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Increasing mean atmospheric temperature is considered as an indicator of global warming and eventually climate change. Source of increasing atmospheric temperature is the accumulation of greenhouse gases. However, these emissions will affect atmosphere temperatures in a global scale and in long term. In smaller scale -both in spatial and time- land surface condition is probably the dominant factor compared to greenhouse gases emission. This paper attempted to analyze those two factors in local air temperature rise, using Bandar Lampung City, Indonesia as the study area. The results showed that N20 was the greenhouse gas that have closest connections to local air maximum temperature compared to CH4 and CO2. Related to different local surface condition, it was clear that business area of Bandar Lampung was the hottest local maximum temperature with maximum temperature difference 1.5 oC. It is convinced that greenhouse gases emission is the source of global temperature rising, however, understanding how local surface condition affected the air temperature would motivate public and local government to maintain vegetation area in a city.

Produk pertanian baik buah buahan, sayuran dan bunga (hortikultura) maupun produk tanaman pangan terbatas dipasarkan secara lokal. Penyuluh lapangan dan para petani di lokasi itu sangat membutuhkan informasi pengetahuan pertanian maupun komunikasi untuk konsultasi permasalahan di lapang. Tetapi, karena jarak yang cukup jauh dari ibukota (khususnya dari Universitas Lampung sebagai sumber pakar pertanian) diperlukan metode diseminasi hasil penelitian dari Universitas Lampung dan juga media komunikasi melalui aplikasi online. Sekelompok dosen Universitas Lampung telah mengembangkan suatu aplikasi yang diberi nama AGROPED. AGROPED merupakan sebuah aplikasi Pertanian Lampung berbasis mobile yang dibuat sebagai alternatif bagi para petani untuk memasarkan hasil pertanian, mendapatkan konsultasi pertanian dan informasi terkait dengan pertanian. Petani akan dilatih bagaimana menjadi pelanggan AGROPED dan memanfaatkan fitur didalamnya termasuk fitur e-commerce dan konsultasi permasalahan. Kegiatan pengabdian ini bertujuan memperkenalkan, dan mempraktekkan aplikasi AGROPED kepada petani dan setidaknya petani penjual dan petani aktif menggunakan fitur konsultasi. Dalam pemasaran, 52% menjualnya kepada pengepul, dan 17.5 % menjualnya keberbagai kesempatan (pasar, pengepul, diambil langsung oleh pedagang). Berkaitan dengan aplikasi internet, 90.1 % petani yang di-survey memiliki HP Android, tetapi belum banyak digunakan untuk usaha tani mereka, 77.2% belum pernah menggunakan internet untuk mencari informasi harga, hanya 56.8% menggunakan internet untuk mencari info tentang pertanian.

Agricultural are significant sources of N2O emission. Lampung, Indonesia is an area dominated by agriculture including crops that emit N2O on their cultivation practices especially the fertilizers: paddy and vegetables. Last census in 2015 recorded that paddy fields were 1.321.120 ha and vegetables 99,284 ha with fertilizers recommendations were 200 kg/ha urea (without organic materials) and 150 kg/ha urea (if added with 2 tons/ha manure). This study aimed to estimate and predict N2O emissions based on the paddy field area using IPCC 2006 model. The IPCC model was applied to the paddy field data 1993 to 2012 from the Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture to estimate the N2O emission and then using Box Jenkins model to predict the emission for following years. The results showed that the prediction of N2O emission on the following years would be in the range of 0.282- 0.451Gg/year using only synthetic fertilizer and if added with organic fertilizers would be 5,846-9,359 Gg/year. These results were lower compared to some countries; however, this result was not implied that fertilizer recommendations in Lampung were safe since the results came from default numbers of the model. More researches should be conducted that local emission factors would be available that fertilizer recommendation could be evaluated.

