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Catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) are an important problem in pediatric patients with central venous catheters. This study aimed to determine the incidence of CRBSIs, responsible pathogens and outcomes of antibiotic lock treatment (ALT) in pediatric patients. Between January 2010 and November 2015 all hospitalized pediatric hematology, oncology and immunology patients diagnosed with CRBSIs were retrospectively analyzed. Seventy-eight CRBSI episodes were detected in 60 pediatric patients. The incidence of CRBSIs was 4.20/1000 catheter days. The most frequently detected pathogen was methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp., and Escherichia coli were other commonly isolated microorganisms. ALT was administered in 42 patients. The success rate of ALT was 81% (34/42). Catheter was removed without ALT in 36 episodes. Common reasons for catheter removal were sepsis and causative microorganisms which had high probability of biofilm formation. CRBSIs are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in pediatric patients. ALT is safe and effective. It is possible to obtain satisfactory results when ALT is used with intravenous systemic antibiotics for CRBSIs, though in some cases catheter removal is necessary. ALT helps to prevent unnecessary catheter removal in pediatric patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pneumonia is a significant cause of death for children, particularly those in developing countries. The records of children who were hospitalized because of pneumonia between January 2003 and December 2015 were retrospectively reviewed, and patients who met the recurrent pneumonia criteria were included in this study. During this 13-year period, 1395 patients were hospitalized with pneumonia; of these, 129 (9.2%) met the criteria for recurrent pneumonia. Underlying diseases were detected in 95 (73.6%) patients, with aspiration syndrome (21.7%) being the most common. Rhinovirus (30.5%), adenovirus (17.2%) and respiratory syncytial virus (13.9%) were the most frequent infectious agents. These results demonstrate that underlying diseases can cause recurrent pneumonia in children. Viruses are also commonly seen in recurrent pneumonia. Appropriate treatments should be chosen based on an analysis of the underlying disease, the patient's clinical condition and the laboratory and radiological data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After bone marrow aspiration procedure; some complications like pain and bleeding at the puncture site may be expected but some serious complications like osteomyelitis and soft tissue infections may also rarely occur. In this case we present a boy with recurrent fever. During etiologic investigation, familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) gene M694V mutation was +/+. Patient was treated with oral colchicine however fever persisted. The patient was considered as colchicine resistant FMF and steroid treatment was planned. Bone marrow aspiration procedure was executed to rule out malignancy. Three months after bone marrow aspiration, he was readmitted with complaint of left pelvic pain, difficulty in walking without support and standing on his left foot. Radiological imaging demonstrated left iliopsoas abscess and left sacroiliac osteomyelitis. Patient was successfully treated with intravenous ampicillin-sulbactam and clindamycin treatment for 6 weeks. Then oral amoxicillin-clavulanic acid treatment was continued for 2 weeks. Patient was discharged without any surgical procedure. On 1-year follow-up he could walk without any support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: The first articles about the impact of COVID-19 infection focused on the physical health and existing well-being of children and adolescents. However, little is known about the long-term effects of the disease itself, especially being infected with the virus and even the possibility of the infection on their mental health. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the long-term psychological effects of the disease., Method: The study was designed as cross-sectional quantitative research. For this, the medical records of all 8-18-year-old children who presented to a university pandemic clinic in 2020 with possible COVID-19 symptoms were scanned. One hundred 62 children, with the first presentation date of 6 months ago and earlier, were divided into three groups. Group 1 consisted of children with chronic diseases who were hospitalized at the time of admission and continued to be hospitalized in the follow-up after they were PCR( +; polymerase chain reaction +). Group 2 comprised children without chronic diseases and continued outpatient follow-up after they were PCR(+). Finally, Group 3 was constituted by children with chronic diseases who were hospitalized at the time of admission but were discharged after their test was negative. A control group was also included., Results: It was found that presenting to a pandemic clinic with possible COVID-19 symptoms, being PCR-positive for COVID-19, and being hospitalized with a verified disease posed a significant risk to children for the development of mental disorders, including anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and sleep disorders., Conclusion: Thus, prompt identification of at-risk populations, early intervention, and effective management of diagnosed disorders is necessary. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate presentations of new-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus in a pediatric cohort during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic., Materials and Methods: This study was designed as a single-center, descriptive, cross-sectional retrospective study. The patients diagnosed with new-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus between April 1, 2020, and April 1, 2021, were included in the study. The rate of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 polymerase chain reactivity-positivity was investigated. The pandemic period was compared with the same period of the pre-pandemic 2 years in terms of number of new-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus patients, rate of presentation with diabetic ketoacidosis, and degree of diabetic ketoacidosis severity., Results: In total, 56 patients were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus during the pandemic and 2 (3.57%) of them tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 polymerase chain reaction. The number of new-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus patients was 39 in 2019 and 39 in 2018. The rate of presentation with diabetic ketoacidosis was similar in the pandemic period compared to the pre-pandemic periods (53.5% in 2020 vs. 56.4% in 2019 and 53.8% in 2018; P = .94). The proportion of severe diabetic ketoacidosis was also similar in all years, respectively (43.3% in 2020 vs. 45.4% in 2019 and 47.6% in 2018; P = .95)., Conclusion: We reported only 2 cases that tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2among the new-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus patients during the pandemic. Although we found an increase in the number of new-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus cases by comparing with prepandemic period, rates of diabetic ketoacidosis and severe diabetic ketoacidosis were similar. There was no finding to suggest that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2taking a part in type 1 diabetes mellitus pathogenesis. Since the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus is a long process, prospective studies are needed to investigate the long-term effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

