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Internet banking is becoming a new focus as the number of internet users and its benefits are increasing worldwide and its benefits. However, the degree of intent to use internet banking is still a question of interest. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the factors affecting attitude and behavioral intention to use internet banking in Viet Nam, as well as the moderating role of anxiety, will be examined. Totally, 584 questionnaires were collected for the final analysis. The results from the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using the SmartPLS 3.0 program showed that facilitating condition, performance expectancy, social influence, perceived credibility, and effort expectancy had a positive impact on attitude and behavioral intention to use internet banking. Besides, anxiety decreased behavioral intention and it also dampened the positive relationship between attitude and behavioral intention. The findings of this study could help banks to improve their service to attract more users. Besides, the use of internet banking could reduce the frequency to a bank that indirectly reduces costs.

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leukosis. Polymorphism in bovine leukocyte antigen (BoLA)-DRB3 allele can influence the host immune response to pathogens, including BLV. However, association between specific BoLA-DRB3 alleles and BLV proviral load (PVL), which is a useful index for estimating disease progression and transmission risk, in Vietnamese cattle are unknown. Here, association study of BoLA-DRB3 allele frequency between cattle with high or low PVL demonstrated BoLA-DRB3*12:01 associates with high PVL in Vietnamese Holstein-Friesian (HF) crossbred cattle. This is the first study to demonstrate that BoLA-DRB3 polymorphism confers susceptibility to BLV high PVL in HF crossbred kept in Vietnam. Our results may be useful in disease control and eradiation for BLV through genetic selection. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

While investigating a giraffe's death in a Vietnamese zoo, we successfully identified and isolated Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) from skin nodule biopsies and ruptured nodule wound swab samples. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the isolate obtained in this study was closely related to the previous Vietnamese and Chinese LSDV strains from cattle. This is the first report on the genome detection and isolation of LSDV in a diseased giraffe in Vietnam. Further study is needed to better understand the epidemiology of this disease in wildlife.

The detection of bovine foamy virus (BFV) in Vietnamese cattle was performed using conventional PCR targeting pol and gag genes. Out of 243 tested samples, ten (4.1%) and eight (3.3%) samples were positive for BFV gag and pol DNA, respectively. The prevalence of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) estimated by detection of proviral DNA using nested PCR targeting env gene was 26.7% (65/243). The results of nucleotide sequence alignment and the phylogenetic analysis suggested that Vietnamese BFV strains showed high homology to isolates belonging to either European or non-European clades. There was no significant correlation between BLV and BFV. This study provides information regarding BFV infection and confirms the existence of two BFV clades among Vietnamese cattle for the first time.

The main objectives of this study were to model various scenarios of African swine fever (ASF) virus transmission among farms in Vietnam and to evaluate the impact of control strategies using North American Animal Disease Spread Model (NAADSM). A total of 7,882 pig farms in the Red River Delta (RRD) region were obtained from the General Statistics Office, and then, random points corresponding to the number of farms in each province were generated as exact farm locations were not available. A total of 10 models were developed, including movement control scenarios. In addition, we conducted sensitivity analysis to assess the impact of indirect contact transmission probability (TP). Overall, the indirect contact exhibited an important role in transmitting the ASF virus. In order to minimize ASF transmission between farms, we found that movement restriction needed to reach a certain level (approximately between 50% and 75%) and that the restriction had to be applied in a timely manner. This study offers valuable insight into how ASF virus can be transmitted via direct and indirect contact and controlled among farms under the various simulation scenarios. Our results suggest that the enforcement of movement restriction was an effective control measure as soon as the outbreaks were reported. In addition, this study provided evidence that high standards of biosecurity can contribute to the reduction of disease spread.