Glyphosate is one of herbicide active ingredient which is mostly used to control weeds in crops. However, in rain season herbicide effectiveness decreases as it is washed by rain. This research aimed to study effect of rainfall intensity on the effectiveness of herbicide (Round up 486 SL 2.5 l/ha.) with isopropilamina glyphosate as the active ingredient in controlling specific weeds Ageratum conyzoides, Rottboellia exaltata, and Cyperus rotundus. The experiment was consisted of six treatments and arranged in randomized block design with 8 replications. The treatments were level of rain intensity which were 5 mm/hour, 10 mm/hour, 20 mm/hour, 40 mm/hour, no rain and control (no herbicide no rain). Rainfall intensity was determined by conducting simulation trials prior to the treatments and applied 30 minutes after herbicide applications. The results showed that herbicide effectiveness decreased as the rainfall intensity incresed, even though with longer time the herbicide was still able to control the weeds. The effect of rainfall intensity on herbicide effectiveness was different for different weeds. Up to intensity 40 mm/hour herbicide was capable to control weeds but with level of weeds destruction 20-60%.

Acid soils in Lampung contain a lot of Al, Fe, and Mn, which inhibit soybean growth and production. The study of seed germination is important since plant growth begins with seeds. The study aimed to determine (1) the viability of various local soybean seeds: Anjasmoro, Grobogan, Dena-1, and Devon-1 on Al, Fe, and Mn heavy metal media and (2) the highest effect of dissolved metals among Al, Fe, and Mn on the viability of soybean seeds. The research was conducted at the Laboratory of Seed and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, the University of Lampung from November 2019 to March 2020. The research applied a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and the data were averaged and presented as bar charts and standard deviation. The experiments were evaluated based on germination variables including germination capacity, average seed germination time, primary root length of normal germination, and dry weight of normal seedlings.The results showed that Grobogan and Anjasmoro varieties had high resistance to dissolved metals Al, Fe, and Mn, followed by Dena-1 varieties while Devon-1 was the most susceptible. The fourth day of germination showed that Fe caused the highest damage to the seeds, followed by Mn and finally Al. Interestingly, on the fifth day of germination, dissolved metal Mn had the highest toxicity effect, followed by Fe and Al.

In Indonesia, pineapple is one horticulture commodity which has high potential in international fruits trade, therefore the plantation should maintain its high yield and good fruit quality. One cause that determined pineapple yield was water availability even though pineapple could resist dry period. Irrigation is always needed in pineapple plantation, however, this is a costly treatment and high irrigation level has not always lead to significant increases in crop productivity. This study aimed to investigate the possible factors that determined pineapple productions in Indonesia biggest pineapple plantation in Indonesia using all climate factors available. Some statistics methods were used to utilize the available climate data to analyze the rainfall probability, rainfall frequency distribution, evapotranspiration estimation, water balance, water use efficiency and weather impacts on fruit qualities. The results showed that water from average annual rainfall should be adequate for the pineapple water needs, however there were months had water deficit and needed irrigation. Low evapotranspiration rate reflected dry soil which could be the results of high air and soil temperature. This high temperature also affected on fruit qualities. It is suggested to conduct researches on how pineapple productions and qualities that plants under shading trees.

