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Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas arising from the tissues other than primary lymphatic organs are named primary extranodal lymphoma. Most of the studies evaluated metabolic tumor parameters in different organs and histopathologic variants of this disease generally for treatment response. We aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of metabolic tumor parameters derived from initial FDG-PET/CT in patients with a medley of primary extranodal lymphoma in this study.

Since the 1940s, 131-I radioiodine therapy (RIT) has been the primary treatment for metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). Approximately half of these patients respond favorably to RIT, achieving partial or complete remission or maintaining long-term stable disease, while the other half develop radioiodine-refractory DTC (RAI-R DTC). The main genomic alteration involved in radioiodine resistance is the activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, which results in the loss of sodium iodide symporters (NIS). Therefore, RAI-R DTC requires alternative treatment options such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Over the past decade, several studies have investigated pharmacological induction or enhancement of NIS expression through "redifferentiation" therapies, mainly targeting the MAPK pathway. These novel approaches can restore radioiodine sensitivity in previously refractory patients and, therefore, potentially reestablish the efficacy of RIT. This review discusses various redifferentiation strategies, including their molecular mechanisms and clinical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Thyroid nodules are commonly detected in daily clinical practice, and their diagnosis and therapy usually involve different specialists and various diagnostic and therapeutic methods. Thyroid nodule management requires the integration of laboratory, imaging, and pathology examinations to achieve a proper diagnosis. It enables the elimination of unnecessary therapeutic procedures in many individuals and the timely identification of patients who require specific therapies. Furthermore, bioinformatics may change the current management of clinical data, enabling more personalized diagnostic approaches for patients with thyroid nodules. The clinical impact of artificial intelligence needs to be determined in further large-sample studies, especially in indeterminate cytology findings, that require "diagnostic surgery" to provide a definitive diagnosis. Thyroid nodules are common findings, particularly in iodine-deficient regions. Our paper aims to revise different diagnostic tools available in clinical thyroidology and propose their rational integration. We will elaborate on the pros and cons of thyroid ultrasound (US) and its scoring systems, thyroid scintigraphy, fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), molecular imaging, and artificial intelligence (AI). Ultrasonographic scoring systems can help differentiate between benign and malignant nodules. Depending on the constellation or number of suspicious ultrasound features, a FNAC is recommended. However, hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules are presumed to exclude malignancy with a very high negative predictive value (NPV). Particularly in regions where iodine supply is low, most hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules are seen in patients with normal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. Thyroid scintigraphy is essential for the detection of these nodules. Among non-toxic thyroid nodules, a careful application of US risk stratification systems is pivotal to exclude inappropriate FNAC and guide the procedure on suspicious ones. However, almost one-third of cytology examinations are rendered as indeterminate, requiring "diagnostic surgery" to provide a definitive diagnosis. 99mTc-methoxy-isobutyl-isonitrile ([99mTc]Tc-MIBI) and [18F]fluoro-deoxy-glucose ([18F]FDG) molecular imaging can spare those patients from unnecessary surgeries. The clinical value of AI in the evaluation of thyroid nodules needs to be determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Studies concerning the frequency of BRAFV600E, TERT promoter, and NRAS mutations, RET/PTC and PAX8/PPARγ rearrangements, and their correlations with distant metastasis and several clinicopathological parameters are lacking in Turkish papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) patients. Methods: Mutations were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from paraffinembedded tumor tissues obtained from 42 PTC patients (16 with and 26 without distant metastasis, median age 52 years, range 21-80). Results: The follow-up period was a median of 41.38 (range 1-168) months. A relationship was found between distant metastasis and aggressive histological variant (P = .008), capsular (P = .001), lymphovascular (P = .001) and extrathyroidal invasion (P = .002), advanced stage (P = .002), and recurrence (P = .008). Mortality was greater in the distant-metastatic group (P = .002). The frequency of BRAFV600E mutation was 67.5% (27/40). Of the BRAFV600E mutation-positive group, 22.2% (6/27) had distant metastasis and 77.8% (21/27) had no metastasis (P = .006). No significant difference existed between BRAFV600E mutation-positive and -negative groups concerning the clinicopathological features. The mortality rate was higher in the BRAF mutation-negative group compared with the positive group (P = .03). The frequency of TERT mutation (all at position C228T) was 9.5% (4/42), showing no correlation with any clinicopathological feature. NRAS mutation and PAX8/PPARγ rearrangement were not observed. RET/PTC gene rearrangement was detected in only 2 patients. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that molecular changes, contrary to previous observations in different populations, are not related with aggressive behavior and distant metastasis in Turkish PTC patients. Low number of patients and short follow-up, however, might have hindered the ability to draw accurate conclusions regarding molecular markers and poor prognosis in such a slow-growing carcinoma type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This prospective study was planned to compare the predictive value of dynamic 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in locally advanced breast cancer patients (LABC) receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). Methods: Twenty seven patients with LABC [median age: 47, (26-66)] underwent a dynamic 18F-FDG PET study at baseline, and after 2-3 cycles of (NAC) were included (interim). Maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) values and SUV ratios for the 2nd, 5th, 10th, and 30th minutes and dynamic curve slope (SL) values and SL ratios were measured using 18F-FDG dynamic data. In addition, the values of SUVmean (2minSUVmean), SULpeak (2minSULpeak), metabolic volume (2minVol), and total lesion glycolysis (2minTLG) were measured for the first 2 min. Percent changes between baseline and interim studies were calculated and compared with the pathological results as the pathological complete response (PCR) or the pathological non-complete response (non-PCR). Receiver operating characteristic curves were obtained to calculate the area under the curve to predict PCR. Optimal threshold values were calculated to discriminate between PCR and non-PCR groups. Results: Baseline study SUV 30 (p=0.044), SUV 30/2 (p=0.041), SUV 30/5 (p=0.049), SUV 30/10 (p=0.021), SL 30/2 (p=0.029) and SL 30/5 (p=0.027) values were statistically significant different between PCR and non-PCR groups. The percentage changes of 2minVol between PCR and non-PCR groups were statistically significant. For the threshold value of -67.6% change in 2minVol, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy were 87.2%, 77.8%, 63.6%, 93.3%, and 80.7%, respectively (area under the curve: 0.826, p=0.009). Conclusion: Semiquantitative parameters for dynamic 18F-FDG PET can predict PCR. % changes in 2minVol can identify non-responding patients better than other parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]