In the present study, tissue samples collected from a total of 130 commercial ducks collected from clinically suspected flocks and diseased birds in six provinces of northern Vietnam were tested for DuCV infection. The DuCV genome was detected in 56 out of 130 (43.08%) duck samples by PCR. Of 38 tested farms, 26 (68.42%) were positive for the DuCV genome. The rate of the DuCV genome detection in ducks at 3–4 (54.17%) is significantly higher (p7 (33.33%), insignificantly higher than that of 5–7 (43.33%) (p=0.11) weeks of age. Length of the six Vietnamese DuCV genomes obtained ranged from 1,988 to 1,995 nucleotides. Among the six Vietnamese DuCV genomes, nucleotide identities were from 83.24% to 99.69%. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete genomes indicated that the DuCVs circulating in northern Vietnam were divided into two main genotypes I and II, and several subgenotypes. The Vietnamese DuCVs were closely related to the Chinese, Taiwanese, and Korean strains. One positive selection site of capsid protein was detected.

In the present study, tissue samples collected from 130 ducks from clinically suspected commercial flocks and diseased birds in six provinces of northern Vietnam were tested for duck circovirus (DuCV) infection. The DuCV genome was detected in 56 out of 130 (43.08%) duck samples by PCR. Of 38 tested farms, 26 (68.42%) were positive for the DuCV genome. The rate of the DuCV genome detection in ducks at 3-4 weeks of age (54.17%) was significantly higher (p0.05) than that at3 (32.43%) and7 (33.33%) weeks of age and insignificantly higher than that at 5-7 weeks of age (43.33%) (p = 0.11). The genomes of six Vietnamese DuCV isolates were determined. They ranged in length from 1,988 to 1,995 nucleotides, and their nucleotide sequences were 83.24% to 99.69% identical to each other. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete genome sequences indicated that the DuCV strains circulating in northern Vietnam can be divided into two main genotypes (I and II) and several subgenotypes. The Vietnamese DuCV isolates were closely related to Chinese, Taiwanese, and Korean strains. One positively selected site was detected in the capsid protein.

Introduction Streptococcus suis is a zoonotic pathogen found in swine that may cause systemic infection in humans. S. suis is endemic in Southeast Asia and is the leading cause of adult meningitis in Vietnam. Given Vietnam's increasing centralization of the swine industry, we sought to estimate the prevalence of S. suis on large swine farms in Northern Vietnam. Methods A cross-sectional, one-health-oriented, surveillance study for S. suis was conducted between October 2019–March 2020. Swine oral, swine worker nasal, and bioaerosol samples were collected from four large-scale swine farms (>500 swine) in three provinces in Northern Vietnam: Lao Cai, Bac Giang, and Quang Ninh. Samples were evaluated for presence of S. suis growth on blood agar plates and confirmed with conventional polymerase chain reaction. Results The authors found that 4/174 (2.3%, 95% CI: 0.6–5.8%) of swine oral samples and 1/58 (1.7%, 95% CI: 0–9.2%) bioaerosol samples were positive for S. suis by bacterial culture and conventional PCR. S. suis was not detected in any swine worker nasal wash samples. There was no significant relationship between sampling location and month of sample collection with results of swine oral or bioaerosol samples. Conclusion Compared to previous reports from slaughterhouses in Vietnam, the lower than expected prevalence of S. suis, supports the notion that that recent efforts to centralize Vietnam's pork industry through establishment of large-scale farms with better biosecurity may have been effective in limiting S. suis prevalence on these large farms.

