. Treatments significantly affected the net photosynthetic rate of the W. Murcott mandarin. Moreover, it was found that tolerant rootstock had higher FCR activity in application T2 than in applications T3 and T4 (100 mM Fe and 7.8 pH). The data of the present study suggested that scion budded onto Volkameriana rootstock showed a higher tolerance to iron deficiency than those budded onto Swingle citrumelo under high pH conditions.

Persimmon ( Diospyros kaki Tunb.) is grown in many parts of the world that display subtropical climate conditions, including Turkey. Tere are 2 common rootstocks used in its production: D. kaki and D. virginiana Tunb. Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), a symbiosis between plant roots and members of an ancient phylum of fungi, Glomeromycota, improves root development, water supply, and nutrients such as phosphate and zinc in the host plant. In this study, the efects of 5 AM fungi species (Glomus mosseae , G. clarium , G. etunicatum , G. caledonium , and G. intraradices) on plant growth, chlorophyll concentration, and chlorophyll fuorescence (Fv’/Fm’) in D. virginiana were investigated under greenhouse conditions. We determined that mycorrhizal inoculations increased shoot and root dry weight compared to the noninoculated plants. Plants inoculated with G. etunicatum showed the highest total plant dry weight. Highest leaf chlorophyll concentration was measured in a plant inoculated with G. caledonium . Te results of chlorophyll fuorescence were similar for all AM inoculations; however, they signifcantly difered from those of noninoculated plants. Te results demonstrated the beneft potential of mycorrhizal inoculations for persimmon production. Persimmon ( Diospyros kaki Tunb.) is grown in many parts of the world that display subtropical climate conditions, including Turkey. Tere are 2 common rootstocks used in its production: D. kaki and D. virginiana Tunb. Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), a symbiosis between plant roots and members of an ancient phylum of fungi, Glomeromycota, improves root development, water supply, and nutrients such as phosphate and zinc in the host plant. In this study, the efects of 5 AM fungi species (Glomus mosseae , G. clarium , G. etunicatum , G. caledonium , and G. intraradices) on plant growth, chlorophyll concentration, and chlorophyll fuorescence (Fv’/Fm’) in D. virginiana were investigated under greenhouse conditions. We determined that mycorrhizal inoculations increased shoot and root dry weight compared to the noninoculated plants. Plants inoculated with G. etunicatum showed the highest total plant dry weight. Highest leaf chlorophyll concentration was measured in a plant inoculated with G. caledonium . Te results of chlorophyll fuorescence were similar for all AM inoculations; however, they signifcantly difered from those of noninoculated plants. Te results demonstrated the beneft potential of mycorrhizal inoculations for persimmon production.

Obtaining haploid plants is one of the important tool that shorten the plant breeding process. Anther culture is one of the method used for obtaining haploid plants. Anther culture studies are carried out for several plant species. In the present study, flowers at different sizes of W. Murcott mandarin were collected at the blooming period. Stage of mononuclear microspore of anthers was determined according to method of acetocarmine. Mononuclear microspore stage of anthers was observed in flowers 4-5 mm in diameter. Anther culture experiments were carried out with 4-5 mm in diameter anthers. In this study, temperature pre-treatment was performed at 4˚C and 25˚C for two days. Surface sterilization was performed in flowers and anthers were cultured in nutrient medium N6. Anther culture assays were performed with the three different concentrations of TDZ (0 mg l-1 TDZ, 0.1 mg l-1 TDZ, 0.5 mg l-1 TDZ). Half of anthers were cultured in dark condition while the other half in 16 hours light, 8 hours dark climate room conditions. Anthers containing mononuclear microspore stage were cultured and, changes occurring in the anther explants were discussed in the article., Haploid bitkilerin elde edilmesi, bitki ıslahında, ıslah sürecini kısaltan önemli yöntemlerden bir tanesidir. Haploid bitkilerin elde edilmesinde kullanılan yöntemlerden biri olan anter kültürü çalışmaları birçok bitki türünde yürütülmektedir. Bu çalışmada anterlerden haploid bitki elde etmek amacıyla W. Murcott mandarin çeşidinde, çiçeklenme dönemlerinde farklı boyutlardaki çiçekler toplanmış ve asetokarmin yöntemine göre anterler içerisindeki tek çekirdekli mikrospor aşaması belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda tek çekirdekli mikrospor aşamasının olduğu dönem çiçeklerin 4-5 mm çapında oldukları dönem olarak belirlenmiş ve bu boyuttaki çiçekler temin edilerek anter kültürü denemesi kurulmuştur. Çalışmada çiçeklere 25˚C ve 4˚C’de iki gün bekletilmesi şeklinde ön uygulama gerçekleştirilmiş ve ardından çiçeklerde yüzey sterilizasyonu uygulanarak anterler N6 besin ortamı içerisinde kültüre alınmışlardır. Anter kültürü denemelerinde 0 mg l-1 TDZ (Thidiazuron), 0.1 mg l-1 TDZ ve 0.5 mg l-1 TDZ olmak üzere TDZ’nin üç farklı konsantrasyonu denenmiş ve anterlerin yarısı karanlıkta, diğer yarısı ise 16 saat aydınlık, 8 saat karanlık iklim odası koşullarında kültüre alınmıştır. W. Murcott çeşidinde tek çekirdekli mikrospor aşamasında olan anterlerin kültüre alınması sonucunda yapılan incelemelerde anter eksplantlarında meydana gelen değişimler gözlemlenerek makalede tartışılmıştır.

