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In his short story "Tapiiraiauara," Guimarães Rosa portrays a hunting scene in which a tapir's life and diplomacy issues are at stake. Based on the cosmopolitics debate, the analysis of the story reveals problems related both to Amerindian Tupi-Guarani perspectives and Brazilian Modernismo, especially regarding the symbolism of some animals that appear in the clash between "anthropophagic" cosmopolitans and verde--amarelo nationalist group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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RESUMO Para expressar individuação e cumulatividade, as línguas naturais apresentam uma significativa diversidade de mecanismos gramaticais que envolvem estratégias lexicais, morfológicas e sintáticas. Pretendemos demonstrar que, na língua Tenetehára (Tupí-Guaraní), a incorporação nominal constitui-se como um desses recursos. Para isso, será discutida essa operação sintática, que expressa baixo grau de individuação do termo incorporado, além de resultar ainda em nomes com uma interpretação cumulativa. Embora não haja, por exemplo, artigos nessa língua que possam denotar definitude ou especificidade, objetos não incorporados apresentam maior grau de individuação quando são contrastados com suas versões incorporadas. A análise aqui proposta se fundamenta em dados linguísticos elicitados que compreendem as duas estratégias de incorporação nominal nessa língua: (i) incorporação nominal com redução de valência, que envolve a incorporação do objeto de verbos transitivos; e (ii) incorporação sem diminuição de valência, que diz respeito à incorporação do termo possuído de sintagmas nominais na função sintática de sujeito de verbos intransitivos e objeto de transitivos.

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Copyright of LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas is the property of Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Portal de Periodicos Eletronicos Cientificos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Words containing morphemes from multiple languages offer a unique look into the grammatical systems that constrain word formation. In this paper, I introduce novel data from nasal harmony patterns in contexts involving word-internal language mixing between Paraguayan Guaraní and Spanish, collected with native speakers of Guaraní. I provide the first full formal constraint-based analysis of nasal harmony in Paraguayan Guaraní, then show that nasal consonants within Spanish roots trigger nasal harmony in Guaraní affixal morphology, providing evidence for an emergent case of long-distance nasal harmony in the language. I demonstrate that this data supports an analysis in which a single phonological system has access to two different strata based on language of origin, countering predictions made by some previous approaches to the phonology of language mixing. My analysis combines Cophonology Theory and Agreement by Correspondence with phase faithfulness: a root is first evaluated according to the phonological grammar associated with its lexical stratum, and is then subject to faithfulness to that output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a reconstruction of the kinship terminology system of Proto-Tupi-Guarani (PTG). The focus of the contribution lies in presenting a solid core of cognate sets and argumentation for the reconstruction of formal and semantic aspects for each relevant etymon. The etymologies are preceded by a review of our current understanding of PTG kinship terms and by a selective overview of those aspects of PTG structure that will play out more importantly in the proposed etyma. Finally, we end by considering a few open issues in the reconstruction of the PTG kinship system, many of which are raised here for the first time, and by addressing its characteristics in relation to traditional typologies of these terminology systems.

Copyright of LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas is the property of Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Portal de Periodicos Eletronicos Cientificos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The last two decades witnessed a rapid growth of publicly accessible online language resources. This has allowed for valuable data on lesser known languages to become available. Such resources provide linguists with opportunities for advancing their research. Yet despite the proliferation of lexical and morphological databases, the ca. 456 languages spoken in South America are poorly represented, particularly the Tupían family, which is the largest on the continent. This paper therefore introduces and discusses TuLeD, a lexical database exclusively devoted to a South American language family. It provides a comprehensive list of lexical items presented in a unified transcription for all languages with cognacy assignment and relevant (cultural or linguistic) notes. One of the main goals of TuLeD is to become a full-fledged database and a benchmark for linguistic studies on South American languages in general and the Tupían family in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a distribuição das Partículas de Final de Sentença (PFS) em Tenetehára, as quais compõem um conjunto de itens funcionais que ocorrem em uma posição sintática rígida em posição sentencial final. A ordem das PFS nesta língua pode ser formalmente capturada se for considerada uma única estrutura de base, a partir da qual se deriva, por movimentos sintáticos, a ordem dessas categorias. Assim, a proposta é de que a linearização dessas partículas à direita é o resultado do movimento de uma partícula mais baixa, i.e., o alçamento de uma projeção contendo uma dessas partículas para o especificador de uma projeção dominante. A análise aqui apresentada tem o mérito de integrar harmoniosamente duas propostas teóricas da Teoria de Princípios e Parâmetros: a Hierarquia de Cinque (1999) e a Abordagem de Derivação por Fases (Chomsky, 2001).

