Search

Background: Treatment and wastewater disposal lack in Abidjan leads to wastewater discharge in the natural environment without treatment. These waters were loaded with pathogenic microorganisms that are the causes of many diseases. Objectives: This study aims to assess the parasitological quality of water from pipes of Abididjan City, studying protozoa and helminths. Methodology: 400 samples were collected in three municipalities and 19 sites. Parasites were identified using sedimentation. Biological analyzes revealed 269 (67.2%) positive samples, with the presence of 19 taxa belonging to helminths (nematodes, cestodes) and protozoa group (amoeba, ciliates, flagellates). Protozoa are most common with a clear dominance of amoebas class followed by ciliates and flagellates. In 269 positives samples, Entamoeba coli (160 (59.48%)), Endolimax nana (112 (41.64%)), Giardia spp (71 (26.4%)), and Paramecium caudatum (66 (24.54%)) are the most common species. The spatial distribution showed that Yopougon commune was the most parasitized, followed by Abobo-Adjame. Results: The most parasitized sites were CHU, SEL, and AG. At the seasonal level, the dry season was where the parasite load was highest regardless of municipality and sites. Conclusion: The presence of these parasite groups and the diversity of parasitic taxonomic indicates faecal contamination of piped water in Abidjan city. These parasites present a potential danger for these piped waters' direct and indirect uses. Therefore, it is necessary to treat this water before any use and before it flows into surface water to avoid these parasites.

International audience; Background and Objective: Intestinal coccidia is one of the main causes of diarrheal infections among people living with HIV (PLHIV). The occurrence of diarrhoea in PLHIV affects their health status. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal coccidia in patients with HIV/AIDS and to investigate a possible correlation between these parasites and the CD4 count in patients. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out in three health care centres of PLHIV in Abidjan. Socio-demographic, clinical and biological data were collected using a questionnaire. Stool and blood samples were collected. Parasitic coprology analysis included the direct microscopic examinations, the concentration techniques (Ritchie and kato-katz) and Ziehl Neelsen. The last one allowed the detection of the oocysts of the coccidia. Results: A total of 363 faecal samples were collected from 03 health care centres. The stool samples collected consisted of 47.65% of diarrhoea. The results of the microscopic analysis revealed 03 intestinal coccidia's namely Cryptosporidium spp. (3.86%), Isospora spp. (1.65%) and Cyclospora spp. (0.83%). The highest microscopic prevalence was recorded in Cryptosporidium spp. (3.86%). Intestinal coccidia was more common in females infected with type 1 of HIV. CD4 count was a significant factor in the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. (χ2 = 29.968, p-value = 0.0001) with a correlation coefficient of -0.2438. Conclusion: This study assessed the microscopic prevalence rates of intestinal coccidia, which are responsible for diarrheal disease among PLHIV. The current study also showed that the presence of these intestinal coccidia's could affect the immune system of PLHIV when the CD4 cell count is below 200 cells mm–3.

Background: Malaria is a parasitic infection that leads to anaemia and death. Unfortunately, the upsurge of chemo-resistance prompted researchers to focus on new antimalarial drugs. Objectives: The aim of this work was to evaluate the antiplasmodial and antianemic activity of Millettia zechiana. Methods: the In vitro activity was assessed on clinical isolates and on the standard strain of Plasmodium falciparum K1, using the SYBR green I test. Moreover, the antianemic activity was evaluated in phenyl hydrazine induced anemic albino rats. Results/discussion: The ethyl acetate and hydroethanolic extract exhibited an antiplasmodial activity with IC50s of 6.14 and 12.14 μg/mL respectively on Plasmodium falciparum K1 strain. As for the in vivo antianemic activity, the ethyl acetate extract was the most active with better hematological reconstitution percentages. The presence of chemical compounds such as alkaloids, terpenoids and quinonic substances in both extracts, could be responsible for their activities. Conclusion: Millettia zechiana could be a potential source for novel antimalarial drugs and might be used as an improved traditional medicine on account of its availability.

Context: In Côte d'Ivoire, malaria is transmitted throughout the year with an increased rate during the rainy season. This pathology is endemic on the whole territory with seasonal variations. The major vector is Anopheles gambiae. The external microbiology quality assessment programs organized by both Institut Pasteur of Côte d'Ivoire (IPCI) and PEPFAR, malaria microscopy was randomly carried out in 1/3 of the country regional health center laboratories. Laboratory technicians play a key role in malaria control programs because care services such as the disease monitoring depend on their diagnosis and technical skills. Aim: The aim of this evaluation was to control the quality of the microscopic diagnosis and the performance of on-duty technicians for the management of feverish patients and efforts to strengthen laboratory services. Méthodology: Six (6) RHC (Regional Health Center) laboratories were involved in the evaluation. Anonymity code was assigned to each of the participating laboratories. There were many discrepancies in External Quality Assessment (EQA) results on the field not with standing the parasitemia, low or high. Results: Only 30% of correct answers were recorded for P. falciparum identification. For P. ovale, we found a failure rate of 100% for laboratories. Conclusion: Parasitemia was approximate and many confusions were observed regarding the different stages of parasites.

