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Samrawit Shawel,1 Behailu Hawulte Ayele,1 Yadeta Dessie,1 Abera Kenay Tura,2 Gimaye Dinsa,1,3 Abainash Tekola,1 Miheret Mandefro,1 Awoke Masrie,1 Aklilu Tamire,1 Obsan Kassa Tefasa1 1School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; 2School of Nursing and Midwifery, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; 3School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CanadaCorrespondence: Samrawit Shawel, Tel +251 913 705 953, Email samrishas@gmail.comBackground: Pregnant women face high costs for health-care services despite being advertised as free. These costs include non-medical expenses, lost productivity, difficulties caring for family members, and long-term financial impact from complications. Limited research has been done on the cost burden of maternal services and complications, despite numerous studies on maternal health service provision. This is notable considering the government’s claim of providing free maternal health-care services.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in July (1– 30) 2022 among 425 randomly selected mothers in Harari and Dire Dawa City, Eastern Ethiopia. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and medical record reviews. The collected data was entered into Epi-Data version 3.02 and analyzed using STATA version 14.0 after data cleaning. Descriptive statistics and linear regression analysis were used to examine the data, ensuring assumptions of linearity, independence, homoscedasticity, and normality were met. The correlation coefficient was used to assess the strength of the association.Results: The median cost of maternal complications was around 4250 ETB (81.3 USD; IQR = 2900– 5833.3), factors that predicted cost were monthly family income of ≥ 3001 birr (β=1.13; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.26), distance from hospital (β=0.73; 95% CI = 0.64– 0.83), being admitted for less than 4 days (β=0.60; 95% CI = 0.53– 0.69), accompanied by relatives besides their husbands (β=1.93; 95% CI = 1.52– 2.46), caesarian sections delivery (β=1.17; 95% CI = 1.04– 1.31), and giving birth to a normal baby (β=0.86; 95% CI = 0.77– 0.97).Conclusion: Maternal complications incur significant costs, with factors such as family income, travel time, hospital stay, caregiver presence, mode of delivery, and neonatal outcome predicting these costs. The Ethiopian health system should address the additional expenses faced by mothers with complications and their caregivers.Keywords: direct cost, indirect cost, medical-cost, maternal complication, Eastern Ethiopia

Tadesse Gure Eticha,1 Sagni Girma,2 Galana Mamo,3 Fekede Asefa,3 Abdi Birhanu,4 Bedasa Taye,3 Addisu Alemu,3 Kabtamu Nigussie,2 Abel Gedefaw,5 Tinsae Genet,6 Demisew Amenu,7 Thomas Mekuria,8 Abera Kenay Tura2 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; 2School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; 3School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; 4School of Medicine, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; 5School of Medicine, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia; 6School of Medicine, College of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; 7School of Medicine, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia; 8School of Medicine, St. Paul’s Millennium Medical College Hospital, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Tadesse Gure Eticha, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia, Tel +251913868714, Email tadebuna@yahoo.comBackground: Although the lactational amenorrhea method (LAM) is one of the most commonly used contraception methods during the first six months of a woman’s postpartum period, there has been little research on its effectiveness in general and particularly in Ethiopia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of LAM and the experiences of Ethiopian women who used it.Methods: This was a multi-center prospective cohort study of postpartum women from five Ethiopian regions and one city administration. All pregnant women who gave birth in these randomly selected hospitals and five health centers directly referring to the hospitals were invited to the study if they selected LAM and were followed monthly at home. Each month, trained researchers visited the woman at her home and collected information about breast feeding, the return of menses, the resumption of sex, the use of another contraceptive, and a pregnancy test using urine human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Women who reported starting new contraceptive methods, resumption of menses, starting complementary feeding, neonatal death, getting pregnant, or refusing were excluded from the cohort. The data were collected using ODK Collect and exported to Stata 14 for analysis.Results: Among the 2162 women who selected LAM as a contraceptive, 2022 were enrolled in the cohort study, and 901 completed the follow-up. At the end of the sixth month, eight women got pregnant, corresponding to an effectiveness of 99.1%. More than half of the cohort were excluded from the follow-up for reasons of transitioning to other types of contraception, resumption of menses, or refusal to follow-up.Conclusion: The effectiveness of LAM is high and should be recommended for postpartum women, with proper counseling provided. A study should be conducted to examine the effectiveness of breast feeding as a contraceptive beyond the Bellagio consensus.Keywords: effectiveness, lactation amenorrhea, contraception, breast-feeding, postpartum Ethiopia