In 2020, during lockdown as an Irish emigrant in the UK, I re-evaluated being Irish in a foreign country as I examined pictures taken in Latin America during my travels, as artist-in-residence at Zona Imaginaria. This paper reviews three contemporary artists in Argentina and Brazil, Mónica Girón, Mariana López and Pedro Lopes, whose work focuses on diverse cultures, history seen in this context, and colonisation and emigration as influences on three artists’ work. In Brazil, I visited farms, small towns and Minas Gerais state, and compared life there with my native Ireland. The effects on the contemporary art and culture of both countries due to colonisation, is noted by an Irish artist, heavily influenced since this trip in her own artwork.

Cabral (1995, 2007, 2011) and Cabral and Rodrigues (2003) established that Kokama and Omagua, closely-related indigenous languages spoken in Peruvian and Brazilian Amazonia, emerged as the result of intense language contact between speakers of a Tupí-Guaraní language and speakers of non-Tupí-Guaraní languages. Cabral (1995, 2007) further argued that the language contact which led to the development of Kokama and Omagua transpired in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, in the Jesuit mission settlements located in the provincia de Maynas (corresponding roughly to modern northern Peruvian Amazonia). In this paper I argue that Omagua and Kokama were not the product of colonial-era language contact, but were rather the outcome of language contact in the Pre-Columbian period. I show that a close examination of 17th and 18th century missionary chronicles, Jesuit texts written in Omagua and Kokama, and modern data on these languages, make it clear that Omagua and Kokama already existed in a form similar to their modern forms by the time European missionaries arrived in Maynas in the 17th century. Moreover, I show that several key claims regarding ethnic mixing and Jesuit language policy that Cabral adduces in favor of a colonial-era origin for Kokama are not supported by the available historical materials. Ruling out a colonial-era origin for Omagua and Kokama, I conclude that Proto-Omagua-Kokama, the parent language from which Omagua and Kokama derive, was a Pre-Columbian contact language.

A narrativa foi registrada em 2016 na aldeia Awa, Terra Indígena Caru (Maranhão), e é contada por Hajkaramykỹa Awa Guajá. Trata-se de um dos episódios do mito que tem como personagem principal Kamixatuhujaxa’amỹna, o dono do jabuti, e se passa em um tempo em que os animais eram “gente” e os jabutis podiam correr. Nesse mito, o jabuti e o jaguar se encontram, e o jaguar acaba enganado e morto. No episódio transcrito, o jaguar morre após ter uma relação sexual com o jabuti. Esta é uma narrativa cômica e é um exemplo de arte verbal dos Awa Guajá.

Resumo Este estudo explora o sistema de terminologia de parentesco da língua Proto-Tupí-Guaraní (PTG) a partir de uma perspectiva interdisciplinar, que soma contribuições da Etnologia, da Linguística Histórica e dos trabalhos etnográficos realizados com povos Tupí-Guaraní. Fazem-se inferências sobre pré-história cultural utilizando métodos filogenéticos comparativos, um conjunto de ferramentas computacionais para explorar mudanças evolutivas em populações relacionadas, aplicados a um banco de dados de termos de parentesco em 24 línguas Tupí-Guaraní. Discute-se a amostra usada no estudo, os procedimentos de codificação adotados para dados tipológicos e os componentes, valores iniciais e premissas do modelo evolutivo. A análise de reconstrução de estados ancestrais baseada no critério de máxima parcimônia reconstrói vários traços tipológicos do sistema de parentesco do PTG, como: fusão e bifurcação na primeira geração ascendente (+1); distinções na terminologia de irmãos baseadas na idade relativa e no sexo do ego; e equação terminológica entre irmãos e primos paralelos. O estudo avalia o estado atual da reconstrução de formas linguísticas para termos de parentesco em PTG e mapeia estas formas no sistema inferido por análise comparativa. Este estudo de comprovação de conceito demonstra a utilidade de análise filogenética para inferir estruturas de sistemas de parentesco em comunidades linguísticas ancestrais.

