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Schwannomas are benign nerve sheath tumours that exhibit a slow rate of growth. In the vast majority of cases, schwannomas manifest as asymptomatic masses. The presence of symptomatic lesions may necessitate surgical removal. The incidence of schwannomas ranges from 4.4 to 5.23 cases per 100,000 population, accounting for approximately 7% of all primary tumours in the central nervous system. There is a limited number of case reports describing schwannomas outside the central nervous system. In rare instances, schwannomas may originate at the level of the thyroid gland. In such cases, incidental neck schwannomas may be mistaken for thyroid or parathyroid tumours. The increasing incidence of thyroid cancer draws more attention to all thyroid nodules, both benign and malignant. Thyroid nodules are detected in up to 65% of autopsies, with only 4–6.5% being malignant. Thyroid tumours are typically diagnosed by USG; however, they are often revealed incidentally during neck CT or MRI for other conditions. To rule out malignancy, tumour verification is required. The modern diagnosis of thyroid cancer is based on fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy and cytology, which is classified according to the Bethesda classification system. However, not all FNAs are informative, and the differential diagnosis and treatment strategies in cases of unsatisfactory results are not standardized, leading to potential intraoperative challenges. We present a case study of a patient with a thyroid nodule that was ultimately diagnosed with a schwannoma of the neck according to core-needle biopsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the multistage progression of prostate cancer (PCa) and resistance to immunotherapy, tumour‐associated macrophage is an essential contributor. Although immunotherapy is an important and promising treatment modality for cancer, most patients with PCa are not responsive towards it. In addition to exploring new therapeutic targets, it is imperative to identify highly immunotherapy‐sensitive individuals. This research aimed to establish a signature risk model, which derived from the macrophage, to assess immunotherapeutic responses and predict prognosis. Data from the UCSC‐XENA, GEO and TISCH databases were extracted for analysis. Based on both single‐cell datasets and bulk transcriptome profiles, a macrophage‐related score (MRS) consisting of the 10‐gene panel was constructed using the gene set variation analysis. MRS was highly correlated with hypoxia, angiogenesis, and epithelial‐mesenchymal transition, suggesting its potential as a risk indicator. Moreover, poor immunotherapy responses and worse prognostic performance were observed in the high‐MRS group of various immunotherapy cohorts. Additionally, APOE, one of the constituent genes of the MRS, affected the polarisation of macrophages. In particular, the reduced level of M2 macrophage and tumour progression suppression were observed in PCa xenografts which implanted in Apolipoprotein E‐knockout mice. The constructed MRS has the potential as a robust prognostic prediction tool, and can aid in the treatment selection of PCa, especially immunotherapy options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a treatment modality that combines the electroporation of cell membranes with chemotherapy to facilitate the transport of non‐permeant molecules into cells. Several canine and feline studies have shown promising results, suggesting that ECT can be a valid adjuvant or alternative treatment option for some tumours. The objective of this paper is to provide a bibliographic review of the principles and applications of ECT in veterinary medicine and to compare to its use in human medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract For the multistage progression of prostate cancer (PCa) and resistance to immunotherapy, tumour‐associated macrophage is an essential contributor. Although immunotherapy is an important and promising treatment modality for cancer, most patients with PCa are not responsive towards it. In addition to exploring new therapeutic targets, it is imperative to identify highly immunotherapy‐sensitive individuals. This research aimed to establish a signature risk model, which derived from the macrophage, to assess immunotherapeutic responses and predict prognosis. Data from the UCSC‐XENA, GEO and TISCH databases were extracted for analysis. Based on both single‐cell datasets and bulk transcriptome profiles, a macrophage‐related score (MRS) consisting of the 10‐gene panel was constructed using the gene set variation analysis. MRS was highly correlated with hypoxia, angiogenesis, and epithelial‐mesenchymal transition, suggesting its potential as a risk indicator. Moreover, poor immunotherapy responses and worse prognostic performance were observed in the high‐MRS group of various immunotherapy cohorts. Additionally, APOE, one of the constituent genes of the MRS, affected the polarisation of macrophages. In particular, the reduced level of M2 macrophage and tumour progression suppression were observed in PCa xenografts which implanted in Apolipoprotein E‐knockout mice. The constructed MRS has the potential as a robust prognostic prediction tool, and can aid in the treatment selection of PCa, especially immunotherapy options.

Copyright of Veterinarska Stanica is the property of Croatian Veterinary Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Veterinarska Stanica is the property of Croatian Veterinary Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Burkitt Lymphoma is common childhood tumour in sub-Saharan Africa but the lack of centralized database on childhood cancer in Nigeria has made it difficult having a nationwide picture of its occurrence in the country. Objectives: This study was aimed at pooling published data from across the country with the hope of providing an overview of the profile of the disease in Nigeria. Methods: literature search was carried out on Pub Med/MEDLINE and Cochrane databases for all articles published between January 1975 and July 2015 using search strings such as children, cancer, Burkitt’s, epidemiology, prevalence, treatment and Nigeria. Based on specific criteria, 39 studies were included. Results: Burkitt Lymphoma was the most common childhood malignancy in most parts of the country accounting for 18.3- 65.0% of malignant tumours but a few centers observed Retinoblastoma as the most common. There was a decline in the frequency of Burkitt lymphoma in Ibadan from 1960-2010 and in Lagos. Peak ages of occurrence ranged from 5-10 years, more males and children from low socio-economic classes were affected. Different centers reported predominant involvement of either the jaw or the abdomen but there were slightly more centers with predominance of the jaw. Retrospective studies yielded an estimated survival of 15-23% while the Event Free Survival probabilities at two years was 43% and 48% for the Nigerian centers that participated in an international study. Conclusion: Burkitt Lymphoma is a common tumour in Nigeria. Establishment of Cancer registries for better data capture and funding for better treatment outcomes is recommended.