In this study, 1 full irrigation regime (100% of crop evapotranspiration, I100) and 2 defcit irrigation regimes (70%, I70, and 50%, I50) were evaluated in a Rio Red grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macfad. ‘Rio Red’) orchard in Adana, Turkey. Fruit yield, leaf water potential (LWP), and soil water depletion (SWD) were measured among trees from each treatment. Actual evapotranspiration was calculated in 3 ways, using 2 energy balance methods (eddy correlation and Bowen’s ratio) and water balance. Evapotranspiration rates of I70 and I50 treatments were 10% and 18% less than I100, respectively. Average irrigation amount for I50 was less than half of the average irrigation amount for I100. Considering that yield for the experimental treatments did not change statistically signifcantly, the I50 treatment provided about 50% more irrigation water savings than full irrigation conditions. Grapefruit tree LWP was highly correlated to soil water status and signifcantly associated with irrigation treatment. Average LWP values for treatments were –2.70 MPa for I100, –2.96 MPa for I70, and –3.28 MPa for I50. LWP increased up to a threshold level equivalent to 60%–66% of SWD, above which LWP decreased linearly with a continuous increase of SWD. Tis indicates that an average LWP of –3.28 MPa can be allowed for grapefruit under these experimental conditions while keeping the crop yield at that of full irrigation levels. Te research fndings showed that an enhanced understanding of physiological parameters is essential for irrigation scheduling of fruit plants. Tese will result in obtaining the optimum yield of fruit while conserving water. In this study, 1 full irrigation regime (100% of crop evapotranspiration, I100) and 2 defcit irrigation regimes (70%, I70, and 50%, I50) were evaluated in a Rio Red grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macfad. ‘Rio Red’) orchard in Adana, Turkey. Fruit yield, leaf water potential (LWP), and soil water depletion (SWD) were measured among trees from each treatment. Actual evapotranspiration was calculated in 3 ways, using 2 energy balance methods (eddy correlation and Bowen’s ratio) and water balance. Evapotranspiration rates of I70 and I50 treatments were 10% and 18% less than I100, respectively. Average irrigation amount for I50 was less than half of the average irrigation amount for I100. Considering that yield for the experimental treatments did not change statistically signifcantly, the I50 treatment provided about 50% more irrigation water savings than full irrigation conditions. Grapefruit tree LWP was highly correlated to soil water status and signifcantly associated with irrigation treatment. Average LWP values for treatments were –2.70 MPa for I100, –2.96 MPa for I70, and –3.28 MPa for I50. LWP increased up to a threshold level equivalent to 60%–66% of SWD, above which LWP decreased linearly with a continuous increase of SWD. Tis indicates that an average LWP of –3.28 MPa can be allowed for grapefruit under these experimental conditions while keeping the crop yield at that of full irrigation levels. Te research fndings showed that an enhanced understanding of physiological parameters is essential for irrigation scheduling of fruit plants. Tese will result in obtaining the optimum yield of fruit while conserving water.