Abstract This article reconstructs the system of kin terms in Proto-Omagua-Kukama (POK), the ancestral language of the Omagua and Kukama-Kukamiria, and compares it to Tupinambá, a former language of the Brazilian Atlantic coast and their closest relative in the Tupí-Guaraní language family. I identify semantic shifts, analogy-based innovations, calques, and borrowings. I suggest that some of these changes are likely due to concomitant changes in pre-POK social structure. The identification of borrowings is potentially fruitful in determining which languages contributed to the setting that gave rise to POK. Detailed study of the evolution of the divergent grammar and lexicon of POK is crucial to understanding this social and linguistic history.

Copyright of Diachronica is the property of John Benjamins Publishing Co. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Words containing morphemes from multiple languages offer a unique look into the grammatical systems that constrain word formation. In this paper, I introduce novel data from nasal harmony patterns in contexts involving word-internal language mixing between Paraguayan Guaraní and Spanish, collected with native speakers of Guaraní. I provide the first full formal constraint-based analysis of nasal harmony in Paraguayan Guaraní, then show that nasal consonants within Spanish roots trigger nasal harmony in Guaraní affixal morphology, providing evidence for an emergent case of long-distance nasal harmony in the language. I demonstrate that this data supports an analysis in which a single phonological system has access to two different strata based on language of origin, countering predictions made by some previous approaches to the phonology of language mixing. My analysis combines Cophonology Theory and Agreement by Correspondence with phase faithfulness: a root is first evaluated according to the phonological grammar associated with its lexical stratum, and is then subject to faithfulness to that output.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze oral tales of the fox in Tapiete (Tupi-Guarani) language as a cultural and linguistic creative practice, in a context in which this indigenous group is undergoing processes of language shift in favor of Spanish. In order to contribute to the study of common discursive patterns among the languages of the Gran Chaco, grammatical, stylistic and (meta)pragmatic resources recurrent in these tales are examined within the framework of concrete speech events, from a linguistic anthropological theoretical perspective. The analysis is based on data documented in audiovisual format during longterm field research undertaken in Tapiete communities in Argentina and Bolivia between 2004 and 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2020, during lockdown as an Irish emigrant in the UK, I re-evaluated being Irish in a foreign country as I examined pictures taken in Latin America during my travels, as artist-in-residence at Zona Imaginaria. This paper reviews three contemporary artists in Argentina and Brazil, Mónica Girón, Mariana López and Pedro Lopes, whose work focuses on diverse cultures, history seen in this context, and colonisation and emigration as influences on three artists’ work. In Brazil, I visited farms, small towns and Minas Gerais state, and compared life there with my native Ireland. The effects on the contemporary art and culture of both countries due to colonisation, is noted by an Irish artist, heavily influenced since this trip in her own artwork. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este trabalho tem por objetivo investigar o mecanismo de Incorporação Nominal na língua Tenetehára e sua relação com as classes aspectuais propostas por Vendler (1967). Nessa língua, o mecanismo de Incorporação Nominal se realiza por meio de dois diferentes contextos morfossintáticos: (i) incorporação total do objeto ao vo e (ii) incorporação do núcleo do sintagma genitivo ao vo. Na incorporação total, quando o objeto direto se incorpora ao predicado verbal, é gerado um predicado que se comporta como um verbo intransitivo. Todavia, nas construções de alçamento do possuidor, apenas parte do sintagma genitivo, a saber seu núcleo, pode se incorporar ao núcleo do vP. O resultado desse processo não altera a estrutura transitiva inicial. Assim, nas construções de alçamento do possuidor não ocorre diminuição de valência, apesar de haver Incorporação Nominal. Ademais, em relação ao plano semântico das construções de alçamento de objeto, o que tenho observado é que os falantes dessa língua costumam apontar duas interpretações distintas, uma para a versão sem Incorporação Nominal outra para a versão com Incorporação Nominal. Assim, no presente artigo, pretendo responder qual organização constante se pode depreender do paradigma de interpretação apresentado. A hipótese que defenderei é que as nuances de sentido entre estes dados têm a ver com a noção de aspecto verbal e as definições de accomplishment e achievement delineadas por Vendler (1967). Neste sentido, minha hipótese é de que as construções sem Incorporação Nominal podem se conformar à classe semântica de predicados verbais de accomplishment, ao passo que as versões com Incorporação Nominal em contextos de alçamento de objeto abrangem obrigatoriamente os predicados de achievement.