The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between the incidence of spontaneous tumours of various origins and the localisation in dogs with sex, breed, and age factors. A total of 360 tumours with various localisation were studied pathomorphologically. Histopathologic data sets from 360 dog tissue samples were processed and statistically examined. A chi-square test of independence was conducted to examine the relationships among the various levels of the specified variables. Logistic regression models were employed for dichotomous outcomes to ascertain the influence of certain explanatory variables on the tumour types. Characteristic pathomorphological changes observed during examination of dogs with oncologic diseases were determined. The most common neoplasms were mammary tumours, accounting for 43% of the cases. The mammary gland tumours were most common in mongrel dogs (25%), with German Shepherds (17.3%), Poodles, Dachshunds, Central Asian Shepherds (6.7% each), and Rottweilers (5.7%) following. The highest frequency of these tumours appeared at 8 years of age, predominantly originating from the ductal epithelium, which represented 46.4% of all the malignant cases.

Abstract Genes associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and mitophagy can be conducive to predicting solid tumour prognosis. The authors aimed to develop a prognosis prediction model for these genes in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Relevant gene expression and clinical information were collected from public databases including Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). A total of 265 differentially expressed genes was finally selected (71 up‐regulated and 194 downregulated) in the LUAD dataset. Among these, 15 candidate ERS and mitophagy genes (ATG12, CSNK2A1, MAP1LC3A, MAP1LC3B, MFN2, PGAM5, PINK1, RPS27A, SQSTM1, SRC, UBA52, UBB, UBC, ULK1, and VDAC1) might be critical to LUAD based on the expression analysis after crossing with the ERS and mitochondrial autophagy genes. The prediction model demonstrated the ability to effectively predict the 5‐, 3‐, and 1‐year prognoses of LUAD patients in both GEO and TCGA databases. Moreover, high VDAC1 expression was associated with poor overall survival in LUAD (p

Introduction: Head and Neck Cancer (HNC) ranks sixth among the most common men’s tumours. The prevalence of HNC in children has increased in several countries, and the prevalence varies worldwide. In several regions in Brazil and the world, a lack of epidemiological data records on childhood HNC is observed, demonstrating little knowledge about the demographic profile of these patients. Aim: To determine the prevalence of HNC in paediatric patients over the years at a reference centre in the North region of Brazil. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with the objective of quantitatively and qualitatively analysing the prevalence of HNC in a reference oncology hospital. The electronic medical records of patients aged 0 to 19 years were reviewed at a referral centre in Northern Brazil from October 2015 to February 2022. Demographic variables, topographic location of tumours, city of origin, patient outcome, and histopathological diagnosis were collected. Results: A total of 4,113 medical records were analysed, and 126 met the criteria for analysis. Males had a higher incidence n=75 (59.52%) of HNC than females n=51 (40.47%). The age group with the highest percentage of HNC was > 4 to 9-year-old n=40 (31.74%). The most common diagnosis were lymphoma 78 (61.90%), sarcoma 22 (17.46%); carcinoma 14 (11.11%), and histiocytosis 10 (7.93%). Conclusion: In Northern Brazil, the most common tumour was Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and the most prevalent group affected were males aged > 4-9-year-old.