International audience

Resistance to antimalarial drugs and persistence of malaria endemicity constitute a major public health problem in Côte d'Ivoire. Besides the production of free radicals, malaria infection is associated with general depression of total plasma antioxidants may contribute to morbidity and mortality due to malaria. This work aimed to study five plant species used by the Ivorian pharmacopoeia against malaria. Phytochemical studies, quantitative and qualitative measures of antioxidant activity by radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), the chelating ability and the reducing power of the extracts have been realized. The in vitro activity tests were performed on P. falciparum isolates from patients with uncomplicated malaria and reference strains (3D7 and Dd2). The method of microtitration plates based on reading SYBR Green fluorescence by an apparatus of Spectra max GEMINI XPS (Molecular Devices) was used. Chloroquine, quinine and artesunate were chosen as reference antimalarial. Finally the hemolytic activity of the extracts and partitions exhibited good antiplasmodial activities has been studied. Phytochemical study results shown richness of plants in secondary metabolites. Crude extracts and partitions tested were active on the DPPH by giving a yellow spot on purple background. The best antiplamodial activities with crude extract were obtained with decoction of Dialium dinklagei (IC50=12.8±2.4μg/mL), Cnestis ferruginea (IC50=11.78±2.2μg/mL) and the methanolic extract of Newbouldia laevis (IC50=10.21±3.2μg/mL). Liquid-liquid partition allowed us to significantly improve the antiplasmodial activity from 10μg/mL for crude extracts about 1μg/mL for fractions from the partitions. Indeed, fractions F3 Dialium dinklagei, F3 Newbouldia laevis, and F2 Cnestis ferruginea gave the best results respectively 1.22±0.37μg/mL, 6.11±1.3μg/mL and 4.37±0.77μg/mL. Chloroquine, artesunate and quinine were used as reference molecules and gave IC50 that ranged from 33.01±0.9 and 51.07±2.2nM for chloroquine, between 2.22±0.16 and 6.31±3.01nM for artesunate and 5.76 ±0.95 and 44.37±2.15nM for quinine on the different strains tested. The study of hemolytic activity revealed less than 1% hemolysis at concentrations of 200μg/mL. This work shows a track to find new molecules with antioxidant properties at the same time able to treat malaria., La résistance aux antipaludéens et la persistance de l’endémie palustre constituent un problème majeur de santé publique en Côte d’Ivoire. Outre la production des radicaux libres, l’infection palustre s’accompagne d’une dépression générale des antioxydants totaux plasmatiques pouvant contribuer à la morbidité et mortalité dues à la malaria. Ce travail a consisté à étudier cinq espèces végétales utilisées par la pharmacopée ivoirienne contre le paludisme. Les études phytochimiques, les mesures quantitatives et qualitatives de l’activité antioxydante par le radical 1,1-diphényl-2-picrylhydrazyle (DPPH), le pouvoir chélateur et le pouvoir réducteur des extraits ont été réalisés. Les tests d’activité in vitro ont été réalisés sur des isolats de P. falciparum prélevés sur des patients souffrant de paludisme simple et sur des souches de référence (3D7 et Dd2). La méthode de plaques de microtitrations basée sur la lecture de fluorescence au SYBR Green par un appareil de type Spectra max GEMINI XPS (Molecular Devices) a été utilisée. La chloroquine, la quinine et l’artesunate ont été choisies comme antipaludique de référence. Enfin l’activité hémolytique des extraits ayant montré de bonnes activités antiplasmodiales a été étudiée. Les résultats des études phytochimiques ont montrés une richesse de ces plantes en métabolites secondaires. Les extraits bruts et partitions testés se sont montrés actifs sur le DPPH en donnant une tache jaune sur fond pourpre. Les meilleurs résultats des tests antiplamodiaux avec les extraits bruts ont été obtenus avec la décoction de Dialium dinklagei (CI50=12,8±2,4 μg/mL), de Cnestis ferruginea (CI50=11,78±2,2 μg/mL) et de l’extrait methanolique de Newbouldia laevis (CI50=10,21±3,2 μg/mL). La partition liquide-liquide a permis d’améliorer sensiblement l’activité antiplasmodiale de 10 μg/mL pour les extraits bruts à environ 1 μg/mL pour les fractions issues des partitions. En effet, les fractions F3 de Dialium dinklagei, F3 de Newbouldia laevis, et F2 de Cnestis ferruginea ont donné les meilleurs résultats respectivement 1,22±0,37 μg/mL, 6,11±1,3 μg/mL et 4,37±0,77 μg/mL. La chloroquine, l’artesunate et la quinine ont été utilisés comme molécules de référence et ont donné des CI50 qui ont varié entre 33,01±0,9 et 51,07±2,2 nM pour la chloroquine, entre 2,22±0,16 et 6,31±3,01 nM pour l’artesunate et 5,76±0,95 et 44,37±2,15 nM pour la quinine sur les différentes souches testées. L’étude de l’activité hémolytique à révélée une hémolyse inférieure à 1% à des concentrations égales à 200 μg/mL. Ce travail montre une piste pour trouver de nouvelles molécules ayant des propriétés antioxydantes en même temps capables de traiter le paludisme.