Based on original fieldwork, in this paper I explore and present a formal semantic analysis of past temporal reference in Guajajára, a variety of Tenetehára, a Tupí-Guaraní language of Brazil. I examine the empirical behavior and semantic contribution of the morphemes ra'a and ri'i and analyze them as past remoteness morphemes that encode both past and remoteness distinctions. I argue that, like tenses in English, they carry presuppositions about the location of topic times relative to evaluation times and propose an analysis as pronominal/referential past tenses (Partee 1973). Crucially, based on their behavior in certain contexts, I claim that these morphemes form a paradigm to which the principle of Maximize Presupposition applies, patterning similar to the remoteness morphemes in Gĩkũyũ (Cable 2013). This study of past temporal interpretation in Guajajára contributes to the increasing research on graded tense systems and more generally to cross-linguistic variation of temporal interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we show that Guajajára has grammaticalized the distinction between mass and count nouns, but that the coding of this distinction is different from the systems of coding in classifier languages, number-marking languages, and number-neutral languages (Chierchia 1998a, 1998b, 2010; Wilhelm 2008). As a result, we conclude that Guajajára presents a challenge to the tripartite classification of languages proposed in Chierchia's work, since Guajajára number marking is non-inflectional and optional when plural is already expressed by other quantificational expressions. Furthermore, in Guajajára notional mass nouns can pluralize and directly combine with numerals without the mediation of container or measure constructions in contexts where conventional and non-conventional container and units of measurement are implied. This last observation suggests that coercion is not a mechanism that operates in this language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the distribution of nouns in Mbyá (Tupi-Guarani), with respect to plural marking, numerals and quantifiers. The study reveals the existence of a robust grammatical distinction between a class of count nouns, which consists mostly of individual denoting nouns, and a class of mass nouns, which consists mostly of substance denoting nouns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a sketch of the segmental and prosodic phonology of Omagua, a highly endangered Tupí-Guaraní language of Peru, based on original fieldwork. After reviewing the classification, history, and sociolinguistic situation of the language, we describe phonemic consonant and vowel inventories, arguing especially for an underspecified nasal consonant that in some contexts surfaces as nasality on vowels. We then describe syllable structure, argue for the phonemic status of glides, and review different vowel hiatus resolution strategies. We show that the basic stress pattern in Omagua is penultimate and sensitive to weight in final syllables. Lastly, we briefly describe minimum word requirements and postlexical phonological processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica is the property of Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica is the property of Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The question of where Proto-Tupí-Guaraní (PTG) was spoken has been a point of considerable debate. Both northeastern and southwestern Amazonian homelands having been proposed, with evidence from both archaeology and linguistic classification playing key roles in this debate. In this paper we demonstrate that the application of linguistic migration theory to a recent phylogenetic classification of the Tupí-Guaraní family lends strong support to a northeastern Amazonian homeland.