One of the primary obstacles in current cancer treatments lies in the extensive heterogeneity of genetic and epigenetic changes that occur in each arising tumour. However, an additional challenge persists, as certain types of cancer display shared immune deficiencies in the antigen processing machinery (APM). This includes the downregulation of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules, which serve as peptide antigen receptors for T lymphocyte recognition that plays a crucial role in killing emerging tumours. Consequently, this contributes to immune escape in metastatic disease. Notably, current cell-based immunotherapies primarily focusing on T lymphocytes and the implementation of immune checkpoint inhibitor modalities have largely ignored the crucial task of reversing immune escape. This oversight may explain the limited success of these approaches becoming more effective cancer immunotherapies. Hence, there is a critical need to prioritize the discovery of new therapeutic candidates that can effectively address immune escape and synergize with evolving immunotherapy strategies. In this context, we identified curcuphenol in a cell-based screen from a library of marine extracts as a chemical entity that reverses the immuneescape phenotype of metastatic cancers. To advance these findings toward clinical efficacy, the present study describes the synthesis of analogues of naturally occurring curcuphenol with enhanced chemical properties and biological efficacy. Here we test the hypothesis that these curcuphenol analogues can evoke the power of the immune system to reduce the growth of metastatic disease in tumour bearing animals. Our findings indicate that these compounds effectively restore the expression of APM genes in metastatic tumours and inhibit the growth of highly invasive tumours in preclinical models, thereby counteracting the common immune evasion phenomenon observed in metastatic cancers. We conclude that cancer immunotherapies capable of boosting APM expression, hold great potential in maximizing the effectiveness of immune blockade inhibitors and eradicating invasive tumours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The concept of gene fusion describes the process of fusing two genes into one, which is closely linked to tumour occurrence and development and may even be the direct cause of some tumours. Due to their tumour‐specific expression and ability to drive tumour occurrence and development, there is great potential for fusion genes to be used as diagnostic markers and targets for specific types of tumours. Main body: Although many fusion genes have been detected so far, they mainly focus on a small number of highly recurrent fusion genes detected in patients' tumours. There are few studies on the functional mechanism and clinical relevance of rare gene fusions. Our review discusses the generation mechanisms, detection methods, biological functions, and mechanisms of action of fusion genes. Additionally, we discuss the clinical significance of fusion gene detection in some tumour types. Conclusion: The function mechanism research of rare gene fusion is very necessary, and more functions of fusion genes independent of unfused/normal genes can be explored in future studies. There is still a long way to go in implementing precision tumour therapy targeting gene fusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expression of the Drosophila cancer-germline (CG), X-linked, head-to-head gene pair TrxT and dhd is normally germline-specific but becomes upregulated in brain tumours caused by mutation in l(3)mbt. Here, we show that TrxT and dhd play a major synergistic role in the emergence of l(3)mbt tumour-linked transcriptomic signatures and tumour development, which is remarkable, taking into account that these two genes are never expressed together under normal conditions. We also show that TrxT, but not dhd, is crucial for the growth of l(3)mbt allografts, hence suggesting that the initial stages of tumour development and long-term tumour growth may depend on different molecular pathways. In humans, head-to-head inverted gene pairs are abundant among CG genes that map to the X chromosome. Our results identify a first example of an X-linked, head-to-head CG gene pair in Drosophila, underpinning the potential of such CG genes, dispensable for normal development and homoeostasis of somatic tissue, as targets to curtail malignant growth with minimal impact on overall health. Synopsis: The Drosophila cancer-germline, head-to-head gene pair TrxT and dhd is dispensable for normal brain development but plays a major role in the expression of mbt tumour transcriptomic signatures and neoplastic growth. Germline specific thioredoxins TrxT and dhd are dispensable for larval brain development. TrxT and dhd synergistically contribute to mbt larval brain tumour growth. TrxT, but not dhd, is crucial for long-term growth of allografted mbt tumours. TrxT and dhd underpin the potential of cancer-germline genes as ideal targets to curtail malignant growth. The Drosophila cancer-germline, head-to-head gene pair TrxT and dhd is dispensable for normal brain development but plays a major role in the expression of mbt tumour transcriptomic signatures and neoplastic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Head and Neck Cancer (HNC) ranks sixth among the most common men's tumours. The prevalence of HNC in children has increased in several countries, and the prevalence varies worldwide. In several regions in Brazil and the world, a lack of epidemiological data records on childhood HNC is observed, demonstrating little knowledge about the demographic profile of these patients. Aim: To determine the prevalence of HNC in paediatric patients over the years at a reference centre in the North region of Brazil. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with the objective of quantitatively and qualitatively analysing the prevalence of HNC in a reference oncology hospital. The electronic medical records of patients aged 0 to 19 years were reviewed at a referral centre in Northern Brazil from October 2015 to February 2022. Demographic variables, topographic location of tumours, city of origin, patient outcome, and histopathological diagnosis were collected. Results: A total of 4,113 medical records were analysed, and 126 met the criteria for analysis. Males had a higher incidence n=75 (59.52%) of HNC than females n=51 (40.47%). The age group with the highest percentage of HNC was > 4 to 9-year-old n=40 (31.74%). The most common diagnosis were lymphoma 78 (61.90%), sarcoma 22 (17.46%); carcinoma 14 (11.11%), and histiocytosis 10 (7.93%). Conclusion: In Northern Brazil, the most common tumour was Hodgkin's lymphoma, and the most prevalent group affected were males aged > 4-9-year-old. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between the incidence of spontaneous tumours of various origins and the localisation in dogs with sex, breed, and age factors. A total of 360 tumours with various localisation were studied pathomorphologically. Histopathologic data sets from 360 dog tissue samples were processed and statistically examined. A chi-square test of independence was conducted to examine the relationships among the various levels of the specified variables. Logistic regression models were employed for dichotomous outcomes to ascertain the influence of certain explanatory variables on the tumour types. Characteristic pathomorphological changes observed during examination of dogs with oncologic diseases were determined. The most common neoplasms were mammary tumours, accounting for 43% of the cases. The mammary gland tumours were most common in mongrel dogs (25%), with German Shepherds (17.3%), Poodles, Dachshunds, Central Asian Shepherds (6.7% each), and Rottweilers (5.7%) following. The highest frequency of these tumours appeared at 8 years of age, predominantly originating from the ductal epithelium, which represented 46.4% of all the malignant cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genes associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and mitophagy can be conducive to predicting solid tumour prognosis. The authors aimed to develop a prognosis prediction model for these genes in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Relevant gene expression and clinical information were collected from public databases including Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). A total of 265 differentially expressed genes was finally selected (71 up‐regulated and 194 downregulated) in the LUAD dataset. Among these, 15 candidate ERS and mitophagy genes (ATG12, CSNK2A1, MAP1LC3A, MAP1LC3B, MFN2, PGAM5, PINK1, RPS27A, SQSTM1, SRC, UBA52, UBB, UBC, ULK1, and VDAC1) might be critical to LUAD based on the expression analysis after crossing with the ERS and mitochondrial autophagy genes. The prediction model demonstrated the ability to effectively predict the 5‐, 3‐, and 1‐year prognoses of LUAD patients in both GEO and TCGA databases. Moreover, high VDAC1 expression was associated with poor overall survival in LUAD (p < 0.001), suggesting it might be a critical gene for LUAD prognosis prediction. Overall, the prognosis model based on ERS and mitophagy genes in LUAD can be useful for evaluating the prognosis of patients with LUAD, and VDAC1 may serve as a promising biomarker for LUAD prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated three cases of transmissible venereal tumour in dogs. In Case 1, a 5‐year‐old male dog presented with an eye mass and penile growths, unresponsive to previous treatment. Case 2 involved a 4.5‐year‐old male dog with bilateral ocular masses and penile lesions. Case 3 featured a stray dog with ocular and skin masses. All cases were confirmed as transmissible venereal tumour through impression smear cytology. Treatment with vincristine sulphate resulted in significant remission, with complete recovery after the fourth injection. This study contributes valuable knowledge for veterinarians in diagnosing and treating transmissible venereal tumour in dogs, emphasising the significance of an approach to case management and careful consideration of the varying clinical manifestations of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 13‐year‐old, female Shiba dog presented with elevation of the right pelvic limb and swelling of the thigh. The right pelvic limb was severely swollen, and subcutaneous haemorrhaging was observed. Radiographs showed bone resorption in the stifle joint region. Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of the stifle was consistent with a mast cell tumour. Computed tomography was performed, and the affected limb was amputated. The histo‐pathological diagnosis was mast cell tumour, and the femur and tibia were found externally lysed with an internal invasion of tumour cells. The safety margins were secured, but the tumour had infiltrated the lymph nodes. Hence, the patient was treated with chemotherapy. There was no tumour recurrence or metastasis for 201 days after surgery, but the patient died. To our knowledge, no case of osteolysis due to mast cell tumour has been reported, making this a very rare case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Folia Pharmaceutica Cassoviensia is the property of University of Veterinary Medicine & Pharmacy in Kosice and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Vulvo-vaginal stromal tumours are a rare and diverse group of mesenchymal neoplasms unique to hormone-responsive stroma of the vulva and vagina. These tumours are mostly benign, except for the locally aggressive deep angiomyxomas. Often these tumours pose diagnostic challenges, resembling certain malignant vulvo vaginal tumours.This case series highlights clinicopathological features of four angiomyxomas; a single angiomyofibroblastoma, and another superficial myofibroblastoma, including their clinical outcomes. All patients were in their 4th or 5th decade of life. Only 1/4 angiomyxomas was correctly diagnosed at the referring hospitals. Three out of four patients harbouring angiomyxomas achieved clinical remission post-surgery, while one patient was lost to follow-up. By immunohistochemistry, tumor cells showed variable positivity for desmin, SMA, ER, and PR, and negativity for S100P and CD34. The angiomyofibroblastoma was initially misdiagnosed as a liposarcoma, and the patient was lost to follow-up after diagnosis. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were diffusely positive for SMA and ER; weakly and focally positive for desmin, and negative for AE1/AE3, CD34, and S100P. The patient with superficial myofibroblastoma is in clinical remission post-excision with an 18-month follow-up. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells showed CD34 positivity. Therapeutically, none of the patient received adjuvant treatment, except for a single patient with angiomyxoma, who underwent chemoradiation for a synchronous cancer cervix post-surgery.This case series provides valuable insights into the clinical heterogeneity, diagnostic intricacies, and outcomes of vulvo-vaginal stromal tumours from an oncology centre in India, further contributing to a better understanding of these rare tumours.