Budidaya selada romaine di dataran rendah akan menghadapi kendala yaitu intensitas radiasi matahari dan suhu udara yang tinggi yang dapat menurunkan pertumbuhan dan kualitas tanaman.Salah satu usaha yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengatasi hal ini adalah dengan mengurangi intensitas radiasi matahari menggunakan naungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan naungan plastic penyaring UV dalam mengurangi intensitas radiasi matahari dan pengaruhnya terhadap suhu dan kelembaban udara juga untuk mengetahui pertumbuhan dan kualitas selada romaine di dalam naunganplastik UV 14% sebagai suatu alternative pengembangan selada di dataran rendah. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Desa Gulak Galik, Kecamatan Teluk Betung, Bandar Lampung dengan perlakuan tanpa naungan dan perlakuan penggunaan naungan plastik penyaring UV 14%, masing-masing perlakuan memiliki 30 sampel. Data intensitas radiasi matahari, suhu udara, dan kelembaban udara ditampilkan dalam bentuk grafik sedangkan data pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman diuji menggunakan analisis Uji-t taraf α 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa plastik UV yang digunakan efektif menurunkan intensitas radiasi matahari, namun tidak secara signifikan merubah suhu udara dan kelembaban udara. Rata-rata naungan plastik penyaring UV yang digunakan menurunkan intensitas radiasi matahari dari 602 Watts.mˉ² menjadi 421 Watts.mˉ² (43%), rata-rata suhu udara siang hari di dalam dan di luar naungan yaitu sekitar 36˚C, dan kelembaban udara siang haridi dalam dan di luar naungan yaitu 58% dan 54%. Penggunaan naungan plastik menghasilkan menghasilkan panjang batang yang lebih tinggi, namun untuk bobot segar tanaman, jumlah daun, lebar daun dan bobot kering akar yang lebih rendah dari pada tanaman dengan perlakuan tanpa naungan, sedangkan untuk panjang daun anatara kedua perlakuan tidak menghasilkan pengaruh yang berbeda nyata. Berdasarkan pengamatan kualitas selada romaine yang berada di dalam naungan menghasilkan warna, rasa, serta kerenyahan daun yang lebih baik daripada tanaman yang berada di luar naungan, namun untuk tampilan kanopi kepadatan tanaman lebih baik pada tanaman yang berada di luar naungan.

Aims: To identify whether the urban heat island (UHI) phenomena occurs in Jakarta, a metropolitan city with business and industrial background, and Bandar Lampung, a growing city with agricultural background; to identify community vulnerability and adaptation to UHI impacts. Place and Duration of Study: This research was conducted in selected area in Jakarta and Bandar Lampung, between September to November 2013. Methodology: This study used direct air temperature measurements and satellite observation to identify UHI phenomena. The communities vulnerability was assesed with distributing questionnaires and interviewing households,the questions were tailored to fit the components of vulnerability: exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. Vulnerability index is composed of exsposure and sensitivity. The exposure was compiled from community knowledge about climate change and temperature rising and the observed air temperature. The sensitivity was composed of water availability, health related to temperature rising, electricity need; and the adaptive capacity was composed of social relationship, education, income and house environment. Results: UHI profile was identified in the morning in Bandar Lampung but not in Jakarta. In the afternoon, the UHI still existed in Bandar Lampung but weaker than in the morning, in Jakarta the UHI existed stronger; in the evening UHI was not identified in both cities. The temperature difference could be 4°C in Bandar Lampung and 5°C in Jakarta. Both the LVI and the LVI-IPCC index indicated that Bandar Lampung was less vulnerable to UHI impacts compared to Jakarta (0.303 compared to 0.311 and -0.011 compared to -0.017) both were categorized as moderate. Conclusion: UHI is present both in Jakarta and Bandar Lampung, and this effect might related to the patterns of land cover in general. The residents both Bandar Lampung and Jakarta have average levels of vulnerability to temperature rises, with Bandar Lampung slightly less vulnerable compared to Jakarta.

Evapotranspiration (ET) is the loss of water to the atmosphere by combined processes of evaporation from soil and plant surfaces and transpiration from plants. Since various factors affect ET, including weather, crops and soil parameters; numerous equations have been developed to quantify standard ET. The equations vary in data requirements from very simple, empirically based or simplified equations to complex, more physically based equations. This study used six methods in estimating standard evapotranspiration using data from September 2011‒August 2012 from Climate Station at Masgar (05o10'20” S, 105o10' 49”E, 50 m dpl) Lampung, Indonesia. The six models are: Hargreaves-Samani 1985 (H/S), FAO 24 Radiation (24RD), FAO 24 Blaney-Criddle (24BC), FAO 24 Pan Evaporation (24PAN), Linacre (Lina), and Makkink (Makk). The results were analyzed using statistics methods in error indicators, which are: Root Mean Square Error(RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Logaritmic Root Mean Square Error(LOG RMSE), while the closeness among the models was analyzed using Index Agreement (IA). Direct measurement had been done using lysimeters (3x2x1) m. The study concluded that Makkink model is the suitable simple model that should be chosen in Lampung lowland area to calculate ETo when climate data is limited, besides the recommended FAO 56 Penman Monteith.