Iron is one of the most important elements in plant mineral nutrition. Fe deficiency is a critical abiotic stress factor for Mediterranean citriculture; the development of marker-assisted selection for this trait would greatly enhance rootstock breeding. In this study, DNA sequencing and single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analyses were performed to determine the allelic diversity of genes associated with tolerance to iron chlorosis in citrus. Two candidate iron chlorosis tolerance genes were selected from existing Citrus EST databases and Arabidopsis thaliana genome databases. Ferritin-3 chloroplast precursor and putative membrane transporter candidate gene sequences were used to define primers in conserved regions. Six citrus genotypes from the basic taxon of Citrus were used to identify polymorphic regions in the genes. Direct sequencing of the amplified DNA fragments from the candidate genes was performed, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions/deletions (indels) were identified after sequence alignment. Based on the DNA sequencing analysis, a total of 6840 nucleotides of DNA were sequenced to identify SNPs and indels. In total, 263 SNPs and 15 indels were identified for both genes. We detected 38.45 SNPs and 2.19 indels for each 1000 b on average from the DNA sequencing results. New primers were designed in conserved areas flanking polymorphic ones for SSCP analysis. SSCP-PCR analysis was performed with 25 citrus genotypes. The neighbor-joining method was used for cluster analysis. Trifoliate genotypes and their hybrids (known to be sensitive to iron chlorosis) clustered together, whereas genotypes tolerant to iron chlorosis were more spread out on the dendrogram. Mandarins also showed high diversity for both genes according to SSCP results. Differences were found among sour orange genotypes known to have differential tolerance behavior to iron chlorosis. Iron is one of the most important elements in plant mineral nutrition. Fe deficiency is a critical abiotic stress factor for Mediterranean citriculture; the development of marker-assisted selection for this trait would greatly enhance rootstock breeding. In this study, DNA sequencing and single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analyses were performed to determine the allelic diversity of genes associated with tolerance to iron chlorosis in citrus. Two candidate iron chlorosis tolerance genes were selected from existing Citrus EST databases and Arabidopsis thaliana genome databases. Ferritin-3 chloroplast precursor and putative membrane transporter candidate gene sequences were used to define primers in conserved regions. Six citrus genotypes from the basic taxon of Citrus were used to identify polymorphic regions in the genes. Direct sequencing of the amplified DNA fragments from the candidate genes was performed, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions/deletions (indels) were identified after sequence alignment. Based on the DNA sequencing analysis, a total of 6840 nucleotides of DNA were sequenced to identify SNPs and indels. In total, 263 SNPs and 15 indels were identified for both genes. We detected 38.45 SNPs and 2.19 indels for each 1000 b on average from the DNA sequencing results. New primers were designed in conserved areas flanking polymorphic ones for SSCP analysis. SSCP-PCR analysis was performed with 25 citrus genotypes. The neighbor-joining method was used for cluster analysis. Trifoliate genotypes and their hybrids (known to be sensitive to iron chlorosis) clustered together, whereas genotypes tolerant to iron chlorosis were more spread out on the dendrogram. Mandarins also showed high diversity for both genes according to SSCP results. Differences were found among sour orange genotypes known to have differential tolerance behavior to iron chlorosis.

Bu çalışmada Kütdiken limonu meyvelerinde görülen Çöküntü (Rumple) ile meyve verim ve pomolojik özellikler arasındaki ilişkiler araştırılmıştır. Mersin ilinde bulunan üç adet bahçede çöküntü semptomu gösteren ve göstermeyen ağaçların meyvelerinin durumları, verim ve pomolojik özellikler bakımından belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada yapılan pomolojik analizler çerçevesinde, çöküntü görülen ağaçlarda görülmeyenlere göre, meyve kabuk kalınlığının daha ince, tohum sayısı, suda çözünebilir kuru madde miktarı (SÇKM) ve titre edilebilir asit miktarının ise daha düşük olduğu saptanmıştır. In this study, the relation between yield and pomological characteristics and rind disorder (Rumple) appeared in fruit of Kütdiken lemon were investigated. Three lemon plantations with and without Rumple symptoms were selected in Mersin province and yield and pomological characteristics of trees were determined. Pomological analysis showed that trees with Rumple fruits have less fruit rind thickness, seed number, total soluble solid (TSS) and total acidity (TA).