Abstract Objective Ocular metastases are the most common intraocular tumours in adults. Data regarding the occurrence of these tumours in the Brazilian population is scarce. We aimed to investigate the profile of ocular metastases of patients referred to tertiary hospital service in São Paulo, Brazil. Design Retrospective study. Participants Patients referred to the Ocular Oncology service of the Federal University of São Paulo with initial diagnostic hypothesis of ocular metastasis. Methods Data was retrospectively collected from medical records from June 2017 to June 2023. Age, sex, primary tumour site, previous knowledge of the systemic diagnosis, laterality, initial visual acuity (VA), local or systemic treatment and mean follow-up period were obtained. Results A total of 37 cases were referred to the ocular oncology division due to a suspected ocular metastasis, 15 (40.5%) were confirmed. Mean age at diagnosis was 53.47 ± 16.01 years old, the majority (86.7%) of patients already knew the systemic diagnosis. Breast cancer (66.7%) was the most common primary site, followed by Lung cancer (26.7%). Both eyes were affected in 66.67% of the cases, all patients had metastases at the choroid (100.0%), and the mean initial VA was 1.37 ± 1.04 logMAR. Chemotherapy was the main systemic treatment modality (73.3%), and most patients had no ocular treatment (53.3%). The mortality rate along the follow-up period was 30.0%. Conclusions Considering the number of new patients absorbed by the Ocular Oncology service over the study period, the frequency of ocular metastases was relatively low. The patients’ characteristics was comparable to data published in the international literature.

Abstract Recent research studies reported that the employment of wearable augmented reality (AR) systems such as head‐mounted displays for the in situ visualisation of ultrasound (US) images can improve the outcomes of US‐guided biopsies through reduced procedure completion times and improved accuracy. Here, the authors continue in the direction of recent developments and present the first AR system for guiding an in‐depth tumour enucleation procedure under US guidance. The system features an innovative visualisation modality with cutting trajectories that ‘sink’ into the tissue according to the depth reached by the electric scalpel, tracked in real‐time, and a virtual‐to‐virtual alignment between the scalpel's tip and the trajectory. The system has high accuracy in estimating the scalpel's tip position (mean depth error of 0.4 mm and mean radial error of 1.34 mm). Furthermore, we demonstrated with a preliminary user study that our system allowed us to successfully guide an in‐depth tumour enucleation procedure (i.e. preserving the safety margin around the lesion).

Abstract An adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system is presented which is optimized by a genetic algorithm to classify normal and abnormal brain tumours. The classifier is fast and simple, named genetic algorithm‐adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system, and the determined learning rules minimize its error and improve its accuracy. The presented system follows five steps including preprocessing, morphological operation, feature extraction, feature selection, and classification. Morphological operators segment the abnormal regions and calculate the tumour area. The statistical features and the grey‐level co‐occurrence matrix are employed for feature extraction. Magnetic resonance images are considered and 12 statistical features are extracted, then the genetic algorithm‐based selection technique helps to select features and reduce the extracted features and improves the accuracy and decision time. So, the high dimensionality and the computational complexity of the adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system are reduced, and the classifier decides more efficiently. The input data are the figshare brain tumour dataset with 670 abnormal and 670 normal magnetic resonance images, and the classifier requires 10.788 s for classification. The efficient performance of the genetic algorithm‐adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system is confirmed by the accuracy of 99.85%, sensitivity of 99.7%, specificity of 100%, precision of 100%, and mean square error of 0.0027.