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This article explores the diachrony of three purpose clause markers in Proto-Omagua-Kukama (Tupí-Guaraní; Amazonia): *-taɾa, *-maiɾa, and *=tsenuni. I explain an absolutive pattern of control in these clauses via an account in which the markers originate in a combination of nominalizers, a purpose suffix, and a postposition. I show that a similar system is attested in at least one other related language, Kamaiurá. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The morphological expression of non-verbal predication is a geographically widespread, although not very frequent, typological feature. This paper highlights the existence of two radically contrasting types of non-verbal predicative inflection. Construction A has already been described in the literature. It consists of attaching person-sensitive inflection markers to non-verbal predicates, possibly extending this treatment to adverbs and adverbial phrases (locational and temporal), pronouns and quantifiers. This type is well attested in Uralic, Turkic, and Paleosiberian, as well as in some Amazonian language families (most notably Chicham), but it has also been pointed out for some sparse languages of Oceania and Africa. Such non-verbal person inflections diachronically stem from incorporation of conjugated copula elements. Construction B, by contrast, is much rarer and is described here for the first time. It also consists of a dedicated morphological form of the non-verbal predicate (limited, however, to nouns and adjectives), but such form stands out as morphologically lighter than any other form to be found in nouns or adjectives in argument or attribute position. While the latter forms carry some kind of case marker, the noun/adjective predicate merely consists (or historically did) of the word's root. This type of construction can be found in the small Zamucoan family and still survives in some Tupí-Guaraní languages. Diachronic inspection of Semitic indicates, however, that this predicative strategy was possibly adopted in some ancient varieties, although at later stages it intertwined with the expression of referential specificity. The paper compares the two construction types, highlighting similarities and differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar uma análise das estruturas causativas, reflexivas, recíprocas e anticausativas na língua Tenetehára. Pretendemos demonstrar que esta língua apresenta dois morfemas causativos, a saber: (i) o morfema {mu-}, que causativiza verbos intransitivos, introduzindo uma causação direta, e (ii) o morfema {-kar}, cuja função é causativizar verbos transitivos, introduzindo uma causação indireta. Além disso, como será visto, as construções que vêm marcadas por meio do morfema {ze-} exibem propriedades de estruturas reflexivas, recíprocas e anticausativas. De forma sucinta, este morfema afixa-se apenas a verbos transitivos, diminuído sua valência. Adicionalmente, buscaremos analisar as propriedades morfossintáticas e semânticas da coocorrência do prefixo {ze-} com os morfemas causativos {mu-} e {-kar}. Finalmente, verificaremos como se dá o mecanismo de retomada anafórica, a ordem linear em que estes afixos ocorrem, e a semântica relacionada à dinâmica das forças perceptíveis no evento, que é sensível às derivações pertinentes.

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Copyright of Literatura y Lingüística is the property of Universidad Catolica Cardenal Raul Silva Henriquez and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The late-Holocene expansion of the Tupi-Guarani languages from southern Amazonia to SE South America constitutes one of the largest expansions of any linguistic family in the world, spanning ~4000 km between latitudes 0°S and 35°S at about 2.5k cal. yr BP. However, the underlying reasons for this expansion are a matter of debate. Here, we compare continental-scale palaeoecological, palaeoclimate and archaeological datasets, to examine the role of climate change in facilitating the expansion of this forest-farming culture. Because this expansion lies within the path of the South American Low-Level Jet, the key mechanism for moisture transport across lowland South America, we were able to explore the relationship between climate change, forest expansion and the Tupi-Guarani. Our data synthesis shows broad synchrony between late-Holocene increasing precipitation and southerly expansion of both tropical forest and Guarani archaeological sites - the southernmost branch of the Tupi-Guarani. We conclude that climate change likely facilitated the agricultural expansion of the Guarani forest-farming culture by increasing the area of forested landscape that they could exploit, showing a prime example of ecological opportunism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes some of the resources used by speakers of Tapirapé, a language of the Tupi-Guarani family, to encode source and reliability of information. It is known that all languages possess some way to express the source of information, although not all of them express evidentiality as a grammatical category. Unlike Portuguese and other languages which employ lexical meaning to discriminate the source of information, it is evident that in Tapirapé the epistemic modality is expressed by means of particles which occupy the second slot in the sentence, and which may also express tense. In spite of the fact that tense is not a basic category in this language, and that there are no tense morphemes affixed to the verb, the expression of tense is intertwined with, and stems from, modality. Different particles which express the same stance of the speaker with regard to the uttered informational content express different types of tense. Most of the data presented here were obtained in real speech situations and collected in the Tapirapé/Karajá and Urubu Branco indigenous areas between 2002 and 2007.