Medicines are one of the critical elements of a well-functioning healthcare system, but their expiry remains one of the significant challenges in the healthcare sector. This study aims in assessing the extent of the issue and identifying the expired medicine types and their underlying causes in some selected public health facilities of Arsi Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. This study is a mixed-method, which includes both quantitative and qualitative components. The quantitative research was undertaken by retrospective data extraction of recorded medicines as expired for the specified period. At the same time, the qualitative part is a facility-based cross-sectional survey study with self-administered questionnaires and semi-structured in-depth interviews engaging the health professionals of study facilities to explore the reasons for the expiration of medicines. Fifteen health facilities were selected from the study zone. The total monetary value of expired medicines in the studied health facilities during 2017-2019 was 185,938.86 USD. In the same period, all study facilities received medicines worth 2,425,882.64 USD, resulting in an expiry rate of 7.66%. The top classes of wasted medicines through expiry in terms of value were anti-infectives (35.51%) and medicines for central nervous system (CNS) disorders (20.48%). In comparison, by dosage forms, nearly half were solid dosage forms (48.81%), followed by liquid dosage forms (41.82%). Delivery of near expiry date medicines by Ethiopia’s Pharmaceuticals Supply Agency (PSA), lack of a system to exchange nearly expired medicines between facilities, and presence of overstocked medicines due to improper forecasting of need were the common perceived factors contributing to the expiry of medicines. Thus, the Policymakers should make decisions to reduce the contributing factors of medicines expiry to reduce wastage of medicines and promote appropriate utilization of finite resources.

Sinetibeb Mesfin,1 Merga Dheresa,1 Sagni Girma Fage,1 Abera Kenay Tura1,2 1School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; 2Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the NetherlandsCorrespondence: Abera Kenay TuraSchool of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, P.O.B. 235, Harar, EthiopiaEmail a.k.tura@haramaya.edu.etObjective: Despite implementation of different strategies, postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) continued to account for a substantial proportion of maternal deaths in Ethiopia. The objective of this study was to assess the magnitude of PPH and its associated factors among women who gave birth in a university hospital in eastern Ethiopia from 1 to 31 March 2020.Methods: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted. A review of 653 randomly selected medical records of all deliveries from 1 March 2018 to 29 February 2020 in Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital (HFSUH), a university hospital in eastern Ethiopia, was conducted. Data were collected on sociodemographic characteristics, obstetric and reproductive health conditions, and presence of PPH. Data were coded, checked for completeness and entered using EpiData 3.1 and exported to SPSS 20 for analysis. Results were expressed using frequencies, tables and figures. Binary and multiple logistic regression were fitted to identify factors associated with PPH and associations were described using adjusted odds ratio (aOR) along with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Associations with p< 0.05 in the multivariable logistic regression were declared as statistically significant.Results: From a total of 642 (98.3%) women included in this study, 83 (12.9%; 95% CI 10.4– 15.6) had PPH. Maternal age > 35 years (aOR = 3.08; 95% CI 1.56, 6.07), no antenatal care (aOR = 3.65; 95% CI 1.97, 6.76), history of PPH (aOR = 4.18; 95% CI 1.99, 8.82), and being grand multigravida (aOR = 3.33; 95% CI 1.14, 9.74) were significantly associated with having PPH.Conclusion: A high proportion of women who gave birth in HFSUH experienced PPH. Prevention and management of PPH should focus on improving antenatal care and prioritize grand multigravida, older women, and women with a previous history of PPH.Keywords: magnitude, morbidity, mortality, postpartum hemorrhage, PPH