Climate change has been understood from air temperature that constantly rising. Therefore, to study the impact of climate change on crops growth and production should begin with study the impact of air temperature on crops, so that the technique of making crops adapt to the climate change could be developed. Crops reaction on temperature change could be detected from the phenology and quantified with the Growing degree days (GDD). The objective of this research was to identify the impact of temperature change on strawberry phenology and production through cultivating on low land area and calculating the GDD at the end of the planting period. The results showed that Strawberry on low land experienced some difficulties to grow in optimal rate; up to the 10th week plant still did not reach the generative state uniformly and canopy coverage was below 20 percent.

Climate change is a global phenomenon that is increasingly needed to be discussed. In local scale climate change is expressed often as climate phenomenon such as El-Nino South Oscillation (ENSO), Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) and Dipole Mode Index (DMI). This condition caused many problems at the local scale especially in urban areas. Major hydrometeorological disasters such as floods and droughts impacted community daily life. Therefore, to deal with those hydrometeorological disasters, cities need to develop mitigation mechanisms based on data and information of future weather conditions. The objection of this study was to analyse historical climatic conditions of Bandar Lampung, Indonesia, and project the future climate up period of 2020-2049 using CMIP5 Representative Concentrations Pathways (RCP) 4.5 and RCP 8.5 models. Observed data was obtained from BMKG (Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics) stations while projected data obtained from BMKG Climate Change Centre. The results showed there were downward tendency of rainfall both in historical data and the projection and for most of the season except for dry periods; while temperature showed upward tendency consistently. Mitigation actions with reducing greenhouse gas concentrations have impact more on temperature trend than on rainfall distribution.

Selada merah semakin diminati oleh masyarakat karena memiliki tekstur yang renyah dan warna yang menarik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektifitas naungan plastik UV dalam mengurangi intensitas radiasi matahari, mengetahui pertumbuhan dan kualitas selada merah di bawah naungan plastik penyaring UV sebagai suatu alternatif pengembangan selada merah di dataran rendah. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Teluk Betung, Bandar Lampung dengan perlakuan tanpa naungan dan perlakuan menggunakan naungan plastik penyaring UV 14% berbentuk terowongan, masing-masing perlakuan memiliki 30 sampel. Data yang diperoleh di uji menggunakan analisis Uji-t taraf α 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata plastik UV yang digunakan efektif menurunkan intensitas radiasi dari 641 watts.mˉ² menjadi 464 watts.mˉ² (38%), suhu pada siang hari di luar dan di dalam naunganyaitu 37˚C dan 36˚C, dan kelembaban udara di luar dan di dalam naungan hanya 49% dan 50%. Perlakuan tanpa naungan menghasilkan jumlah daun yang lebih banyak daripada yang di dalam naungan, dan bobot segar tanaman lebih baik pada perlakuan tanpa naungan sebesar 35%. Tampilan warna selada merah secara visual lebih baik pada perlakuan tanpa sungkup plastik penyaring UV 14% yang menghasilkan tanaman selada dengan warna merah yang dominan.

Universities have three complementary missions, namely research, teaching, and community services. The Lampung University community services has responsibilities to the surround communities with being active roles in educating people, doing the strategic plans of the university, implementing and disseminating various university research results. Sekincau is a region in West Lampung with a great potential for horticulture productions, however, until recently, Lampung depends on West Java for supplying of horticulture productions. Some community programs had been done consistently in this area by Agronomy faculties of Lampung University with the local agriculture extension and farmers groups. The activities included introducing and developing good quality seeds of potato and baby beans seeds until certified for progeny of basic seed, intercropping of sorghum and baby beans, introducing internet applications useful for farmers and built a start-up particularly for young farmers. The method was “training and visit” which for regions where the level of development is still very low, instructing farmers what to do was probably more appropriate. This paper evaluated university roles in disseminating innovation to farmers. In general, it can be concluded that community development and services would only effective if continually conducted by the same group and focused on certain chosen area.