Araştırmada, 1966 yılında üç yapraklı (Poncirus trifoliata) ile yapılan kontrollü melezlemeden elde edilen ve 1981 yılında deneme parseline dikilen nüseller tanjelo klonları kullanılmıştır. 1999 yılında deneme parselindeki 4 adet nüseller tanjelo klonunun meyve verim ve kalitesine ilişkin bulgular değerlendirilmiştir. Nüseller tanjelo klonları arasında ağaç başına meyve verimi ve SÇKM/asit oranı en yüksek San Jacinto 26-2 klonundan elde edilmiştir. Lake tanjelo 26-7 en ağır meyvelere sahip olmuştur. En yüksek tohum sayısı Lake tanjelo 26-6 klonunda bulunmuştur. Thornton tanjelo 26-9 klonuna ait meyvelerin kabuk rengi sarı – portakal, diğer klonlarda ise portakal olarak belirlenmiştir. Meyve kabuk yapısı bakımından en pürüzlü meyveler Thornton tanjelo 26-9 klonundan elde edilmiştir. İncelenen klonlar arasında San Jacinto 26-2 klonun verim, SÇKM/asit oranı, meyve şekli, meyve kabuk rengi özellikleri bakımından en yüksek değerleri aldığı saptanmıştır. In this study, nucellar tangelo clones which were obtained from controlled pollination by trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) in 1966 and planted to the Research area in 1981, were used. In 1999, the findings of the fruit yield and quality of four nucellar tangelo clones were evaluated. The highest yield and the highest value of TSS/acidity ratio was obtained from San Jacinto 26-2 clone among nucellar clones. Lake tanjelo 26-7 had the heaviest fruits. The highest seed number was found in Lake tanjelo 26-6. Fruit rind colour of Thornton tanjelo 26-9 was yellowish-orange and orange in the others. Thornton tangelo 26-9 clone's fruits were determined as the roughest fruit peel. The highest values in yield, TSS/acid ratio, fruit shape, fruit rind color were determined from San Jacinto tangelo 26-2 clone among the investigated clones

Modern turunçgil yetiştiriciliğinde de diğer meyve türlerinde olduğu gibi, birim alandan alınan verimi artırmak ve kaliteli meyve alabilmek dünya pazarlarında rekabet gücüne ulaşabilmek için büyük önem taşımaktadır. Meyve verimi ve pazarlanabilir meyve oranındaki artışlar ürünlerin iç ve dış pazarda gerçek değerini alabilmesini sağlayacaktır. Mekanik budama sık dikim bahçelerinde zorunludur. Gelişmiş bütün ülkelerde de yaygın şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Ülkemizde genelde yaşlı bahçeler sık taçlı ve sık dikimle kurulmuştur ve bu da giderek artan hastalık ve zararlılarla savaşımı güç bir durum haline getirmiştir. Bu durumu iyileştirmek ve modern turunçgil yetiştiriciliği anlayışında yeni teknolojilerin tüm üretim bölgelerine ulaştırılmasını ve uygulanmasını sağlamak gerekmektedir. Bu proje ile Ülkemizde yaygın olarak yetiştiriciliği yapılan turunçgil çeşitlerinde mekanik budama uygulamasının etkinliğini belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, hatalı kesilmiş dallar budama alanı içerisindeki dalların %15’ni oluşturmuştur. En fazla hatalı kesim 0-10 mm çaptaki dallarda oluşmuştur., In modern citrus growing, like other fruit species, increasing of the yield per unit area with high quality fruit have a big importance in the world economical competition conditions. The increasing of yield and ratio of marketable fruit will provide to be valuable at national and internatioanal markets. Mechanical pruning is necessary in density planting orchards. It is widespread used in all developed country. In our country, generally old orchards composed with dense foliage and plantation distances. So pests and diseases control are becoming increasingly difficult in these orchards. To improve this situation, the uses of new technologies with the frame of modern citrus growing are necessary in all production area. The purpose of this study is to determine the activity of mechanical pruning on citrus varieties which are widespread grown in Turkey. According to the results, incorrect pruning cut branches has occured 15% of the total pruning brunches. The most defective cut was determined in the branches with 0-10 mm diameter.