A novel class of compounds designed to hit two anti-tumour targets, G-quadruplex structures and human carbonic anhydrases (hCAs) IX and XII is proposed. The induction/stabilisation of G-quadruplex structures by small molecules has emerged as an anticancer strategy, disrupting telomere maintenance and reducing oncogene expression. hCAs IX and XII are well-established anti-tumour targets, upregulated in many hypoxic tumours and contributing to metastasis. The ligands reported feature a berberine G-quadruplex stabiliser scaffold connected to a moiety inhibiting hCAs IX and XII. In vitro experiments showed that our compounds selectively stabilise G-quadruplex structures and inhibit hCAs IX and XII. The crystal structure of a telomeric G-quadruplex in complex with one of these ligands was obtained, shedding light on the ligand/target interaction mode. The most promising ligands showed significant cytotoxicity against CA IX-positive HeLa cancer cells in hypoxia, and the ability to stabilise G-quadruplexes within tumour cells.

Ferroptosis is a distinct mode of cell death, distinguishing itself from typical apoptosis by its reliance on the accumulation of iron ions and lipid peroxides. Cells manifest an imbalance between oxidative stress and antioxidant equilibrium during certain pathological contexts, such as tumours, resulting in oxidative stress. Notably, recent investigations propose that heightened intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to oxidative stress can heighten cellular susceptibility to ferroptosis inducers or expedite the onset of ferroptosis. Consequently, comprehending role of ROS in the initiation of ferroptosis has significance in elucidating disorders related to oxidative stress. Moreover, an exhaustive exploration into the mechanism and control of ferroptosis might offer novel targets for addressing specific tumour types. Within this context, our review delves into recent fundamental pathways and the molecular foundation of ferroptosis. Four classical ferroptotic molecular pathways are well characterized, namely, glutathione peroxidase 4‐centred molecular pathway, nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 molecular pathway, mitochondrial molecular pathway, and mTOR‐dependent autophagy pathway. Furthermore, we seek to elucidate the regulatory contributions enacted by ROS. Additionally, we provide an overview of targeted medications targeting four molecular pathways implicated in ferroptosis and their potential clinical applications. Here, we review the role of ROS and oxidative stress in ferroptosis, and we discuss opportunities to use ferroptosis as a new strategy for cancer therapy and point out the current challenges persisting within the domain of ROS‐regulated anticancer drug research and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Ocular metastases are the most common intraocular tumours in adults. Data regarding the occurrence of these tumours in the Brazilian population is scarce. We aimed to investigate the profile of ocular metastases of patients referred to tertiary hospital service in São Paulo, Brazil. Design: Retrospective study. Participants: Patients referred to the Ocular Oncology service of the Federal University of São Paulo with initial diagnostic hypothesis of ocular metastasis. Methods: Data was retrospectively collected from medical records from June 2017 to June 2023. Age, sex, primary tumour site, previous knowledge of the systemic diagnosis, laterality, initial visual acuity (VA), local or systemic treatment and mean follow-up period were obtained. Results: A total of 37 cases were referred to the ocular oncology division due to a suspected ocular metastasis, 15 (40.5%) were confirmed. Mean age at diagnosis was 53.47 ± 16.01 years old, the majority (86.7%) of patients already knew the systemic diagnosis. Breast cancer (66.7%) was the most common primary site, followed by Lung cancer (26.7%). Both eyes were affected in 66.67% of the cases, all patients had metastases at the choroid (100.0%), and the mean initial VA was 1.37 ± 1.04 logMAR. Chemotherapy was the main systemic treatment modality (73.3%), and most patients had no ocular treatment (53.3%). The mortality rate along the follow-up period was 30.0%. Conclusions: Considering the number of new patients absorbed by the Ocular Oncology service over the study period, the frequency of ocular metastases was relatively low. The patients' characteristics was comparable to data published in the international literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Giant cell tumors of bone are benign tumors that tend to be locally aggressive and occasionally cause hematogenous metastasis to the lung, accounting for approximately 6% of all primary bone tumors. The occurrences in the ankle joint are approximately 4%, and cases in the distal fibula are particularly rare. This paper presents a case of a 21-year-old female patient with a giant cell tumor who treated with a bone endoscopy, a minimally invasive surgical method, and the structure of the bone was preserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system is presented which is optimized by a genetic algorithm to classify normal and abnormal brain tumours. The classifier is fast and simple, named genetic algorithm‐adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system, and the determined learning rules minimize its error and improve its accuracy. The presented system follows five steps including preprocessing, morphological operation, feature extraction, feature selection, and classification. Morphological operators segment the abnormal regions and calculate the tumour area. The statistical features and the grey‐level co‐occurrence matrix are employed for feature extraction. Magnetic resonance images are considered and 12 statistical features are extracted, then the genetic algorithm‐based selection technique helps to select features and reduce the extracted features and improves the accuracy and decision time. So, the high dimensionality and the computational complexity of the adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system are reduced, and the classifier decides more efficiently. The input data are the figshare brain tumour dataset with 670 abnormal and 670 normal magnetic resonance images, and the classifier requires 10.788 s for classification. The efficient performance of the genetic algorithm‐adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system is confirmed by the accuracy of 99.85%, sensitivity of 99.7%, specificity of 100%, precision of 100%, and mean square error of 0.0027. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Neoplasm registries are not a common feature of veterinary oncology practice in Africa. Therefore, this study was conducted by obtaining data for specific breeds, age groups or gender with regards to neoplasm occurrence in Nigeria for 17 years (2000–2017). The institutions included in the study were Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria; Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta; Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi; Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike; University of Abuja; University of Ibadan; University of Nigeria, Nsukka; and Usmanu Dan Fodio University, Sokoto. The highest prevalence was reported in the avian species, with Marek's disease the most prevalently diagnosed neoplastic disease. Females were more affected compared to males, and tumours from the digestive location prevailed. Little emphasis is given to the appropriate diagnosis and recording of neoplastic cases, therefore, an estimation of the neoplastic cases noted in VTHs in Nigeria was done. In addition to the use of mapping tools, the distribution and the prevalence of specific neoplasms, in different geographical zones of Nigeria, were presented. This study will be beneficial to veterinary clinicians, pathologists and epidemiologists and could form a foundation for subsequent work in veterinary oncology and epidemiology in Nigeria and Africa. Incidence data from 17-year veterinary neoplasm surveillance and registration were reviewed. Most of the neoplastic cases diagnosed in Nigerian veterinary teaching hospitals (VTHs) were in the avian (49%) and canine species (44%). Fewer cases were recorded in the equine (3.2%), bovine (2.4%), ovine (1.5%), caprine (0.3%) and porcine (0.15%) species. Marek's disease was the most prevalently diagnosed neoplastic disease of domestic animals in Nigerian VTHs from 2000–2017. Also, the Nigerian local breed had a higher mean distribution than any other dog breed and this was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Nearly all of the neoplastic cases diagnosed, were found in females (60.4%) and so the mean distribution of sex was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The digestive system, with 296 (46.25%) cases, was the anatomic location where the majority of the neoplastic cases were found. However, the mean distribution of different neoplastic anatomic sites was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). In conclusion, little emphasis is given to the appropriate diagnosis and recording of neoplastic cases that are diagnosed. The study provides information regarding the prevalence and distribution of tumours in different animal species consulted in Nigeria veterinary teaching hospitals. To illustrate all of this, ArcGIS software was used. Veterinary clinicians, pathologists and epidemiologists from Nigeria may benefit from the results of this study by freely accessing some specific data regarding the breed, the age group or the gender of some animal species diagnosed with different tumours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 5‐year 6‐month‐old, neutered, male sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps) presented for lethargy. Plasma biochemistry revealed severely elevated alkaline phosphatase and moderate hypercholesterolemia. A heterogenous liver and a right abdominal mass were noted on abdominal ultrasonography. Computed tomography revealed an enlarged liver with ill‐defined hypoattenuating regions and a heterogenous mass arising from the caudate lobe. Cytology of the liver was consistent with low‐grade mixed lipid and hydropic vacuolar change and mild to moderate mixed to mature lymphocytic infiltrate. Liver biopsies were declined, and the patient was managed with silymarin and prednisolone. Serial bloodwork and abdominal ultrasonography revealed persistently elevated alkaline phosphatase and progressive heterogenous hepatomegaly and hepatic nodules. The sugar glider died over 2 years after original presentation. On postmortem examination, there was a poorly differentiated hepatic neoplasm, with immunohistochemistry most consistent with a carcinosarcoma. In future cases, hepatic biopsies could be considered for sugar gliders presenting with hepatic masses when cytology is unrewarding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background The concept of gene fusion describes the process of fusing two genes into one, which is closely linked to tumour occurrence and development and may even be the direct cause of some tumours. Due to their tumour‐specific expression and ability to drive tumour occurrence and development, there is great potential for fusion genes to be used as diagnostic markers and targets for specific types of tumours. Main body Although many fusion genes have been detected so far, they mainly focus on a small number of highly recurrent fusion genes detected in patients' tumours. There are few studies on the functional mechanism and clinical relevance of rare gene fusions. Our review discusses the generation mechanisms, detection methods, biological functions, and mechanisms of action of fusion genes. Additionally, we discuss the clinical significance of fusion gene detection in some tumour types. Conclusion The function mechanism research of rare gene fusion is very necessary, and more functions of fusion genes independent of unfused/normal genes can be explored in future studies. There is still a long way to go in implementing precision tumour therapy targeting gene fusion.