The purpose of this research was to evaluate estimating method of standard evapotranspiration and crops evapotranspiration using lysimeter than be compared with estimation result of evaporimeter pan and Penman – Monteith model who recommendated by FAO. Standard evapotranspiration was estimated using reference crops and crops evapotranspiration was estimated using soybean Kaba varieties which planted in lysimeters. Rainfall data and standard evapotranspiration of evaporimeter pan be obtained from Agroclimate stations of Masgar in Pesawaran distric in Lampung, and evapotranspiration Penman – Monteith model was estimated by CROPWAT using climate data during 2007 – 2011 from Agroclimate stations of Masgar. The estimating result of standard evapotranspiration and crops evapotranspiration using lysimeter were higher than evaporimeter pan and model. The estimation results of standard evapotranspiration and crop evapotranspiration of Lysimeter was higher than the estimation evaporimeter pan and model. The average of standard evapotranspiration during nine dasarian is 6.14 mm/day, average of crop evapotranspiration is 7.54 mm/day, while the standard evapotranspiration of evaporimeter pan is 3.55 mm / day, and standard evapotranspiration estimation results with CROPWAT for November to February are 3.27; 3.20; 3.63; 3.51 mm/day. Crop coefficient (Kc) estimation results of each phase was 0.96 in the initial phase, 1.16 in the development phase, 1.67 in the mid season phase, and 1.18 at the end season phase. Crop coefficient (Kc) Soybean lysimeter estimation results are higher than FAO Crop coefficient recommendation. However observed from the growth and yield of soybean plants seen their best with 10.73 gr of 100 seeds of yield. So that suggested for further research with direct ET o measurement method can be applied with modification or regenerated of lysimeter specifications and construction to consider other parameters of water balance in lysimeter. keywords : standard evapotranspiration, crops evapotranspiration, lysimeter, soybean

Sumber Jaya is an important water resource area for Lampung Province; therefore the local government protects this area, especially from clearing the forest for coffee plantation. However, the efforts in protecting the forest area had created conflict with the local farmers. The objective of this research was to evaluate catchments hydrological function from different land cover condition. The method using for this purpose was by investigating the unit hydrograph of each land cover which were observed from several rain events. The results showed that soil cover on each sub-catchment were relatively able to hold the input water. When rain falls, water was infiltrated into the soil before flow to the streams and water level increased slowly. When rain stops, water still flowed from the soil surface that water level did not decrease quickly. It can be concluded that the watershed surface was still in a good condition; however, watershed managements to prevent it from future destruction was necessary. The rest of forest area (12%) should be protected and no further coffee plantation in this area was allowed.Keywords: Unit hydrograph, water level, watershed

Evapotranspiration is an important factor in estimating crops water use and then irigation schedule. Direct measurement of evapotranspiration is difficult since it is influenced by many factors. Estimation methods are developed for estimating evapotranspiration rate from meteorological data. One method which is recommended by FAO is Penman-Monteith Method (P-M). To evaluate whether this method could be accurately used in Lampung a comparison had been conducted with evaporation measurement on two climate stations in Lampung, Branti and Masgar with data set from 2006-2008. The result for Branti showed that observation data was lower than P-M for ET > 4 mm and higher for ET