Bu çalışmada, ülkemiz ve bölgemiz açısından turunç yanında, turunca alternatif olarak düşünülen Troyer ve Carrizo sitranjı anaçları üzerine aşılı önemli turunçgil çeşitlerimizden olan Marsh Seedless altıntopunun yaprak karbonhidrat içerikleri göz önüne alınarak, en uygun anaç X kalem kombinasyonunun belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Deneme materyali olarak, Batı Akdeniz Tarımsal Araştırmalar Enstitüsü’ndeki 18 yaşlı ağaçlar kullanılmıştır. Karbonhidrat içerikleri açısından sitranjların daha yüksek değerlere sahip olduğu gözlenmiştir. Mevsimsel değişime baktığımızda ise; toplam karbonhidratlar, nişasta ve karbonhidrat/azot C/N oranının ilkbahardan yaza doğru artıp sonbahara doğru azaldığı; toplam şeker, indirgen şeker ve sakkaroz içeriklerinin ise ilkbahardan sonbahara kadar azaldığı kışa doğru ise arttığı saptanmıştır. Bulgularımız sonucunda, en yüksek toplam karbonhidrat içerikleri, Carrizo sitranjı anacı üzerindeki ağaçlarda saptanırken; nişasta, toplam şeker, indirgen şeker ve sakkaroz içeriklerinin de genel olarak sitranj anaçları üzerine aşılı ağaçlarda daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir, In this study, it was intended to identify the most suitable rootstock X scion combination, taking into account the carbohydrate content of grapefruit leaves of Marsh Seedless, which is amongst important citrus varieties, in terms of our country and our region, hanging on Troyer and Carrizo citrange rootstocks and considered an alternative to sour orange. The trees, which were 18 years old at West Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute, have been used as experiment material. The highest carbohydrates contents were found at trees on citrange rootstocks. When we look for seasonal changes, we determined that total carbohydrates, starch and carbohydrate/nitrogen C/N rate increases from spring to summer and decreases to fall; total sugar, reduced sugar and sucrose content decreases from spring to fall and increases to winter. As a result of our study, the highest total carbohydrates contents were found at trees on Carrizo citrange rootstocks. On the other hand, higher starch, total sugar, reduced sugar and sucrose were determined on citrange rootstocks

Bu araştırmada, turunçgillerde anaç olma özelliği olan yirmi üç genotipin genetik yapıları SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) markırları ile belirlenmiştir. Genotiplerin genetik ilişkilerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla toplam on SSR primer çifti kullanılmıştır. Kullanılan primerlerden Ci03C08 primeri istenilen amplifikasyonu vermediği için değerlendirmeye alınmamıştır. Değerlendirmeye alınan 9 mikrosatellit primer çifti her genotip için 1 ile 3 arasında değişen bantlar vermiştir. CI03D12a primer çifti, proje kapsamında çalışılan genotiplerle toplam 10 bant vererek en yüksek polimorfizm oranını sergilemiştir. Bu primer için elde edilen bantlar 238bp-258bp aralığında dağılmışlardır. Elde edilen genetik veriler ile genetik benzerlikler hesaplanmış ve genetik benzerliklere dayalı dendrogram elde edilmiştir. Araştırma kapsamında kullanılan genotipler arasındaki genetik benzerlikler tartışılmıştır. In this study genetic characterization of twenty-three Citrus rootstocks has been conducted by using SSR markers. The ten SSR primer pairs were used to fingerprint the rootstock collection. Primer pair Ci03C08 did not give clear amplification and reproducible fragments with all genotypes. The number of fragments amplified from individual citrus genotypes with each primer pair ranged from one to three. Primer pair CI03D12a was the most informative and polymorphic that produced ten fragment with the genotypes studied ranged from 238 bp to 258 bp. The data were analyzed to calculate genetic similarity values and UPGMA Cluster Analysis was performed to generate a dendrogram. The genetic relationships between genotypes are discussed.

Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de turunçgil koleksiyonlarında yer alan kaba limon genotiplerinde SRAP markırları ile genetik çeşitlilik incelenmiştir. Ayrıca bunların muhtemel ebeveynleri olarak bilinen mandarin ve ağaç kavunu ile ilişkileri araştırılmıştır. Çalışma 21 adet primer kobinasyonu ile yapılmış ve veriler NTSYS paket programında analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmada, 182 adet bant elde edilmiş ve bunların 143 adedi polimorfik bulunmuştur. Dendrogramda materyaller arasındaki benzerlik düzeyi 0.65 ile 1.00 arasında saptanmıştır. Kaba limonlar ağaç kavunu ve mandarine sırasıyla 0.65 ve 0.69 düzeyinde benzer bulunmuştur. Genel olarak kaba limonlar içerisinde düşük düzeyde bir varyasyon olduğu tespit edilmiştir. In this study, genetic diversity of rough lemon genotypes in citrus collections of Turkey was examined by SRAP markers. Besides, relationships between rough lemon and its parents mandarin and citron was investigated. This study was carried out with 21 SRAP primer pairs and data were analysed using NTSYS. We obtained 183 fragment and 143 of them were polymorphic. In dendrogram similarity value of materials varied between 0.65 and 1.00. Similarity level of rough lemon genotypes with citron and mandarin was 0.65 and 0.69 respectively. As a result, narrow genetic variation was determined in rough lemons.