Hydatid disease is a parasitic disease. Although the disease causes many organ involvement, intracranial involvement is rarely seen. Clinical findings vary according to the number, size, localization of the cyst and the immune status of the patient. We aimed to present a rare case with intracranial hydatid cyst. A 8-year-old male patient presented with headache and vomiting. Physical examination revealed papillary edema. Brain computerized tomography imaging revealed a 13x13 cm cystic formation in the brain. The patient’s echinococcal indirect hemagglutination test result was positive. The patient was started on oral albendazole therapy for intracranial hydatid cyst and was operated by brain surgery. Pathologic examination of the cyst was compatible with hydatid cyst. Although cysts are detected in the liver and lungs, cysts may be seen in atypically located areas. It should be kept in mind in clinically suspected patients that the disease can develop in rare organs, especially in patients with endemic areas. In patients with hydatid disease, advanced radiological examinations such as lung X-ray, abdominal ultrasonography and brain magnetic resonance imaging and echocardiographic examination should be performed for other organ involvement.

Introduction: The aim of this prospective single-center study was to determine the changings in incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), serotype distribution and the antimicrobial resistance patterns of S. pneumoniae in children with IPD after the period (1 to 7 years) of vaccination with PCV7 (2008) and PCV13 (2011)., Population and Methods: The study was conducted on 39 Turkish children with IPD between ages 1 month and 18 years in Ankara, Turkey. Streptococcus pneumoniae was identified using standard laboratory procedures from blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), pleural fluid, and other sterile body fluids and tissues. S. pneumoniae isolates were tested for resistance to penicilin and ceftriaxone using the E-test methodology. Serotypes of the isolates were determined by Quellung reaction., Results: The overall annual incidence rate of IPD decreased significantly from 7.71 (95% CI, 1.99-13.4) to 1.58 (95% CI, 0.6-3.77; RRR=-79.5; p=0.006) per 100 000 population among ≤5 years of age without underlying disease. During the overall study period, the PCV7-serotypes and PCV13-serotypes represented 27.8% and 63.8% of isolates, respectively. PCV13-serotypes made up 81.8% of cases of IPD in the pre-PCV13 era and decreased to 56% in the 4 years after PCV13. The penicillin and ceftriaxone (for meningitis) resistance rates were 48.5% and 9.1%, respectively., Conclusions: This is the first study about the changing pattern of the incidence of IPD in Turkish children after the implementation of the PCV7 and PCV13 in Turkish national vaccine schedule and a prominent decrease in incidence of IPD has seen after the implementation of PCV13., (Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría)

Congenital lobar emphysema is a rare disease, which is characterized by pulmoner hyperinflation. Depending on the degree of bronchial obstruction, the clinical presentation may be variable. We report a rare case with congenital lobar emphysema in a 38-days-old male infant who presented with severe respiratory distress and hypertension. Air trapping in the left upper lung and significant mediastinal shift to the right were observed on the chest x-ray. Emphysematous changes were detected on the thorax computed tomography and considered as congenital lobar emphysema. The upper left lobectomy was successfully performed by pediatric surgeons. On postoperative follow up, no sign of respiratory distress occured and the patient was normotensive. In this report, a case with congenital lobar emphysema, which is a rare cause of respiratory distress and hypertension is discussed.