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Alteration of specific epigenetic marks might promote homology directed repair (HDR) during CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing. Testing several epigenetic inhibitors in a traffic light reporter assay, the histone methylation inhibitor 3DZNep showed a significant HDR promoting effect, while non-homologous end joining mediated repair was not significantly changed. This HDR promoting effect was largely independent of the target gene and its expression levels but showed a limited cell type specificity. HDR promotion was independent of the best described target of 3DZNep, the H3K27 methyltransferase EZH2, and of altered gene expression, but correlated partially with increased frequency of S/G2 cell cycle stage.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinicopathological characteristics, treatment and prognosis of advanced endometrial cancer (EC). Patients who underwent surgery for advanced EC between January 1995 and December 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with missing data, concurrent cancers or uterine sarcomas and those who did not undergo surgery were excluded. The effects of clinicopathological factors on progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed. A total of 104 patients were included. Most presented with endometrioid histology (74%) and stage-III disease (87.5%), and 76.9% underwent optimal cytoreduction. A multivariate analysis confirmed that lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI) is an independent poor prognostic factor for PFS [odds ratio (OR): 21.37, p = 0.005] and OS [OR: 8.09, p = 0.044]. Suboptimal cytoreduction is another independent poor prognostic factor for PFS [OR: 5.68, p < 0.001]. Our study demonstrated that LVSI and optimal cytoreduction are the most significant factors affecting the survival of advanced EC patients.

Degradation of the lands by salinity under arid climate and poor drainage conditions can be inevitable. In the Harran plain total salt affected areas covers 10 % of total irrigated areas which are mainly located in the low lying parts of the plain where elevation ranges from 350 to 400 m. Soil salinity shows high spatial variability which requires intensive sampling and laboratory analyses. Geostatistical techniques such as simple or ordinary kriging can be used in explaining this spatial variability and estimating soil salinity parameters at unvisited locations. On the other hand, new approaches such as hybrid interpolation methods which incorporate secondary variables into primary variables can help improve the estimation. Estimating soil salinity is a vital issue in soil fertility and management. This study evaluated multivariate geostatistical methods such as regression kriging (RK) and kriging with external drift (KED) and compared them with ordinary kriging (OK) for the estimation of soil salinity parameters. Topographical parameters (i.e elevation, slope and topo wetness index (ln (A/tan))) as well as soil EC values at different depths were used as auxiliary variables. Overall results showed that estimation and mapping accuracy may be improved using multivariate geostatistical methods depending upon the power of the relationship between soil salinity parameters and environmental variables used as covariable.

Objective: To investigate the effect of nicotine exposure starting before coitus and continuing during pregnancy and lactation period on delivery rate, fetal growth and nicotine addiction in rats. Material and Methods: Ten female Swiss Albino rats were divided into 2 groups as the nicotine group (NG) (n=5), and the control group (n=5), conceived by adding 2 male rats to each group. While the control group was given only normal drinking water, 0.4 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day nicotine was given to the NG in drinking water. After delivery, the BWs of pups were recorded weekly for 6 weeks and their drinking water preferences were assessed. Meanwhile, pups of the NG continued to receive 0.4 mg/kg/day nicotine for 12 months while the controls continued with normal drinking water. Results: At the end of the 6th week, it was determined that 30 (69%) rats out of 43 in the NG and only 7 rats (20%) out of 35 in the control group preferred the nicotine added drinking water (p

Objective: To review the characteristics, clinical management and survival of clear cell type of epithelial ovarian cancers Material and methods: Between January 1994 and September 2007, 63 patients diagnosed with clear cell type epithelial overian cancer in department of obstetrics and gynecology Ege University Faculty of Medicine was included in the study. The age of the patients, surgical stage at the time of diagnosis, histopathological diagnosis after and the survival of the patients were reviewed. Complete data was present for 18 cases. Results: Thirty-two patients had pure clear cell carcinoma (12 of them bilateral), clear cell and endometrioid in 12 cases, clear cell and mucinous in 2 cases, clear cell and serous in 11 cases (2 of them bilateral). In 6 patients clear cell, serous and endometriod types existed together. The mean age of the 18 patients with complete data was 55.5 years. Ten patients were at stage 1 after surgical staging while 8 patients stage 3. All the patients received chemotherapy after the surgery. When the patients were evaluated by the stage, 60% of stage 1 patients and 12.5% of stage 3 patients were alive at the end of 5 years. Conclusion: Early stage clear cell type epithelial ovarian cancers have the same survival like other epithelial ovarian cancer types, worse survival rates are seen in advanced stages.