Solomon Zewdie,1 Sagni Girma Fage,2 Abera Kenay Tura,2,3 Fitsum Weldegebreal4 1Goro Dola Woreda Health Office, Guji Zone, Oromia Regional State, Goro Dola, Ethiopia; 2School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; 3Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, the Netherlands; 4College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Sagni Girma FageSchool of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, EthiopiaEmail giruu06@gmail.comBackground: Maternal undernutrition rates in Ethiopia are among the highest in the world. In addition, a huge inequity exists within the country, with pregnant women in rural communities being at increased risk. This study assessed the prevalence of undernutrition and its associated factors among pregnant women in a rural community in southern Ethiopia.Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 376 randomly selected pregnant women. Data were collected through face-to-face interview followed by mid–upper arm circumference measurement. Household food insecurity and minimum dietary diversity for women were assessed. Data were entered into EpiData 3.1 and exported to SPSS 20 for analysis. Logistic regression models were fitted to check associations between independent variables and undernutrition. Statistical significance was set at p< 0.05.Results: The prevalence of undernutrition was 41.2% (95% CI 36.3%– 46.3%). Unintended pregnancy (AOR 2.06, 95% CI 1.27– 3.36) and not participating in Wome’s Health Development Army meetings (AOR 3.64, 95% CI 1.51– 8.77) were independent predictors of undernutrition. However, minimum dietary diversity for women of five or more food groups (AOR 0.24, 95% CI 0.07– 0.82), having at least one antenatal care visit (AOR 0.46, 95% CI 0.27– 0.78), age at first pregnancy ≥ 20 years (AOR 0.39, 95% CI 0.21– 0.76), and being from food-secure households (AOR 0.26, 95% CI 0.16– 0.43) were independent protective factors against undernutrition.Conclusion: Undernutrition among pregnant women was highly prevalent in the study area. Interventions aiming to reduce undernutrition should focus on discouraging teenage and unintended pregnancy, reducing household food insecurity, and promoting antenatal care visits and encouraging consumption of diversified diets by women. Strengthening the existing network of the Women’s Health Development Army seems to be very important.Keywords: undernutrition, pregnant women, rural community, Ethiopia

Abera Kenay Tura,1,2 Sicco Scherjon,2 Jelle Stekelenburg,3,4 Jos van Roosmalen,5,6 Thomas van den Akker,5,6 Joost Zwart7 1School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia; 2Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; 3Department of Health Sciences, Global Health, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; 4Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Leeuwarden Medical Centre, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands; 5Athena Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; 6Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands; 7Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Deventer Ziekenhuis, Deventer, The NetherlandsCorrespondence: Abera Kenay TuraSchool of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, POB 235, Harar, EthiopaEmail a.k.tura@haramaya.edu.etObjectives: To assess life-threatening complications among women admitted with severe hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and compare applicability of World Health Organization (WHO) maternal near-miss (MNM) criteria and the recently adapted sub-Saharan African (SSA) MNM criteria in eastern Ethiopia.Methods: Of 1,054 women admitted with potentially life-threatening conditions between January 2016 and April 2017, 562 (53.3%) had severe preeclampsia/eclampsia. We applied the definition of MNM according to the WHO MNM criteria and the SSA MNM criteria. Logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with severe maternal outcomes (MNMs and maternal deaths).Results: The SSA MNM criteria identified 285 cases of severe maternal outcomes: 271 MNMs and 14 maternal deaths (mortality index 4.9%). The WHO criteria identified 50 cases of severe maternal outcomes: 36 MNMs and 14 maternal deaths (mortality index 28%). The MNM ratio was 36.6 per 1,000 livebirths according to the SSA MNM criteria and 4.9 according to the WHO criteria. More than 80% of women in both groups had MNM events on arrival or within 12 hours after admission. Women without antenatal care, from rural areas, referred from other facilities, and with concomitant hemorrhage more often developed severe maternal outcomes.Conclusion: Regarding hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, the SSA tool is more inclusive than the WHO tool, while still maintaining a considerably high mortality index indicating severity of included cases. This may enable more robust audits. Strengthening the referral system and improving prevention and management of obstetric hemorrhage in women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are required to avert severe maternal outcomes.Keywords: severe maternal outcomes, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, maternal near-miss, maternal mortality, sub-Saharan Africa