Bu çalışmada, 1979–1983 yılları arasında Türkiye turunçgil bölgelerinden selekte edilen 7 Yafa portakal tipinde seleksiyonun ikinci aşaması olarak Adana ekolojik koşullarında verim, meyve özellikleri ve bitkisel özellikler 2002, 2003 ve 2004 yıllarında incelenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda ağaç başına ortalama verimi en yüksek tipler 50-A (57.05 kg), 48-A (53.21 kg) ve 49-A (52.09 kg) tipleri olarak belirlenmiştir. In this study, the yield and fruit characters of 7 Jaffa orange types selected in citrus growing regions of Turkey during 1979-1983 years were examined in Adana ecological conditions during 2002-2004 years as the second stage of the the citrus selection project. As a result, 50-A (57.05 kg), 48-A (53.21 kg) and 49-A (52.09 kg) types were determined with the highest average yield per tree.

Bu araştırmada, önemli bir altıntop çeşidi olan Marsh Seedless çeşidi, anaç olarak da bölgemizde yaygın olarak kullanılan turunç anacı ve son yıllarda yapılan çalışmalarda ümitvar olarak görülen Troyer ve Carrizo sitranjı anaçları seçilmiştir. Bu anaçlar üzerindeki çeşitlere ait ağaçların gelişme durumları, verim ve meyve kalitesi incelenerek, en iyi anaç X kalem kombinasyonları saptanmıştır. Deneme materyali olarak, Batı Akdeniz Tarımsal Araştırmalar Enstitüsündeki 18 yaşlı Marsh Seedless ağaçları kullanılmıştır. Bulgularımız sonucunda, verim ve kalite açısından en iyi sonuçlar Carrizo sitranjı anacı üzerindeki ağaçlarda olup, bölgemiz koşullarındaki Marsh Seedless altıntopu için Carrizo sitranjı anacının, en iyi sonucu verdiği saptanmıştır. In this study, Marsh Seedless grapefruit variety has been investigated; due to its recent increasing market demands. The followings have been chosen as rootstocks: Sour orange, which is used widespread in our region, and Carrizo and Troyer citrange which were turned out as hopeful in recent studies. By investigating the growing of trees on the rootstock varieties, yield, fruit quality, tree growing, the best rootstock X scion combination has been determined. The trees, which are eighteen years old in Batı Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute, have been used as experiment materials. As a result of our findings, on the Carrizo citrange rootstocks have been determined as the best result with regard to yield and quality. As a result of our study, when we consider all of the factors in our regional conditions, for Marsh Seedless grapefruit the Carrizo citrange rootstock have given the best results.

Akdeniz Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesinde 1997-2000 yıllan arasında 4 yıl süreyle yürütülen bu çalışmada, materyal olarak turunç anacı üzerine aşılanmış ve 1990 yılında dikilmiş olan İnterdonato, Kıbrıs ve Molla Mehmet limon çeşitleri kullanılmıştır. Bu çeşitlerde verim ve meyve özellikleri incelenmiştir. Dört yıllık araştırma sonuçlarına göre, Kıbrıs ve Molla Mehmet çeşitlerinin verimleri arasında fark bulunmadığı ve her iki çeşitte de verimin İnterdonato çeşidinin yaklaşık iki katı olduğu saptanmıştır. Bununla birlikte Kıbrıs çeşidi verimi, az periyodisite göstermesi ve meyve özellikleri itibariyle diğer çeşitlere göre Antalya ekolojik koşullarına daha iyi uyum sağladığı gözlenmiştir. In this study İnterdonato, Kıbrıs and Molla Mehmet on sour orange, which were planted in 1990, were used as plant materials. Fruit yield and the pomological characteristics of these cultivars were investigated under Antalya (middle-coastal region of South Anatolia) climatic conditions during 1997-2000 periods. Results showed that Kıbrıs and Molla Mehmet cultivars had better fruit yield than Enterdonato. Kıbrıs cultivar also had good yield and quality and showed less alternate bearing tendency. Therefore. Kıbrıs cultivar can be recommended for Antalya conditions.