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3. Considerations of Environmentally Relevant Test Conditions for Improved Evaluation of Ecological Hazards of Engineered Nanomaterials

Author

Holden, Patricia A, Gardea-Torresdey, Jorge L, Klaessig, Fred, Turco, Ronald F, Mortimer, Monika, Hund-Rinke, Kerstin, Hubal, Elaine A Cohen, Avery, David, Barceló, Damià, Behra, Renata, Cohen, Yoram, Deydier-Stephan, Laurence, Ferguson, P Lee, Fernandes, Teresa F, Harthorn, Barbara Herr, Henderson, W Matthew, Hoke, Robert A, Hristozov, Danail, Johnston, John M, Kane, Agnes B, Kapustka, Larry, Keller, Arturo A, Lenihan, Hunter S, Lovell, Wess, Murphy, Catherine J, Nisbet, Roger M, Petersen, Elijah J, Salinas, Edward R, Scheringer, Martin, Sharma, Monita, Speed, David E, Sultan, Yasir, Westerhoff, Paul, White, Jason C, Wiesner, Mark R, Wong, Eva M, Xing, Baoshan, Horan, Meghan Steele, Godwin, Hilary A, and Nel, André E

Subjects
Medical Biotechnology, Ecological Applications, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Nanotechnology, Bioengineering, Generic health relevance, Ecology, Ecosystem, Ecotoxicology, Environment, Humans, Nanostructures
Abstract

Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are increasingly entering the environment with uncertain consequences including potential ecological effects. Various research communities view differently whether ecotoxicological testing of ENMs should be conducted using environmentally relevant concentrations-where observing outcomes is difficult-versus higher ENM doses, where responses are observable. What exposure conditions are typically used in assessing ENM hazards to populations? What conditions are used to test ecosystem-scale hazards? What is known regarding actual ENMs in the environment, via measurements or modeling simulations? How should exposure conditions, ENM transformation, dose, and body burden be used in interpreting biological and computational findings for assessing risks? These questions were addressed in the context of this critical review. As a result, three main recommendations emerged. First, researchers should improve ecotoxicology of ENMs by choosing test end points, duration, and study conditions-including ENM test concentrations-that align with realistic exposure scenarios. Second, testing should proceed via tiers with iterative feedback that informs experiments at other levels of biological organization. Finally, environmental realism in ENM hazard assessments should involve greater coordination among ENM quantitative analysts, exposure modelers, and ecotoxicologists, across government, industry, and academia.

Published
2016

15. Terrestrial Carbon Pools: Preliminary Data from the Corn Belt and Great Plains Regions

Author

Elliott, Edward T., primary, Burke, Ingrid C., additional, Monz, Christopher A., additional, Frey, Serita D., additional, Paustian, Keith H., additional, Collins, Harold P., additional, Paul, Eldor A., additional, Cole, C. Vernon, additional, Blevins, Robert L., additional, Frye, Wilbur W., additional, Lyon, Drew J., additional, Halvorson, Ardell D., additional, Huggins, David R., additional, Turco, Ronald F., additional, and Hickman, Michael V., additional

Published
2015
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19. Additional file 1 of Enhanced carbon acquisition and use efficiency alleviate microbial carbon relative to nitrogen limitation under soil acidification

Author

Tianpeng Li, Ruzhen Wang, Jiangping Cai, Meng, Yani, Zhirui Wang, Feng, Xue, Heyong Liu, Turco, Ronald F., and Jiang, Yong

Subjects
surgical procedures, operative, digestive system, digestive system diseases
Abstract

Additional file 1 Appendix 1- Additional methods (Detailed priori hypothetical pathways and a priori structural equation model); Appendix 2- Additional results (Soil biochemical characteristics, SMA regression for enzymes and correlation between variables and element-use efficiency); Appendix 3- Reliability test for estimated CUE (Soil respiration and its relationship with estimated CUE).

Published
2021
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22. Fate of the biological control agent Pseudomonas aureofaciens TX-1 after application to turfgrass

Author

Sigler, William V., Nakatsu, Cindy H., Reicher, Zachary J., and Turco, Ronald F.

Subjects
Fungi -- Biological control, Pseudomonas -- Research, Antitoxins -- Research, Biological sciences
Abstract

Applying the biological control agent Pseudomonas aureofaciens TX-1 to turfgrass does not substantially affect the indigenous microbial population. This bacterium produces the antimicrobial compound phenazine-1-carboxylic acid and is used to control soil fungi.

Published
2001

26. A structure-activity study with aryl acylamidases

Author

Villarreal, David T., Turco, Ronald F., and Konopka, Allan

Subjects
Structure-activity relationships (Biochemistry) -- Research, Herbicides -- Health aspects, Biological sciences
Abstract

Experimental studies involving four acetanilide (ACT)-degrading bacteria and nine substituted ACTs help analyze the relationship between chemical structure and biodegradability of acylanilide herbicides. These organisms do not grow on or hydrolyze N-alkyl substituted ACTs, revealing steric hindrance by N-alkyl substituted ACTs. All four organisms hydrolyze ClACT, but do not grow on ClACT due to its toxic nature. Single methyl substitution on ACT does not inhibit enzyme activity.