Although intensive vaccination programs have been implemented, Newcastle disease (ND) outbreaks, accompanied by severe economic losses, are still reported in Egypt. The genetic characterization of ND virus (NDV) strains isolated from ND-vaccinated chicken flocks provides essential information for improving ND control strategies. Therefore, here, 38 NDV strains were isolated and identified from outbreaks among vaccinated flocks of broiler chickens located in the provinces of Qena, Luxor, and Aswan of Upper Egypt during 2011-2013. The investigated broiler chicken flocks (aged 28 to 40 days) had high mortality rates of up to 80%. All NDV isolates were genetically analyzed using next-generation DNA sequencing. From these isolates, 10 representative NDV strains were selected for further genetic analyses. Phylogenetic analysis of full-length coding genes revealed that the Egyptian NDV isolates belonged to a single sub-genotype, VII.1.1. These isolates were phylogenetically distant from the vaccine strains, including La Sota or Clone 30 (genotype II), which have been commonly used to vaccinate chicken flocks. Amino acid substitution K78R was observed in the neutralizing epitopes of the F proteins; whereas several mutations were found in the neutralizing epitopes of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase proteins, notably, E347K. Overall, our results suggested that the occurrence of neutralizing epitope variants may be one of potential reasons for ND outbreaks. Further studies are needed to determine the protective effect of current vaccines against circulating virulent NDV strains.

Chicken anemia virus (CAV) has a ubiquitous and worldwide distribution in the chicken production industry. Our group previously reported a high seroprevalence of CAV in chickens from northern Vietnam. In the present study, tissue samples collected from a total of 330 broiler and breeder commercial chickens in eleven provinces of northern Vietnam were tested for CAV infection. All samples were collected from clinically suspected flocks and diseased birds. The CAV genome was detected in 157 out of 330 (47.58%) chicken samples by real-time PCR. The rate of CAV genome detection in young chickens at 2-3 weeks of age (61.43%), which had not been previously reported in Vietnam, was significantly higher than that in older chickens at 4-11 (44.83%) and 12-28 (35.71%) weeks of age. For nine representative CAV strains from broiler chickens, analysis of the entire protein-coding region of the viral genome was conducted. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 gene indicated that the CAVs circulating in northern Vietnam were divided into three distinct genotypes: II, III, and V. Only one of the nine Vietnamese CAV strains clustered with a vaccine strain (Del-Ros), whereas the other eight strains did not cluster with any vaccine strains. Among the three genotypes, genotype III was most widely found in northern Vietnam and this included three sub-genotypes (IIIa, IIIb, and IIIc). The Vietnamese CAV strains were closely related to the Chinese, Taiwanese, and USA strains. One strain was defined to be of genotype V, which is a newly reported CAV genotype. Moreover, recombination analysis suggests that this novel genotype V was generated by recombination between genotype II and sub-genotype IIIc.

Despite significant progress in the development of diagnostic methods for influenza, avian influenza (AI) infection continues to represent a substantial threat to human health. Among the subtypes of AI, H5 influenza is highly infectious to animals and humans; however, there are no reliable H5 subtype-specific diagnostic systems owing to a scarcity of H5 subtype-specific detection elements. In this study, a new peptide aptamer (P1:KASGYTFTSF) was developed to recognize the H5 viral subtype using an in silico bioinformatics approach for predicting complementarity-determining regions (CDRs), and the aptamer was evaluated by immunoassays. The three-dimensional structure of influenza hemagglutinin (HA) and the peptide were used in a molecular docking study, and the peptide was compared to the epitope-derived peptide aptamer (H5-P2:KPNGAINF). Interactions between the peptides and the virus were then assessed by fluorescence-linked sandwich immunosorbent assay (FLISA), immunofluorescence staining assay (IFA), and rapid fluorescent immunochromatographic assay (FICT). P1 and H5-P2 both significantly detected H5N3 at 15.6 HAU/mL (P < 0.05), and P1 detected the virus more effectively (P < 0.05), consistent with the docking result. An optical image of the peptide recognizing an H5N3-infected cell was acquired by IFA, and was consistent with the antibody-linked IFA result. FICT employing the peptide showed the ability for H5 subtype-specific diagnosis, with 2-fold higher performance than that of a conventional, antibody-linked rapid test. This work shows the potential of a CDR-predicted peptide aptamer as a probe for immunological assays that can specifically recognize AI virus.