Opioid receptor agonists are often used when cancer patients undergo surgery or analgesic treatment. As analgesics in clinical care, opioids can provide intraoperative or to chronic cancer pain relief. Immune function plays an important role in anti-cancer therapy, with cellular immunity, comprised principally of T-lymphocytes and natural killer cells, representing the primary anti-cancer immune response. However, it remains unclear whether immune function is further affected with the use of opioids in already immunocompromised cancer patients. This article provides a review of the effects of commonly used clinical opioids, including morphine, oxycodone, fentanyl and tramadol, on immune function in cancer patients. It provides a summary of current evidence regarding the immunomodulatory effects of opioids in the cancer setting and mechanisms underlying these interactions.

Abstract Aquaporins (AQPs) are ubiquitous channel proteins that play a critical role in the homeostasis of the cellular environment by allowing the transit of water, chemicals, and ions. They can be found in many different types of cells and organs, including the lungs, eyes, brain, glands, and blood vessels. By controlling the osmotic water flux in processes like cell growth, energy metabolism, migration, adhesion, and proliferation, AQPs are capable of exerting their regulatory influence over a wide range of cellular processes. Tumour cells of varying sources express AQPs significantly, especially in malignant tumours with a high propensity for metastasis. New insights into the roles of AQPs in cell migration and proliferation reinforce the notion that AQPs are crucial players in tumour biology. AQPs have recently been shown to be a powerful tool in the fight against pathogenic antibodies and metastatic cell migration, despite the fact that the molecular processes of aquaporins in pathology are not entirely established. In this review, we shall discuss the several ways in which AQPs are expressed in the body, the unique roles they play in tumorigenesis, and the novel therapeutic approaches that could be adopted to treat carcinoma.