Irigasi pada tanaman nanas sangat penting karena mempengaruhi pertumbuhan dan produksi terutama di daerah tropika basah, namun biaya untuk irigasi sangat mahal. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh irigasi dan mulsa organik terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman nanas di daerah tropika basah. Penelitian dilakukan dengan rancangan perlakuan faktorial (5 x 2) dalam rancangan acak kelompok dengan 3 kali ulangan. Faktor pertama adalah lama irigasi (I) yang terdiri dari 5 lama irigasi yaitu tanpa irigasi (I0), diirigasi 1 bulan (I1), diirigasi 2 bulan (I2), diirigasi 3 bulan (I3), dan diirigasi 4 bulan (I4). Faktor yang kedua adalah dosis mulsa kulit singkong terdiri dari 2 taraf yaitu 0 t ha-1 (M0) dan 50 t ha-1 (M1). Data pertumbuhan tanaman dianalisis ragam dan dilanjutkan dengan uji BNT pada taraf 5%. Tinggi tanaman 6 BST perlakuan yang irigasi 4 bulan bermulsa dan tidak bermulsa tidak berbeda nyata, dengan tinggi tanaman tertinggi pada perlakuan I4M1 yaitu 80,39 cm. Berat basah tanaman 4 BST yang irigasi 4 bulan bermulsa, irigasi 4 bulan tanpa mulsa dan irigasi 3 bulan bermulsa tidak berbeda nyata. Terjadi pemulihan keragaan tanaman terutama berat basah setelah memasuki musim hujan dimana kadar air tanah maksimum.

Irigasi pada tanaman nanas sangat penting karena mempengaruhi pertumbuhan dan produksi namun biayanya sangat mahal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh irigasi dan mulsa organik pada kadar air tanah dan pertumbuhan nanas. Penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan perlakuan faktorial (5 x 2) dalam rancangan acak kelompok dengan tiga ulangan. Faktor pertama adalah panjang waktu irigasi (I), yang terdiri dari 5 waktu yaitu tanpa irigasi (I0), irigasi 1 bulan (I1), irigasi 2 bulan (I2), irigasi 3 bulan (I3), dan irigasi 4 bulan (I4). Faktor kedua adalah dosis kulit singkong (mulsa organik) terdiri dari 2 level 0 ton/ha (M0) dan 50 ton/ha (M1). Kadar air tanah diukur menggunakan Diviner 2000. Data kadar air tanah dianalisis dengan time series. Pertumbuhan tanaman dianalisis keragamannya dan diuji BNT pada taraf 5 %. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kulit singkong 50 ton/ha pada umumnya hanya bertahan 2,5 bulan untuk mempertahankan kadar air. Mulsa kulit singkong lebih berperan ketika tanah mulai mengering. Pemberian mulsa kulit singkong berpengaruh terhadap tinggi dan berat basah tanaman sedangkan perlakuan, irigasi secara terpisah hanya berpengaruh terhadap berat basah tanaman. Interaksi antara irigasi dan kulit singkong berpengaruh terhadap berat basah tanaman. Meskipun kadar air tanah tersedia cukup saat memasuki musim hujan, namun tidak efektif dalam memulihkan keragaan tanaman nanas. Pemulihan terjadi setelah memasuk musim hujan dimana kadar air tanah tinggi.

One important climate factor for tropical area is rainfall. Changes in rainfall pattern will cause numerous problems especially in agricultural activities. Rainfall pattern could also lead to either flood or drought; problems which will not only affect agricultural activities but also socio-economic situation of broad community. Therefore, study of local climate variability focusing on rainfall related to the global warming is important. Time series analysis ( correlogram and periodogram) of daily rainfall was chosen to investigate the phenomena of global warming in local scale. Data (1974-2004) was collected from Sumberjaya, Air Hitam and Fajar Bulan; three stations located inside one of the important watershed in Lampung Province. From the collelogram, in general daily rainfall in this upland and forest area shows independency up to the year of 1990. No seasonal pattern could be an indicator that rains in this area are controlled more by local topography and land cover condition then by larger scale of climate system such as monsoon. After 1990 there were some weak sign of seasonal pattern. This could be interpreted as a sign that larger climate system started influence the local rainfall and as the global warming increases, it could be predicted that local rainfall pattern will be controlled more by the larger climate system. The periodogram shows that rainfall in this area has weak annual periodic. Data from Sumberjaya on 1990-1994 and 1999-2006 showed that annual periodic were getting stronger; a sign that larger climate system started dominating the area.