African swine fever virus is highly contagious, and mortality rates reach up to 100% depending on the host, virus dose, and the transmission routes. The main objective of this study was to develop a network-based simulation model for the farm-level transmission of ASF virus to evaluate the impact of changes in farm connectivity on ASF spread in Vietnam. A hypothetical population of 1,000 pig farms was created and used for the network-based simulation, where each farm represented a node, and the connection between farms represented an edge. The three scenarios modelled in this way (baseline, low, and high) evaluated the impact of connectivity on disease transmission. The median number of infected farms was higher as the connectivity increased (low: 659, baseline: 968 and high: 993). In addition, we evaluated the impact of the culling strategy on the number of infected farms. A total of four scenarios were simulated depending on the timing of culling after a farm was infected. We found that the timing of culling at 16, 12, 8, and 6 weeks had resulted in a reduction of the number of median infected farms by 81.92%, 91.63%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. Finally, our evaluation of the implication of stability of ties between farms indicated that if the farms were to have the same trading partners for at least six months could significantly reduce the median number of infected farms to two (95th percentile: 413) than in the basic model. Our study showed that pig movements among farms had a significant influence on the transmission dynamics of ASF virus. In addition, we found that the either timing of culling, reduction in the number of trading partners each farm had, or decreased mean contact rate during the outbreaks were essential to prevent or stop further outbreaks.

A cross-sectional, one-health-oriented, surveillance study forThe authors found that 4/174 (2.3%, 95% CI: 0.6-5.8%) of swine oral samples and 1/58 (1.7%, 95% CI: 0-9.2%) bioaerosol samples were positive forCompared to previous reports from slaughterhouses in Vietnam, the lower than expected prevalence of

Recent advances in the development of hybrid organic–inorganic halide perovskite quantum dots (HP-QDs) have proven their versatility and potential applications in photovoltaics and light sources through compositional tuning. However, the compositional complexity for mixed-cation and/or mixed-halide HP-QDs would require repetitive optimization processes to obtain the desired perovskite crystals via traditional batch-scale chemistry, causing prolonged time, labor, and cost. To address this issue, we herein report a dynamic flow chemistry synthetic system operated with the on-and-off feedback control with hysteresis algorithm to produce methylammonium lead trihalide perovskite quantum dots (MAPbBrXI3-X QDs with 0 ≤ X ≤ 3), automatically showing a target emission wavelength. We set up the target photoluminescent (PL) emission wavelength of the MAPbBrXI3-X QDs and started with an arbitrary flow rate of the bromide and iodide precursor solution. The PL emission wavelength of the synthesized perovskites was in-situ monitored in the flow cell equipped with a miniaturized optical detector. By comparing the measured wavelength with the target one, the controlling algorithm recalculated to adjust the flow rates of the bromide and iodide precursor solution accordingly. Then, the PL emission wavelength of the newly synthesized MAPbBrXI3-X QDs was detected again in real-time, and the iterative feedback control process was repeated until the observed wavelength was matched with the user-defined emission target. Thus, the desired MAPbBrXI3-X QDs could be obtained eventually through the feedback control in an automatic manner, suggesting an advanced flow chemistry synthetic platform to produce on-demanded nanomaterials with high efficiency.

In this study, the SureSelect target enrichment system for Illumina Multiplexed Sequencing was applied to proviral DNA sequencing of bovine leukemia virus (BLV). The complete genomic DNA sequences of four Vietnamese BLV strains were successfully obtained with high read depth values and a genome coverage of 100% across all sequenced samples, in less than one week. This study provides the first complete Vietnamese BLV genome sequences. Their genetic variability and phylogenetic relationship were also analyzed and compared with those of 28 whole BLV genome sequences from different parts of the world. The results obtained provided new insights into the genetic diversity of the BLV tax gene, and further enabled us to identify nucleotide mutations in the gene that might not have been detected with the commercial detection kit that is currently available.