Abstract Aims Carbohydrate antigen 199 (CA199) is a standard tumor marker, and recent studies have found elevated in CA199 levels in patients with diabetes. However, there is no systematic measurement and comparison of serum CA199 levels in patients with diabetes and cancer. Here, a detailed description of the changes in serum CA199 levels in patients with type 2 diabetes and various cancers was explored. Methods A total of 5,641 participants were screened for clinical laboratory test results of serum CA199 levels over the past three years (2020–2023). This study included 2,464 healthy controls, 688 patients with type 2 diabetes, and 2,489 patients with 16 different types of cancer. Each type of cancer had more than 30 independent serum CA199 level test results. The serum CA199 levels were compared between cancer groups, type 2 diabetes patients, and healthy controls. Additionally, the CA199 levels of cancer patients were compared with those of patients with type 2 diabetes. Results The serum CA199 levels of esophagus cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, rectum cancer, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, liver cancer, gastric cancer, cervical cancer, colon cancer, lymphoma, thyroid cancer, intracranial tumors, and nasopharyngeal laryngeal cancer were found to be elevated compared to healthy controls (P

Abstract Alzheimer's disease, often known as dementia, is a severe neurodegenerative disorder that causes irreversible memory loss by destroying brain cells. People die because there is no specific treatment for this disease. Alzheimer's is most common among seniors 65 years and older. However, the progress of this disease can be reduced if it can be diagnosed earlier. Recently, artificial intelligence has instilled hope in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease by performing sophisticated analyses on extensive patient datasets, enabling the identification of subtle patterns that may elude human experts. Researchers have investigated various deep learning and machine learning models to diagnose this disease at an early stage using image datasets. In this paper, a new Deep learning (DL) methodology is proposed, where MRI images are fed into the model after applying various pre‐processing techniques. The proposed Alzheimer's disease detection approach adopts transfer learning for multi‐class classification using brain MRIs. The MRI Images are classified into four categories: mild dementia (MD), moderate dementia (MOD), very mild dementia (VMD), and non‐dementia (ND). The model is implemented and extensive performance analysis is performed. The finding shows that the model obtains 97.31% accuracy. The model outperforms the state‐of‐the‐art models in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, and F‐score.

Schwannomas are benign nerve sheath tumours that exhibit a slow rate of growth. In the vast majority of cases, schwannomas manifest as asymptomatic masses. The presence of symptomatic lesions may necessitate surgical removal. The incidence of schwannomas ranges from 4.4 to 5.23 cases per 100,000 population, accounting for approximately 7% of all primary tumours in the central nervous system. There is a limited number of case reports describing schwannomas outside the central nervous system. In rare instances, schwannomas may originate at the level of the thyroid gland. In such cases, incidental neck schwannomas may be mistaken for thyroid or parathyroid tumours. The increasing incidence of thyroid cancer draws more attention to all thyroid nodules, both benign and malignant. Thyroid nodules are detected in up to 65% of autopsies, with only 4–6.5% being malignant. Thyroid tumours are typically diagnosed by USG; however, they are often revealed incidentally during neck CT or MRI for other conditions. To rule out malignancy, tumour verification is required. The modern diagnosis of thyroid cancer is based on fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy and cytology, which is classified according to the Bethesda classification system. However, not all FNAs are informative, and the differential diagnosis and treatment strategies in cases of unsatisfactory results are not standardized, leading to potential intraoperative challenges. We present a case study of a patient with a thyroid nodule that was ultimately diagnosed with a schwannoma of the neck according to core-needle biopsy.

