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The paper provides detailed reflections on the educational, economic and social circumstances that impact on the lives of many disadvantaged and vulnerable children and young people. Drawing largely on primary research data collected in Romania, Germany and the United Kingdom, three illustrative case studies are presented for consideration focusing on: life in residential care and youth offending institutions; experiences of educational vulnerability; and human trafficking. The methodological approach adopted across the research projects explored, was shaped by the demands and expectations of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC). All of the reported data reflects the views of children and young people who were interviewed as part of three research projects. It is argued that the difficult and challenging circumstances that many children and young people find themselves in, place them at significant disadvantage and increased vulnerability in terms of their social and educational development and life chances.

Background: The research reported in this article was commissioned by a consortium of inner-city schools located in central England. It was commissioned in response to the consortium's concerns regarding increasing referrals of negative pupil behaviour amongst its secondary school pupils in Key Stage 3 (ages 11-14), resulting in temporary and permanent exclusions. The consortium also sought to explore the factors contributing to a perceived increase in incidents of serious misbehaviour by pupils in Year 8 (ages 12-13). Purpose: The research was designed to create a better understanding of the factors affecting school exclusion from the perspective of pupils and behaviour coordinators within the consortium's schools. Sample: Study participants were 49 pupils in Year 9 (ages 13-14), comprising 23 girls and 26 boys, and eight behaviour coordinators from seven secondary schools and two centres for alternative provision (AP) in an inner-city area of the West Midlands. Design and methods: The research was designed using an ethnographic approach and involved individual semi-structured interviews and qualitative data analysis. Interviews were conducted over a 12-month period in each of the participating schools and centres for AP. Results: A series of related themes emerged from the data analysis. Amongst those factors identified as having the greatest bearing on negative pupil behaviour was the issue of transition. While many pupils imagine the transition to Key Stage 4 (ages 15-16) as a positive departure from their previous behavioural histories to a world of qualification opportunities, personal commitment, future employment and adulthood, this is not matched by the perceptions of many of the teaching staff. In particular, the move from primary school to secondary school was seen by many respondents as a traumatic period of transition and an underlying cause for negative behaviour. Respondents report that, when left unchecked, difficulties associated with primary-secondary school transition were often amplified throughout the first three years of secondary schooling. Conclusions: The implications from this small scale, qualitative investigation are that positive attention to transition experiences, amongst other factors, is likely to contribute to improved management of behaviour referrals and exclusions.

This paper reports the findings of a small-scale qualitative inquiry into risk in the lives of children and young people. Conducted over a 12-month period in Birmingham and the Black Country in the United Kingdom, the study sought to elicit perceptions of risk from the perspective of children and young people in primary and secondary school settings. The research design employed focus groups to explore the perceptions of children and young people as they approached the end of primary-phase and secondary-phase schooling. A reference group was also established in a community-based centre to explore the views of young people who had recently left statutory-phase education. Involving seven primary schools, six secondary schools and the community-based centre, a total of 97 participants were involved in 14 separate focus groups. The findings from the study affirm risk as a multi-dimensional and at times complex field of encounter. Moreover, the research exposes a disjunction between the kinds of risks that children and young people see as significant in their lives and adult concerns that are typically expressed in the form of "moral panics". (Contains 2 notes.)

This article explores commonly held perceptions by young people as to why they are sometimes not believed by practitioners when reporting potential or actual instances of abuse or neglect. Using original data gained from telephone, individual and group interviews with over a hundred young people a "typology of disbelief" was constructed and is here presented for consideration. By drawing attention to a range of perceptions frequently articulated by young people, it is hoped to increase understanding of the problems they may face when attempting to disclose abuse and neglect.

This literature-based article examines a range of factors directly influencing and shaping perceptions of the role of the teaching assistant within UK classrooms. Drawing directly on research gathered and analysed through three systematic literature reviews into "pupils" support and academic engagement' and other contemporary literature, the article explores the roles, relationships, expectations and training needs of those engaged in classroom support. Consideration is given to how sometimes complimentary and sometimes differing views of school managers, teachers, teaching assistants, parents and children impact on matters of role definition curriculum contribution and home/school liaison. The development of the teaching assistant role is examined through the lens of workforce reform. A framework is provided to increase understanding of the range and nature of the factors that serve to influence how classroom support is conceived and understood, and the impact this has on matters of identity construction. The research examined offers an insight into the evolutionary nature of the role of the teaching assistant. (Contains 1 figure.)

This article presents an analysis of the factors shaping implementation of the Children Act (2004). Specific attention is given to examining the reoccurring themes and debates generated through a number of child abuse inquiries. A connection is made between these themes and debates and the emergence of the "Every Child Matters" agenda. The implications of the Act are considered from an educational policy and practice perspective. Three specific areas of development concerned with multidisciplinary work, workforce reform and "extended schools" are considered, demonstrating how aspects of the "Every Child Matters" agenda appear to be unfolding in practice.

Describes an interdisciplinary framework to prepare practitioners for working with children and youth. With the child at its center, the model includes context (environmental influences on the child), the learner (the practitioner in training), and practice. (Contains 28 references.) (SK)

This article explores the perceptions of a group of working class white boys living in the West Midlands area of the United Kingdom. Using original data generated from a series of in-depth personal interviews matters of educational underachievement, future job prospects and ambitions are explored. In capturing the ‘voice’ of the young people concerned specific attention is given to how a variety of social, economic and class-based factors shape their personal and collective perceptions. It is argued that the dominant social construction of the period of youth, commonly represented through the young people’s views, is underpinned by notions of marginalisation, problematisation, social exclusion and discrimination. The case is made for re-orientating the nature of school relationships and adjusting the curriculum to reflect the needs and experiences of the young people involved.

One hundred patients underwent submaximal exercise tolerance testing and coronary cineangiography. Sixty-six percent of the exercise tests were diagnostic including 48 positive and 18 negative tests; 34 patients had indeterminate test results. The occurrence of exercise induced ventricular premature beats was not related to significant coronary artery disease. Ventricular asynergy was significantly more frequent in patients with positive exercise tests (p less than .0001). Application of the age-adjusted target heart rate criterion recommended from Scandinavia and Myrtle Beach to patients with indeterminate results due to failure to reach target heart rate resulted in six false negative tests and lowered sensitivity. The number of positive diagnostic responses achieved using a multiple electrocardiographic lead system was compared with positive diagnostic responses detected in a single lead (V5) and the number of positive tests identified by the additional leads was highly significant (p less than .0001). A high incidence of indeterminate test results due to failure to achieve target heart rate is noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]