The relevance of some classical ideas of the anthropological study of religions for the understanding of Chané religion is examined. In order to examine two basic premises —the degree of possibility of intercultural translation and the relative character of contexts of meaning— several aspects are discussed: the relationships between symbolism and diverse features of social structure; the problem of symbolic ambivalence; the coexistence of pragmatic and symbolic dimensions of action; the idea of the sacred as interdiction; the preeminence of ritual; the systematic character of religious beliefs; the exegetical, conceptual and metaphysical implications of the missionary use of indigenous notions to translate the Christian idea of the «soul»; and the selective integration of foreign cultural influences.

Reflection upon the relations between the indigenous people of Tenetehara (Tupi-Guarani) and Pukob'gateye (Je-Timbira), regarding the Access to one another's territories in the search for material and symbolic goods. The Buriticupu river presents as a socio-symbolic milestone defining territorialities. The invitations for joint fishing are equivalent to the signing of bilateral treaties allowing Access to the respective territories, until a new event occurs, replacing them in diverging situations and the accesses are again suspended. The National society, in spite of its preponderance in the pluriethnical regional system is purposively left 'between brackets'. The focus of interest is centered in the process of interrelationship between these indigenous people that, in spite of the structure they are submersed into, do not cease to search for other ways to live together that escape the occidental logic of domination/power.

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In this article, we examine the emergence of the funerary mound and enclosure complexes of the southern Brazilian highlands during the last 1000 years in relation to processes of population expansion, contact, conflict and the establishment of frontiers. We test the hypothesis that such monuments emerged among the local southern proto-Jê peoples as a response to the migration of a foreign group, the Tupi-Guarani. We compared the spatio-temporal distribution of mound and enclosure complexes in respect to sites of interaction between the two groups. The results indicate that the rise of funerary architecture coincides with the first incursions of the Tupi-Guarani to the southern proto-Jê heartland, and that mounds are concentrated in areas devoid of interaction. We conclude that highly monumentalized landscapes emerged in areas where local groups chose not to interact with the Tupi-Guarani, showing that funerary monuments were an important component in the establishment of impermeable frontiers to resist outsiders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Por meio de uma reanálise da literatura sobre a "religião guarani", pretende-se indicar como e em que direções ela se transformou, desde o século XVI, recriando-se como a "religião guarani" contemporânea, tal qual a descreveu a etnologia do século XX. O pano de fundo dessa análise é a leitura crítica da noção de um "modo de ser guarani" fundado em uma religiosidade impermeável à mudança. Busca-se sugerir que o contato com o cristianismo missionário e a experiência colonial conduziram a uma crescente negação do canibalismo enquanto fundamento do poder xamânico e da reprodução social, processo aqui denominado "desjaguarificação". Esse processo conduziu a mudanças na noção de pessoa e permitiu o surgimento de um novo modo de conceber a relação com animais e divindades, fundado agora em uma categoria nativa de amor.Launching a reanalysis of the literature concerning 'Guarani religion,' this article explores how and in which directions it has transformed since the 16th century to eventually recreate itself as the contemporary 'Guarani religion' described by 20th century ethnology. The background to this analysis is a critical reading of the notion of a 'Guarani way of being' founded on a religiosity impervious to change. The article suggests that contact with Mission Christianity and the colonial experience led to the gradual negation of cannibalism as the basis of shamanic power and social reproduction a process here termed 'dejaguarization.' This process led to changes in the Guarani notion of personhood and enabled the emergence of a new way of conceiving the human relationship to animals and divinities; a relationship henceforth founded on a native category of love.

Sin ignorar su porte científico, este artículo emprende una revisión crítica de las obras «clásicas » sobre el llamado «profetismo tupi-guaraní», resituando a los autores en los contextos intelectuales que determinaron sus preocupaciones científicas y sus metodologías. Desvelando los fundamentos del «discurso de autoridad» establecido por el cruce forzoso de fuentes históricas e informaciones etnográficas, la autora muestra que las grandes líneas interpretativas dependen menos de evidencias documentales que de posiciones teórico-metodológicas características de cada escuela antropológica.