Novel approach to fabricate In2O3 nanocrystal (NC)–π conjugated molecule 4,4′-ethyne-1,2-diyldibenzoic acid (EBA) hybrid materials by ligand exchange process, Sonogashira coupling reaction, and their utility as a lithium ion battery anode material have been developed. Here, discharge capacity of 900 mAh g−1, excellent rate performance under ultrahigh current density of 20 C, and initial Coulombic efficiency of 60% at moderate charging/discharging current density of 5 C after 100 cycles have been demonstrated, which are synergistically capable of overcoming the drawback of previous In2O3 material. The π–π network allows fast electron/Li+ transport and significant decrease in interfacial resistance in charge/discharge state.

Prevention is the most effective management strategy for influenza A infection in humans. In this study, we developed a CdSe/CdS/ZnS quantum dot (QD) fluorescent dye for rapid and sensitive detection of two common subtypes (H1N1 and H3N2) of influenza A virus, and examined its utility. CdSe/CdS/ZnS QD was conjugated with antibody (Ab) after conjugation with latex, making QD conjugate of QD + Latex + Ab. A stable photoluminescence of QD conjugate and advantage of CdSe/CdS/ZnS QD used was characterized in this study. The performance of a rapid fluorescent immunochromatographic test (FICT) employing QD conjugate (QD-FICT) in detecting influenza A/H1N1 was 8-fold and 64-fold higher than that of a europium nanoparticle-based FICT and a rapid diagnostic test (RDT; Standard Diagnostics BIOLINE Influenza A/B), respectively. For influenza A/H3N2, QD-FICT showed 8-fold and 128-fold higher performance than europium nanoparticle-based FICT and RDT, respectively. In clinical evaluations, QD-FICT showed 93.75% clinical sensitivity [45/48; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 82.80–98.69], 100% clinical specificity (117/117; 95% CI: 96.90–100.00), and strong correlation (kappa; 0.98) with rRT-PCR (20 ≤ Ct ≤ 40). Europium nanoparticle-linked FICT showed 79.17% clinical sensitivity (38/48; 95% CI: 65.01–89.53) and 100% clinical specificity (117/117; 95% CI: 96.90–100.00), whereas RDT showed 77.08% sensitivity (37/48; 95% CI: 62.69–87.97), 100% specificity (117/117; 95% CI: 96.90–100.00), and reasonably good correlation with rRT-PCR (kappa; 0.93). Water-soluble QDs can therefore be used as an effective material for developing fluorescent diagnostic systems for rapid detection of human influenza A virus in clinical specimens.

Organic-inorganic hybrid materials with high refractive index have attracted considerable attention for many optoelectronic applications, including spin-on-type hardmask for ArF lithography (193 nm). In this study, we demonstrate the synthesis of a C 60 -embedded organosilicon hybrid polymer, C 60 -embedded poly-xylene-hexamethyltrisiloxane hybrid (C 60 -PXS), of tunable optical properties. C 60 was covalently bonded to the PXS backbone through Pt-catalyzed hydrosilylation, in which the PXS was formed possibly by unexpected transition metal-catalyzed benzylic C H silylation and oxygenation of the o -xylene. The C 60 -PXS thin films fabricated using a spin-coating method showed much higher refractive index by 5–22% according to the curing temperatures, than the PXS thin films containing no C 60 . In particular, the C 60 -PXS thin film cured at 350 °C showed the refractive index (n) and extinction coefficient (k) at 193 nm to be 1.61 and 0.29 that are very close to the optimum values for the Si-hardmask. This implies the high applicability of the C 60 -embedded organosilicon hybrid polymer, C 60 -PXS, for the spin-on Si-hardmask in ArF lithography.

Solution-processedthin-film deposition methods, such as spin-coating, couldoffer many advantages, such as low cost and high through-put, enabling the fabrication of high-performance and low-cost electronics. In this studying, we focus on the spin-coating of the organometallic precursor, triethylammoniumindium thioacetate ([(Et)

Unfortunately, Figure 1 was incorrectly published in the original publication and the correct version is updated here.