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Tesis Doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Formación de Profesorado y Educación, Departamento de Educación Física, Deporte y Motricidad Humana. Fecha de Lectura: 22-04-2022, The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the processes of construction of the female embodied subjectivity in the Spanish Olympic karate team. Embodied subjectivity is a dynamic concept that refers to the processes of production of oneself, leading the person to become a subject, from where, here I consider, they can achieve empowerment. The focus of the study is on the theme of gender, especially addressing the issue of women in the karateka field, which is structured in the binary order of gender. As a modality that combines martial art and sport, karate is configured as a complex practice that reaches the Olympic scene, albeit for a limited time considering that it will no longer be included in Paris 2024. This scenario increments the karateka environment, making it more public and, thus, making the athletes more visible. All these elements participate in the elaboration of the karateka habitus, grounded in tradition and hegemonic masculinity, and female performativity, which also affects strongly the construction of subjectivity. To research these and other elements inherent to the objective, I carried out a sports ethnography/autoethnography taking as the main source for the elaboration of this thesis the contributions of the Spanish women's karate team in preparation for the Olympic Games in Tokyo 2020 (2021). Among other ethnographic procedures carried out during the four years of the doctorate course and supported by my own experience, I conducted two semi-structured interviews with each member of the team consisting of 14 karateka women and four coaches. I did the qualitative analysis of data from interviews and also videos of athletes' performances in competitions. Such full analysis was carried out taking into account substantive theory and formal theory, which is anchored in a literature review especially in sport sociology. From this emerged four chapters of findings and discussion. The first one is organized in order to present and contextualize the karateka environment and the position that women fighters occupy in it. The following three chapters are focused in order to answer the research questions launched for this study, which are: What factors affect the construction of female karateka embodied subjectivities in the Spanish Olympic team?; What are the means, resources or strategies adopted by women to gain space or to maintain themselves in this environment typically understood as masculine?; How sports culture influences the development of female embodied subjectivity in Spanish Olympic karate? The findings indicated that the construction of subjectivity continues regardless of the Olympic scenario, and this construction is influenced by the numerous factors that affect the habitus that women embody; they pay a price to come to belong; they have to resist the martial culture that lowers female performance, but not only it, lowering and putting in place of “other” women themselves; they need to deal with the sports culture added to the martial one, which, since it is a sport understood as masculine, accuses women of being masculinized; and this same sports culture also sexualizes their bodies, since in patriarchy the view of the woman-object at the disposal of the man-subject is naturalized. Thus, the woman, despite all the fights, even those that take place on the tatami, is still in a place of subalternity. In other words, the martial/sports environment is not different from what is found in society as a whole. In conclusion, the fact that women take a position where they are so challenged show how they are able to occupy that space, always told them that it was not theirs, without permission to expand themselves. In relation to the real potentials they have, most women still believe in their potentials in a reduced mode. Not only physically, but in the sense of embodiment and embodied subjectivity in which they produce themselves or how they conceive of themselves. However, they are still facing and overcoming many adversities. Thus, even in the midst of a challenging scenario, women's awareness, experience and empowerment, elements of a refined female subjectivity, can be able to work to slowly reverse unfair situations in favour of women themselves and other vulnerable groups to heteronormativity.

L'articolo cerca di comprendere com’è stata ridotta la mobilità provocata dalla pandemia, la quale ha notevolmente colpito le opportunità di benessere corporeo. Tenendo presente il focus del contributo, faremo riferimento a persone che per la maggior parte non sono state infettate dal virus, ma che soffrono ugualmente a causa della pandemia, cercando di concentrare il discorso sugli effetti provocati a livello corporeo. Si tratta di corpi in gran parte impossibilitati a muoversi, ma che anche se non vengono infettati dal virus, subiscono anch'essi le limitazioni provocate dalla malattia e devono affrontare una grande instabilità, che porta ad ulteriori problemi piuttosto importanti. Si aprono scenari d’incertezza, paura, persino violenza, che colpiscono gli studenti, i bambini, in modo tale da sviluppare problematiche perlopiù mentali. Per questo Kirk propone di lavorare con la pedagogia dell'affetto, in cui gli insegnanti svolgono un ruolo fondamentale nell'offrire sostegno e una sorta di stabilità ai bambini in difficoltà. Infine, ricordiamo che pure che l’Outdoor Education viene riconosciuto come un approccio molto efficace sia per controbilanciare le restrizioni pandemiche, sia per riconnettere le persone ai loro luoghi e alle loro vite. The article seeks to understand what the reduction in mobility brought about by the pandemic severely affected the possibilities of bodily well-being. Due to the focus of our text, we will refer here to those people who for the most part was not infected by the virus, but who also suffer from the pandemic, seeking to focus on the effects on their body. These bodies, largely prevented from moving, even without viruses, also undergo disease processes, and have to deal with a lot of instability, which leads to very important problems. The scenario of uncertainty, fear, even violence, affects students, children, so that they develop mental illnesses. That is why Kirk proposes work with Pedagogies of affect, where teachers have a fundamental role in offering support and some kind of stability to these children. Finally, we remind that Outdoor Education is recognized as a very effective approach for both counterbalance the pandemic restrictions, and reconnecting people to their places and lives, too.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Educação. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação. As artes marciais podem ser descritas como um conjunto de ações que compreende técnicas de luta que requerem incansável treinamento para sua incorporação e, ao mesmo tempo, são também o caminho do guerreiro, composto por atitudes específicas, dentre as quais a mais elevada consiste em vencer a si mesmo. O esporte é um elemento fundamental do processo civilizador, um conjunto de dispositivos pedagógicos que organiza o corpo e suas expressões no sentido de simultaneamente restringi-los em sua espontaneidade e potencializá-los tecnicamente. As lutas tornam-se parte importante desse campo. Para que isso possa ocorrer, algumas delas sofrem um processo de esportivização, o que reflete em sua organização em treinamentos sistematizados e competições. O presente trabalho buscou entender os processos que legitimam uma pedagogia da dor e do sofrimento como racional e legítima e quais são suas implicações para a educação do corpo em três lutas. Para isso foi realizada uma pesquisa empírica tendo por objeto o Karatê (campo marcial-esportivo), o I Ai Do e o Nei Kung (campo marcial-filosófico), em dois espaços de treinamento de artes marciais de Florianópolis, SC. Os dados foram coletados por meio de observações de aulas e competição, observações-participantes de treinamentos e exame de faixa, e de entrevistas. As artes marciais pesquisadas e seus espaços, lugares de crenças e rituais que oferecem representações sobre o corpo que nem sempre coincidem com outras tradições, são apresentados em paralelo, seguidos por algo como uma ciência marcial, que busca dar suporte teórico às práticas físicas. O material empírico resultante pôde ser distribuído em categorias como domínio de si - movimento necessário e irrenunciável para o processo civilizador -, dor e sofrimento como fortalecedores do corpo, uma vez que os atores dos campos narram, significam e representam as dores, os sofrimentos e os sacrifícios das práticas como legítimos, honoráveis, momentos de engrandecimento que justificam as ações contra o próprio corpo, e, por fim, rituais e trotes como possuidores de forte carga simbólica, que parecem alimentar, fazer viver e transmitir as rotinas dos espaços de treinamento.