(1) Background: Clinical results on the effects of excess sugar consumption on insulin sensitivity are conflicting, possibly due to differences in sugar type and the insulin sensitivity index (ISI) assessed. Therefore, we compared the effects of consuming four different sugars on insulin sensitivity indices derived from oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT). (2) Methods: Young adults consumed fructose-, glucose-, high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS)-, sucrose-, or aspartame-sweetened beverages (SB) for 2 weeks. Participants underwent OGTT before and at the end of the intervention. Fasting glucose and insulin, Homeostatic Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), glucose and insulin area under the curve, Surrogate Hepatic Insulin Resistance Index, Matsuda ISI, Predicted M ISI, and Stumvoll Index were assessed. Outcomes were analyzed to determine: (1) effects of the five SB; (2) effects of the proportions of fructose and glucose in all SB. (3) Results: Fructose-SB and the fructose component in mixed sugars negatively affected outcomes that assess hepatic insulin sensitivity, while glucose did not. The effects of glucose-SB and the glucose component in mixed sugar on muscle insulin sensitivity were more negative than those of fructose. (4) Conclusion: the effects of consuming sugar-SB on insulin sensitivity varied depending on type of sugar and ISI index because outcomes assessing hepatic insulin sensitivity were negatively affected by fructose, and outcomes assessing muscle insulin sensitivity were more negatively affected by glucose.

Abstract Vitamin D (vitD) deficiency is frequently observed in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and, in these patients, low levels of vitD correlate with worse prognosis. The aim of this study was to examine the expression and the antiproliferative role of vitD receptor (VDR) and its signalling pathway in the human pulmonary vasculature. VDR presence and expression was analyzed in lungs, pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) and endothelial cells (PAEC) from controls and PAH-patients. VDR expression and VDR-target genes were examined in PASMC treated with calcitriol. The antiproliferative effect of 48 h-calcitriol was studied in PASMC by MTT and BrdU assays. VDR is expressed in PASMC. It is downregulated in lungs and in PASMC, but not in PAEC, from PAH-patients compared to non-hypertensive controls. Calcitriol strongly upregulated VDR expression in PASMC and the VDR target genes KCNK3 (encoding TASK1), BIRC5 (encoding survivin) and BMP4. Calcitriol produced an antiproliferative effect which was diminished by silencing or by pharmacological inhibition of survivin or BMPR2, but not of TASK1. In conclusion, the expression of VDR is low in PAH-patients and can be rescued by calcitriol. VDR exerts an antiproliferative effect in PASMC by modulating survivin and the BMP signalling pathway.

Abstract Maternal morbidity and mortality have long been among the world’s most challenging health issues. Uterine rupture is one of the peripartum complications that kills almost one in every thirteen mothers. However, there is limited evidence on uterine rupture trends, proportions, and determinants. Thus, this study assessed the trend, prevalence, and associated factors of uterine rupture at Nekemte Specialized Hospital, Oromia Regional State, Western Ethiopia. An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 2661 clients selected using a systematic random selection technique among the data collected for the project between January 2014 and December 2022 at Nekemte Specialized Hospital. Data were collected through an interview-administered questionnaire and card review from March 2023 to August 2023. The collected data were checked, coded, and entered into Epi info version 7.2 and then exported to SPSS Version 27 for analysis. Logistic regression models were fitted to identify the factors of uterine rupture. Adjusted odds ratio with 95% Confidence Interval was estimated to measure the strength of the association, and statistical significance was declared at a p-value less than 0.05. The trend of uterine rupture declined from 1.54% in 2014 to 0.93% in 2022. The overall prevalence was 3.53% (95%CI: 2.7%, 4.3%). Low household income (Adjusted OR = 3.75, 95%CI: 1.97, 7.13), grandmultiparity (Adjusted OR = 7.78, 95%CI: 4.70, 12.88), having a history of obstetrics complications such as prolonged labor (Adjusted OR = 3.78, 95%CI:2.11, 6.75), a history of cesarean section (Adjusted OR = 2.49, 95%CI:1.42, 4.35), and history of uterine repair (Adjusted OR = 18.01, 95%CI: 6.81, 47.64) were significantly associated with uterine rupture. This finding showed that the trend is declining, and the proportion of uterine rupture is still higher. A more vigilant approach to increase access to lower-income mothers, prevent prolonged and obstructed labor, and maintain antenatal care with complete packages and a referral system are issues to be addressed to minimize the chance of uterine rupture among women.