PubMed ID: 22724884, Cystic fibrosis (CF) is one of the most common severe autosomal recessive genetic disorders, characterized primarily by chronic obstructive lung disease and maldigestion disorder. The disease is caused by mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. Here we present a case of a fetus with hyperechogenic bowel, in which compound heterozygosity was established for the mutations p.IIe1000fsX1001 and p.Asp110His subsequent to amniocentesis. The mutations were most likely disease-causing, and pregnancy was terminated.

We report a 20 year old case of partial androgen insensitivity syndrome, referred to our clinic with complaints concerning external genital organs and left undescended testicle. The phenotypically male case was first evaluated for secondary sex development. Axillary hair was scanty and no pubic hair was found. There was no breast development. In the gynecological examination, the clitoris was hypertrophic (4.6 cm) and a blind vagina with intact hymen was seen. Abdominopelvic ultrasonography revealed the absence of an uterus and adnexes which was supported by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). There was a palpable mass in the left inguinal canal (cryptorchism), seen as atrophic tissue under the skin in MRI. Although the other testis was in the labioscrotal fold, it was atrophic. The Karyotype was 46 XY after genetic investigation.

ÖZET Bir işletmenin faaliyetleri ile ilgili bilgilerin sürekli, sağlıklı, doğru ve zamanında alınarak, işletmenin bilgi yapısının ve işletmeyi oluşturan sistemin tüm davranışlarının güçlü ve zayıf yönlerinin ortaya konularak işletme amaçlan doğrultusunda geliştirilmesinde verimlilik ölçümü ve analizi işletme yönetimi için doğal ve vazgeçilmez bir araçtır. Bir verimlilik ölçme sistemi, ölçümün yapılacağı şirketin ya da kuruluşun spesifik ihtiyaçlarına cevap vermek üzere biçimlendirilmelidir; kuruluşun değişen ihtiyaçlarına uyum sağlayacak kadar esnek olmalıdır ve kuruluşun şirket yapısı içinde birbirinden çok farklı işlemsel birimlerim kapsamasına imkan vermelidir. Yukarıda, önemi kısaca vurgulanan verimlilik ölçme ve değerlendirme sistemleri (modelleri) çalışmanın konusunu oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde verimlilik tanım ve prensipleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Üçüncü bölümde çok detaylı olarak işletmelerde verimliliği artıran faktörler açıklanmıştır. Verimlilik performansın bir parçasını oluşturduğundan, çalışmanın dördüncü bölümünde işletmelerde performans kavramı ve değerlendirme sistemleri'ne yer verilmiştir. Çalışmanın esasını teşkil eden verimlilik ölçme ve değerlendirme modelleri literatürden irdelenmiş, ve seçilen bazı modellerin tanıtımı beşinci bölümde yapılmıştır. Ve son olarak, tanıtılan modellerden birinin uygulaması çalışmanın altıncı bölümünde yer almıştır. -A SUMMARY PRODUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS AT COMPANIES Any nation undergoing development has a keen interest in understanding the importance of the role of productivity. It is an indusputable fact that, a low level of productivity is generally one of the major obstacles to the development of a nation. The problem is particularly serious at the present time, when productivity problems are compounded by the scarcity of resources and serious inflation. In some countries, a lack of ideas as to how to improve the productivity of a nation, rather than a lack of natural resources, has been the major obstacle to improvement. According to the author's fundamental philosophy on productivity, without having such an ideal / critical proposition as the productivity - humanity principle it must be either in vain or a waste of time and energy to devise any kind of tools and mechanism to improve the performance of the enterprise or of industry, or sometimes it can be dangerous to encourage working people to cooperate with maniacs who exploit people's energy, or conversely to encourage laziness among the working people in the name of humanity. Considering the problem from a theoretical standpoint, productivity science is not only a system of scientific knowledge concerning productivity problems and an accumulation of the wisdom of productivitists and the leaders and vangards of the productivity movement, but also a system of policy and action for productivity improvement. This work aims mainly to discuss methods of analysing and measuring productivity at the firm level. Sence, needless to say, the problems of productivity in enterprises are extremely complicated, it is not appropriate to discuss these problems in one sweep. However, as the measurement and analysis of productivity goes a long way towards understanding and tackling such multilateral problems, they should be carried out from the first stage and XIconstantly executed at all stages of planning, management and auditing. In this context, the measurement of productivity is an absolute necessity in studying productivity problems or the practice of productivity. On the other hand, the measurement of productivity should never be measurement for the measurement's sake and should be performed dependent upon its objectives, its structure, its forms and requirements and the purpose of such