Malaria disease is a pathology which occurs as a result of the oxidative stress. Three plants of the Ivorian pharmacopoeia are particularly used in the traditional medicine for the treatment of malaria in Cote d'Ivoire. They are Cochlospermum planchonii (Placo), Pericopsis laxiflora (Laper) and Harungana madagascariensis (Madhar).The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of the aqueous and methanolic extracts of three medicinal plants of Cote d'Ivoire. The quantitative measurement of total flavonoids gave the following results: Laper (560.80 mg QE/g ± 7.40), Madhar (352.50 mg QE/g ± 9.46) and Placo (314.20 mg QE/g ± 4.41). The total polyphenols were more concentrated in Laper (262.50 mg GAE/g ± 9.47) and Placo (203.20 mg GAE/g ± 2.21). Noticeable zinc content was found in Laper (13.56 ppm) and Placo (11.40 ppm) against 3.43 ppm in Madhar. The radical scavenging activity by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and antiradical power measurement by ABTS (2,2' azino bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) assay have showed good activity for Laper (IC50 = 7.50 μg/mL) and placo (IC50 = 8.01 μg/mL). The standard antioxidant compound (quercetin) gave an IC50 = 4.00 μg/mL. This study suggested that the high content of total flavonoids, total phenols and minerals in these plants could partly justify the therapeutic use of at least two of the three plants.

International audience; Introduction: Malaria is a deadly parasitic infection in its severe form. It is caused by an endoparasite protozoan transmitted by a mosquito vector. Despite considerable efforts to eradicate it, this endemic disease remains a public health problem because of its high frequency, severity and the consequences it generates. Furthermore, the existing treatments are increasingly ineffective; it is therefore urgent to find new anti-malarial drugs.Objective: From the phytochemical screening and the determination of the polyphenolic content of Dialium dinklagei and Diospyros monbuttensis used in traditional medicine in Côte d'Ivoire to treat malaria, we identified families of chemical compounds that can guide us towards pharmacological studies. These studies allow us to identify new molecules which could be a possible alternative antimalarial reference used today because of their effectiveness in treating malaria.Materials and Methods: From Dialium dinklagei and Diospyros monbuttensis, we obtained extracts decoction and hexane extracts, methanolic and aqueous extraction after three solvents of increasing polarity (n-hexane, methanol, water), respectively. The crude extracts obtained were tested for chemical identification of groups that may be the basis of the expected therapeutic effects. Moreover, the decoction and methanol extracts were used to determine the polyphenolic compounds.Results: The results vary from one plant species to another and from one sample to another. Abundant presence of alkaloids in all samples and an absence of steroids in other extract except decoction extract of Diospyoros monbuttensis were observed. Therefore, the other chemical groups are present in all plants in varying proportions but depending on the mode of extraction. A higher content of phenols and tannins in Dialium dinklagei over Diospyros monbuttensis was observed. However, the content of flavonoids of Dialium dinklagei is relatively lower compared to that observed in Diospyros monbuttensis.Conclusion: The overall results of the phytochemical screening and polyphenolic content would partly explain the traditional healers’ infatuation to these plants as antimalarials.

This study aimed to contribute to the fight against malaria by evaluating the anti-malarial potential of combinations of plants used in traditional medicine to treat malaria in Benin. Antiplasmodial activity was evaluated by the Sybr green method on clinical isolates and the K1 strain (chloroquine and pyrimethamine resistant) of Plasmodium falciparum while the DPPH trapping test was used to determine the anti-radical activity. Acute toxicity and anti-pyretic test were performed in vivo on Wistar rats. Secondary metabolites were identified by tube characterization tests and confirmed by spectrophotometric assay. The aqueous decoctions of the recipes are not-hemolytic (percentage of hemolysis