Abstract Background Uterine rupture is a rare but severe obstetric complication that poses significant risks to maternal and fetal health. Understanding the lived experiences of individuals who have undergone uterine rupture is crucial for improving care and support for those affected by this condition. This qualitative phenomenological study aimed to explore the experiences of individuals who have experienced uterine rupture. Method The study employed a qualitative phenomenological approach, conducting 12 in-depth interviews and four key informant interviews with individuals who had experienced uterine rupture. Data analysis was conducted thematically using Atlas ti software to identify patterns and themes within the participants’ narratives. Results The analysis of the interviews highlighted six key themes: experience during diagnosis and initial symptoms, perceived predisposing factors of uterine rupture, challenges faced by individuals with uterine rupture, impacts on their lives, and coping and resilience strategies. The findings revealed that women often failed to recognise the initial symptoms of uterine rupture due to a lack of preparation, a preference for home deliveries, husband refusal, and a general lack of awareness. This delay in seeking care resulted in severe consequences, including the loss of their babies, infertility, fistula, psychological trauma, and disruptions to daily life and relationships. To cope, many women resorted to accepting their situation, isolating themselves, and using traditional healing techniques. Conclusions This study’s findings provide valuable insights into the complex and multifaceted nature of uterine rupture, shedding light on the experiences of those affected by this condition. To address the challenges, it is essential to enhance awareness and education through community education programs and comprehensive antenatal classes. Additionally, improving access to healthcare by strengthening health infrastructure and deploying mobile health clinics can ensure better prenatal care. Furthermore, encouraging hospital deliveries through incentives and the support of community health workers can reduce risks. Providing psychological counselling and establishing support groups can help affected women cope with the consequences. Moreover, engaging men in maternal health through educational programs and involving them in antenatal care can foster better support. Finally, promoting safe traditional practices by integrating traditional healers and respecting cultural sensitivities can increase acceptance and adherence.

Abstract Background Current treatments for mental disorders, like pharmacotherapy or psychological approaches, do not lead to full remission in all individuals. Physical activity (PA) is effective at improving psycho-physical health in major depressive and anxiety disorders. However, the efficacy of PA as an adjunctive treatment for borderline personality disorder (BPD) has not been studied. To date, there are no approved pharmacological treatments for this severe condition and limited accessibility to effective psychotherapeutic interventions. This study tests the efficacy of a structured PA programme as an additional treatment for BPD outpatients. Methods The PABORD is a randomised controlled trial for female outpatients (18–40 years) with a BPD diagnosis. The intervention group (n = 32) will participate in a 12-week structured PA programme supervised by a sport medicine physician and preceded by three psychoeducation sessions on healthy eating habits. The control group (n = 32) will receive a 12-week psychoeducation programme on PA, diet, and health risks of a sedentary lifestyle for a total of 8 sessions. The study aims to determine if the PA intervention is superior to the control in reducing BPD symptoms. Secondary aims include improving PA levels and physical and psychological health. Assessments will be conducted at baseline, post-intervention, and 3 months post-intervention. Discussion The structured PA programme is expected to outperform the control group in terms of health and PA outcomes at the end of the intervention. Repeated assessments will also help to identify psychosocial factors that influence PA maintenance. Findings will support the potential widespread implementation of PA programmes for BPD treatment. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06461104. Registered on 6 June 2024 {2a}.