Aquaporins (AQPs) are ubiquitous channel proteins that play a critical role in the homeostasis of the cellular environment by allowing the transit of water, chemicals, and ions. They can be found in many different types of cells and organs, including the lungs, eyes, brain, glands, and blood vessels. By controlling the osmotic water flux in processes like cell growth, energy metabolism, migration, adhesion, and proliferation, AQPs are capable of exerting their regulatory influence over a wide range of cellular processes. Tumour cells of varying sources express AQPs significantly, especially in malignant tumours with a high propensity for metastasis. New insights into the roles of AQPs in cell migration and proliferation reinforce the notion that AQPs are crucial players in tumour biology. AQPs have recently been shown to be a powerful tool in the fight against pathogenic antibodies and metastatic cell migration, despite the fact that the molecular processes of aquaporins in pathology are not entirely established. In this review, we shall discuss the several ways in which AQPs are expressed in the body, the unique roles they play in tumorigenesis, and the novel therapeutic approaches that could be adopted to treat carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pleomorphic adenoma is a benign tumor of salivary glands which is relatively rare among head & neck neoplasms. Parotid gland is the most common site of occurrence whereas submandibular gland is rarely affected. We present a case of a giant pleomorphic adenoma of submandibular gland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among breast cancer subtypes, triple-negative breast cancer stands out as the most aggressive, with patients facing a 40% mortality rate within the initial five years. The limited treatment options and unfavourable prognosis for triple-negative patients necessitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an alternative treatment that can effectively target triple-negative neoplastic cells such as MDA-MB-231. In this in vitro study, we conducted a comparative analysis of the PDT killing rate of unbound Rose Bengal (RB) in solution versus RB-encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles to determine the most effective approach for inducing cytotoxicity at low laser powers (90 mW, 50 mW, 25 mW and 10 mW) and RB concentrations (50 µg/mL, 25 µg/mL, 10 µg/mL and 5 µg/mL). Intracellular singlet oxygen production and cell uptake were also determined for both treatment modalities. Dark toxicity was also assessed for normal breast cells. Despite the low laser power and concentration of nanoparticles (10 mW and 5 µg/mL), MDA-MB-231 cells experienced a substantial reduction in viability (8 ± 1%) compared to those treated with RB solution (38 ± 10%). RB nanoparticles demonstrated higher singlet oxygen production and greater uptake by cancer cells than RB solutions. Moreover, RB nanoparticles display strong cytocompatibility with normal breast cells (MCF-10A). The low activation threshold may be a crucial advantage for specifically targeting malignant cells in deep tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Carbohydrate antigen 199 (CA199) is a standard tumor marker, and recent studies have found elevated in CA199 levels in patients with diabetes. However, there is no systematic measurement and comparison of serum CA199 levels in patients with diabetes and cancer. Here, a detailed description of the changes in serum CA199 levels in patients with type 2 diabetes and various cancers was explored. Methods: A total of 5,641 participants were screened for clinical laboratory test results of serum CA199 levels over the past three years (2020–2023). This study included 2,464 healthy controls, 688 patients with type 2 diabetes, and 2,489 patients with 16 different types of cancer. Each type of cancer had more than 30 independent serum CA199 level test results. The serum CA199 levels were compared between cancer groups, type 2 diabetes patients, and healthy controls. Additionally, the CA199 levels of cancer patients were compared with those of patients with type 2 diabetes. Results: The serum CA199 levels of esophagus cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, rectum cancer, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, liver cancer, gastric cancer, cervical cancer, colon cancer, lymphoma, thyroid cancer, intracranial tumors, and nasopharyngeal laryngeal cancer were found to be elevated compared to healthy controls (P < 0.01). In addition, the serum CA199 levels of patients with type 2 diabetes were also significantly elevated compared to healthy controls (P < 0.01). Moreover, the degree of elevation in serum CA199 levels in patients with type 2 diabetes was not significantly different from that observed in some types of cancer, such as esophagus cancer (P = 0.163), breast cancer (P = 0.927), prostate cancer (P = 1.000), bladder cancer (P = 0.406), Lymphoma (P = 0.975), thyroid cancer (P = 1.000), intracranial tumors (P = 0.161), nasopharyngeal and laryngeal cancer (P = 1.000). Conclusions: Serum CA199 levels also increase in type 2 diabetes, and the magnitude of the increase is similar to that seen in some cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Somatostatin (SST), a growth hormone inhibitory peptide, is expressed in endocrine and non-endocrine tissues, immune cells and the central nervous system (CNS). Post-release from secretory or immune cells, the first most appreciated role that SST exhibits is the antiproliferative effect in target tissue that served as a potential therapeutic intervention in various tumours of different origins. The SST-mediated in vivo and/or in vitro antiproliferative effect in the tumour is considered direct via activation of five different somatostatin receptor subtypes (SSTR1-5), which are well expressed in most tumours and often more than one receptor in a single cell. Second, the indirect effect is associated with the regulation of growth factors. SSTR subtypes are crucial in tumour diagnosis and prognosis. In this review, with the recent development of new SST analogues and receptor-specific agonists with emerging functional consequences of signaling pathways are promising therapeutic avenues in tumours of different origins that are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Pathologists and dermatologists face a major challenge in the diagnosis and treatment of skin and adnexal tumors due to limited clinical and pathological data. Adnexal tumors in old age tend to mimic malignant tumors. Histopathological examination is the mainstay for differentiating between benign and malignant tumors of the skin and adnexa because of the limited use of immunohistochemistry. Primary objective: To study the histopathological features of skin and adnexal tumors. Secondary - to classify various skin and adnexal tumors according to the World Health Organization classification and to study variations according to age, sex and site. A descriptive, cross-sectional study with statistical analysis. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the pathology department of a tertiary care hospital in Central India. Total 190 samples were submitted. Collected data were analyzed by performing chi-square test using SPSS V.16 software. Results: Out of 190 cases, 127 cases were diagnosed as benign and 63 cases were malignant tumors of the skin and adnexa; 42.1% cases were of keratinocytic origin. Malignant keratinocytic tumors were the most common. The study included 101 females and 89 males. The majority of cases (49%) occurred in the head and neck region. Neurofibroma is the most common benign skin tumor. Conclusion: Skin tumors and their various histological types always create diagnostic difficulties. Histopathology is the gold standard that aids in the early diagnosis of skin and adnexal tumors, thus improving the prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease, often known as dementia, is a severe neurodegenerative disorder that causes irreversible memory loss by destroying brain cells. People die because there is no specific treatment for this disease. Alzheimer's is most common among seniors 65 years and older. However, the progress of this disease can be reduced if it can be diagnosed earlier. Recently, artificial intelligence has instilled hope in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease by performing sophisticated analyses on extensive patient datasets, enabling the identification of subtle patterns that may elude human experts. Researchers have investigated various deep learning and machine learning models to diagnose this disease at an early stage using image datasets. In this paper, a new Deep learning (DL) methodology is proposed, where MRI images are fed into the model after applying various pre‐processing techniques. The proposed Alzheimer's disease detection approach adopts transfer learning for multi‐class classification using brain MRIs. The MRI Images are classified into four categories: mild dementia (MD), moderate dementia (MOD), very mild dementia (VMD), and non‐dementia (ND). The model is implemented and extensive performance analysis is performed. The finding shows that the model obtains 97.31% accuracy. The model outperforms the state‐of‐the‐art models in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, and F‐score. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the relentless search for new cancer treatments, organoselenium compounds, and carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors have emerged as promising drug candidates. CA isoforms IX and XII are overexpressed in many types of cancer, and their inhibition is associated with potent antitumor/antimetastatic effects. Selenium-containing compounds, particularly selenols, have been shown to inhibit tumour-associated CA isoforms in the nanomolar range since the properties of the selenium atom favour binding to the active site of the enzyme. In this work, two series of selenoesters (1a–19a and 1b–19b), which gathered NSAIDs, carbo/heterocycles, and fragments from natural products, were evaluated against hCA I, II, IX, and XII. Indomethacin (17b) and flufenamic acid (19b) analogs exhibited selectivity for tumour-associated isoform IX in the low micromolar range. In summary, selenoesters that combine NSAIDs with fragments derived from natural sources have been developed as promising nonclassical inhibitors of the tumour-associated CA isoforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]