Published
1994

28. Developments in Agricultural Soil Quality and Health: Reflections by the Research Committee on Soil Organic Matter Management

Author

Wander, Michelle M., primary, Cihacek, Larry J., additional, Coyne, Mark, additional, Drijber, Rhae A., additional, Grossman, Julie M., additional, Gutknecht, Jessica L. M., additional, Horwath, William R., additional, Jagadamma, Sindhu, additional, Olk, Daniel C., additional, Ruark, Matt, additional, Snapp, Sieglinde S., additional, Tiemann, Lisa K., additional, Weil, Ray, additional, and Turco, Ronald F., additional

Published
2019
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30. The Fate of Methicillin-Resistant in a Synthetic Turf System.

Author

Keller, Marcus, Turco, Ronald F., Gray, Marianne Bischoff, and Sigler, Von

Subjects
STAPHYLOCOCCAL disease prevention, CANNABIS (Genus), METHICILLIN-resistant staphylococcus aureus, ECOLOGY, PUBLIC health, SPORTS, RUBBER, ELASTOMERS, QUESTIONNAIRES, ETHYLENE, SILICA
Abstract

Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is responsible for one-third of infectious outbreaks reported among competitive athletes at high school and collegiate levels of competition, while the frequency of infections among National Football League players is nearly 400-fold higher than in the general population. The increased prevalence of MRSA infections among such athletes necessitates the study of football-specific environments as MRSA reservoirs.Hypothesis: The recovery and viability of MRSA will differ between turf infill and turf fibers.Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study.Level Of Evidence: Level 4.Methods: Each of 6 infill types and 3 turf fiber types were inoculated with MRSA, sacrificed over time, and enumerated after bacteria extraction and dilution plating to determine the incubation time at which 50% of inoculated MRSA are recoverable and viable (here termed A50). The role of infill toxicity on MRSA survival was assessed using a dialysis assay.Results: On average, MRSA was available for up to 96 hours on infill (average A50: 13 hours) and 24 hours on turf fibers (A50: 4 hours) (P < 0.001). The A50 for each infill type was also variable among infill groups (P < 0.001), averaging 2 hours (ethylene propylene diene monomer [EPDM] rubber), 7 hours (cork-based material), 9 hours (polymer-coated materials), 12 hours (crumb rubber), 13 hours (thermoplastic elastomer [TPE] rubber), and 27 hours (sands). MRSA remained available on slit-film and nylon fiber types for 12 hours postdeposition and for 24 hours on monofilament fibers. Toxicity assays showed that over 90% of MRSA cells remained viable after 6 hours of exposure to cork infill and sands, while 79%, 71%, 68%, and 17% of MRSA remained viable after exposure to polymer-coated materials, crumb rubber, TPE rubber, and EPDM rubber, respectively. Our data also indicated that organic and sand infills exhibited minimal toxicity to MRSA, while high relative toxicity drives limited MRSA availability in EPDM rubber infill.Conclusion: MRSA recovery and viability varied among infill types but not among differing turf blades.Clinical Relevance: The results of this study can inform appropriate athlete and field management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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33. The Fate of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureusin a Synthetic Turf System

Author

Keller, Marcus, Turco, Ronald F., Gray, Marianne Bischoff, and Sigler, Von

Abstract

Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) is responsible for one-third of infectious outbreaks reported among competitive athletes at high school and collegiate levels of competition, while the frequency of infections among National Football League players is nearly 400-fold higher than in the general population. The increased prevalence of MRSA infections among such athletes necessitates the study of football-specific environments as MRSA reservoirs.Hypothesis: The recovery and viability of MRSA will differ between turf infill and turf fibers.Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study.Level of Evidence: Level 4.Methods: Each of 6 infill types and 3 turf fiber types were inoculated with MRSA, sacrificed over time, and enumerated after bacteria extraction and dilution plating to determine the incubation time at which 50% of inoculated MRSA are recoverable and viable (here termed A50). The role of infill toxicity on MRSA survival was assessed using a dialysis assay.Results: On average, MRSA was available for up to 96 hours on infill (average A50: 13 hours) and 24 hours on turf fibers (A50: 4 hours) (P< 0.001). The A50for each infill type was also variable among infill groups (P< 0.001), averaging 2 hours (ethylene propylene diene monomer [EPDM] rubber), 7 hours (cork-based material), 9 hours (polymer-coated materials), 12 hours (crumb rubber), 13 hours (thermoplastic elastomer [TPE] rubber), and 27 hours (sands). MRSA remained available on slit-film and nylon fiber types for 12 hours postdeposition and for 24 hours on monofilament fibers. Toxicity assays showed that over 90% of MRSA cells remained viable after 6 hours of exposure to cork infill and sands, while 79%, 71%, 68%, and 17% of MRSA remained viable after exposure to polymer-coated materials, crumb rubber, TPE rubber, and EPDM rubber, respectively. Our data also indicated that organic and sand infills exhibited minimal toxicity to MRSA, while high relative toxicity drives limited MRSA availability in EPDM rubber infill.Conclusion: MRSA recovery and viability varied among infill types but not among differing turf blades.Clinical Relevance: The results of this study can inform appropriate athlete and field management practices.

Published
2020
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