Abstract Background Approximately 80% of people in Ethiopia live in rural areas, where poor access to maternity services, accounts for the majority of maternal and perinatal deaths. Maternity waiting homes are residential facilities for women who come from remote areas to stay and wait before giving birth at health facilities, particularly in hospitals and health centers. It is a new initiative and one of the strategies that increase skilled care utilization at birth. However, there is no evidence on the status of maternity waiting home utilization in the study area. Therefore, this study aimed to generate evidence on the status of maternity waiting home utilization and its associated factors. Methods A community-based cross-sectional household survey was conducted from June 5–30, 2022. The sample size was calculated using the single population proportion formula, which resulted in 354 participants. The study population included mothers who gave birth within 12 months before the survey were selected by using a systematic sampling method. The data were coded, edited, cleaned, and entered into Epi Data version 3.1. The data were subsequently exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Descriptive, bivariable, and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were performed. The results are presented in the text, figures, and tables. Finally, variables with a p value

In this article, we give an O(n)O\left(n) time and space algorithm for obtaining the Laplacian eigenvalues of a cograph. This approach is more efficient as there is no need to directly compute the eigenvalues of Laplacian matrix related to this class of graphs. As an application, we use this algorithm as a tool for obtaining a closed formula for the number of spanning trees of a cograph.

Ayşegül Tura,1 Aizhan Alt,1 Julia Lüke,1 Salvatore Grisanti,1 Christos Haritoglou,2 Carsten H Meyer,3 Khaled Nassar,1 Matthias Lüke1 On behalf of the International Chromovitrectomy Collaboration 1Department of Ophthalmology, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; 2Department of Ophthalmology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany; 3Department of Ophthalmology, Pallas Clinic, Aarau, Switzerland Purpose: To examine the viability and differentiation of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells after exposure to the vital dye Acid Violet-17 (AV-17). Methods: Bovine RPE cells were incubated with AV-17 (0.0625–0.5 mg/mL) for 30 seconds or 5 minutes. Viability was determined by live/dead staining, cleaved CASP3 immunostainings, and MTT test. Actin cytoskeleton was visualized by Alexa 488-phalloidin. Immunocytochemistry was performed to determine the levels of ZO-1, CTNNB1, and KRT19. Results: Exposure to AV-17 at the concentrations of 0.25–0.5 mg/mL resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in viability, the loss of ZO-1 from tight junctions, translocation of CTNNB1 into the cytoplasm and nucleus, disarrangement of the actin cytoskeleton, and a slight increase in KRT19. Conclusion: AV-17 at a concentration

The aim of this study was to screen the phytochemicals and assess the antibacterial properties of crude extracts from Vernonia amygdalina leaves against specific pathogenic bacteria. Qualitative and qauntitave analysis was performed on both ethanol and ethyl acetate crude extracts using standardized techniques. The analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenol, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, tannins, and cardiac glycosides in the ethanol extract, while saponins and glycosides were absent in the ethyl acetate extract. The quantities of phenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids were determined using Gallic acid, quercetin, and atropine assays, respectively. The ethanol extract contained 154.7 ± 3.6 (mg GAE/g) of total phenols, 33.3 ± 1.8 (mg QE/g) of flavonoids, and 2.4 ± 0.08 (mg AE) of alkaloids, whereas the ethyl acetate extract contained 93.7 ± 3.9 (mg GAE/g) of total phenols, 30.7 ± 8.3 (mg QE/g) of flavonoids, and 1.57 ± 0.3 (mg GAE/g) of alkaloids. This study identified 44 components in the ethanol crude extract and 10 components in the ethyl acetate crude extract. The presence of alkanes, alkenes, amines, carboxylic acids, and alcohols was confirmed by FT-IR analysis. Each crude extract was tested at concentrations of 500 mg/mL, 250 mg/mL, 125 mg/mL, and 62.5 mg/mL using the same method. A concentration of 0.001 mg/mL of Penicillin capsule standard drugs and dimethyl sulfoxide were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Overall, the results of the study indicated that both crude extracts exhibited antibacterial activity at higher concentrations.