measurements in general. Fundamentally, productivity represents the output of goods and services which can obtained from a given input of employees. Within the firm, productivity should be monitored by using such measures as employment costs per unit of output, employment costs at a ratio of sales value, added value per employee, sales value per employee, tons of product handled per man hour, or labour costs as a percentage of added value. Internal and external comparisons may then reveal areas where improvement is required by mechanization, automation, improved management, a more flexible approach to resourcing or other means. To manage productivity is a true sense of term, four formal phases must be recognized: - measurement, - evaluation, - planning, - improvement. These four phases form a continuous productivity process `the productivity` cycle. Once the productivity level of an organization is measured in the current time period (for example, the current month, quarter or year), it must be compared with the target level setup in the preceeding period. Based on this evaluation, a new productivity, improvement must be take place in the next period. To determine if the planned level has in fact been achieved, productivity must be measured again in the next period, The entire cyclic process repeats for as long as an organization formally manages its productivity level and growth rate. This study is an attempt to define productivity in a generic fashion. There can and always will be a different views of productivity, but there must be a mechanism for integrating those views into a common definition. ?«:iiIn this study, chapter two presents the definitional of productivity concept. There are given some author's, organization's definitions of productivity such as, Francois Quenay, Adam Smith, Karl Marx, OECD, ILO, EPA, JPC. Added to this, there are Peter Drucker's, Alan Lawlor's, Prokopenko's definitions. Productivity is simply the relations between outputs generated from a system and the inputs provided to create those outputs. Inputs in the general form of labour (Human Resources), capital (physical and financial capital assets), energy, materials and data are brought into a system. These resources are transformed into outputs (good and services). We can define that the productivity, as the input - output ratio within a time period with due consideration for quality. This definition, can be applied to the productivity of organizations, managers, staff personel and workers. Productivity increase factors studied in Chapter 3. Some definitions of the performance concept are given in fourth Chapter and the following seven performance dimensions are explained: - Effectiveness - Activity - Productivity - Quality - Innovation - Quality of labor life - Profitableness. This work is primarily concerned with `productivity`, on facet of performance, with attention focussed primarily on on-site activities or others which directly affect it. It is important at the outset to make a distinction between performance and productivity. XlllAlso, in Chapter 4, performance measurement systems are stressed on. In Chapter 5, classifications of models and seven models for productivity measurement are presented. These models are: - Norwagian POSPAC Model - Alan Lawlor Model - American Productivity Center (APC) Model - Kazukiyo Kurosawa Models There three K. Kurosawa models are given: - WPMR - Worker Productivity Management by Ratios. - Added Value Productivity - A1PR - Aggregate Index of Productivity and Rentability. In WPMR, workshop productivity or work-site productivity is discussed. At the front line of production where activities which bestow value on goods and services are carried out, worker productivity, plant productivity and resource productivity are operated. At this stage of management, as a core topic, attention is focussed on the worker productivity measurement system. Added value is, needless to say, an aggregated result of all the effects not only of the activities of the enterprise but also of the influences beyond the control management and it is an intermediate category between macro or socio-economic performance and micro or enterprise performance. The importance of this category lies in the fackt that the amount of added value is only the fund form which agents who are related to the enterprise activity get their remuneration or shares. Secondly, the concept of added value examined from a theoretical viewpoint could be treated as a reasonable measure to evaluate the performance of the enterprise from socio-economic considerations. Although a system of financial ratios is one of the most traditional tools for analysing the business conditions of the firm. XIVIn AIPR, the total performance of the firm activity is analysed under the title of total productivity and profitability nexus. In this system, not only the so-called total productivity and rentability in global terms but also further disaggregated effects of major elements such as technological - engineering advance, economies of scale, price effects of outputs and inputs, rate of operation, and profitability of capital are analysed. Chapter 6 is an application of AIPR - K. Kurosawa's model in a company. M. 160