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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic made it difficult to proctor exams after the forced transition to remote teaching and learning. Objective: We evaluated students' experiences creating and answering their own exam items in an upper-level psychology course during the transition to remote teaching and learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: Students in an advanced social psychology course wrote and answered exam items to demonstrate their learning when proctored exams became impossible during the COVID-19 pandemic. The exams were graded for breadth, depth, and accuracy, and compared to other demonstrations of learning, including traditional in-class exams taken prior to the transition to remote teaching and learning. Results: Students performed well on these exams. Students reported positive perceptions of these exams during the COVID-19 pandemic, but reported that, while these exams reduced test anxiety, they were time-intensive. Conclusion: Students can demonstrate their learning by writing and completing their own exams. Their higher grades may be related to reduced test anxiety and greater time investments. Teaching Implications: Instructors should consider having students write and complete their own exams to demonstrate their learning, especially when proctoring exams is difficult or impossible.

Teaching is a skill that can and should be taught in graduate education. Fortunately, many departments offer some teacher training for their graduate students to prepare them to teach introductory and other survey courses. What is apparently still lacking is training for graduate students to teach upper-level seminar-style classes. Therefore, we designed and implemented a graduate-level seminar on teaching seminars in psychology wherein course-takers developed tangible resources (e.g., syllabi) to empower them to effectively (and autonomously) teach seminar-style courses. We believe our course provides an excellent model for departments interested in further enhancing the teacher training of their graduate students.

Research has primarily focused on the engagement of the student in the classroom (Austin, 1993; Schunk & Mullen, 2012; Tinto, 1993), often without consideration of the engagement of the teacher (Frenzel, Goetz, Lüdtke, Pekrun, & Sutton, 2009). However, we predict that teachers' subjective experiences "trickle down" and ultimately impact the subjective experiences and performance of their students. Consistent with our Trickle-Down Engagement Model Hypothesis, we found undergraduate students' perceptions of their instructor's engagement were associated with their own engagement in the classroom (Studies 1 & 2; Ns = 195 and 210, respectively), and students' increased classroom engagement was associated with more engagement while studying (which, in turn, predicted higher quiz scores; Study 1) as well as with higher final grades (Study 2). Our results suggest there are relatively simple changes teachers can make to their own pedagogy that may improve their own subjective experiences within the classroom and, consequently, trickle down to and improve their students' subjective experiences and performance.

Abstract Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease and arises from dopamine (DA) neuron death selectively in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Rit2 is a reported PD risk allele, and recent single cell transcriptomic studies identified a major RIT2 cluster in PD DA neurons, potentially linking Rit2 expression loss to a PD patient cohort. However, it is still unknown whether Rit2 loss itself impacts DA neuron function and/or viability. Here we report that conditional Rit2 silencing in mouse DA neurons drove motor dysfunction that occurred earlier in males than females and was rescued at early stages by either inhibiting the DA transporter (DAT) or with L-DOPA treatment. Motor dysfunction was accompanied by decreased DA release, striatal DA content, phenotypic DAergic markers, DA neurons, and DAergic terminals, with increased pSer129-alpha synuclein and pSer935-LRRK2 expression. These results provide clear evidence that Rit2 loss is causal for SNc cell death and motor dysfunction, and reveal key sex-specific differences in the response to Rit2 loss.

High electron affinity (EA) molecules p-type dope low ionization energy (IE) polymers, resulting in an equilibrium doping level based on the energetic driving force (IE-EA), reorganization energy, and dopant concentration. Anion exchange doping (AED) is a process whereby the dopant anion is exchanged with a stable ion from an electrolyte. We show that the AED level can be predicted using an isotherm equilibrium model. The exchange of the dopant anion (FeCl3-) for a bis(trifluoromethanesulfonamide) (TFSI-) anion in the polymers poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) and poly[3-(2,2-bithien-5-yl)-2,5-bis(2-hexyldecyl)-2,5-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione-6,5-diyl] (PDPP-2T) highlights two cases in which the process is nonspontaneous and spontaneous, respectively. For P3HT, FeCl3 provides a high doping level but an unstable counterion, so exchange results in an air stable counterion with a marginal increase in doping. For PDPP-2T, FeCl3 is a weak dopant, but the exchange of FeCl3- for TFSI- is spontaneous, so the doping level increases by >10× with AED.

Merocyanines (MCs) are a versatile class of small-molecule dyes. Their optoelectronic properties are easily tunable by chemically controlling their donor-acceptor strength, and their structural properties can be tuned by simple side-chain substitution. This manuscript demonstrates a novel series of MCs featuring an indoline donor with varying hydrocarbon side-chain length (from 6 to 12 carbons) and a tert-butyl-thiazole acceptor, labeled InTBT. Bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaics are fabricated with a [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) acceptor and characterized. Films composed of I8TBT:PCBM and I9TBT:PCBM produced the highest power conversion efficiency of 4.5%, which suggests that the morphology is optimized by controlling the side-chain length. Hierarchical structure formation in InTBT:PCBM films is studied using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). When mixed with PCBM, InTBTs with ≤8 side-chain carbons form pure crystalline domains, while InTBTs with ≥9 side-chain carbons mix well with PCBM. SANS demonstrates that increasing side-chain length increases the InTBT-rich domain size. In addition, a branched hexyl-dodecyl side-chain IHDTBT:PCBM film was studied and found to exhibit the worst-performance organic photovoltaic (OPV) device. The large-branched side chain inhibited mixing between IHDTBT and PCBM resulting in large segregated phases.

Many organic electronic devices require vertically layered structures to operate. This manuscript demonstrates an additive solution process for depositing multiple layers of semiconducting polymer (SP) films by controlling film solubility with molecular dopants. During multi-layer deposition the bottom layers are exposed to a series of solvent environments that swell the SP films. We use neutron reflectometry (NR) to quantify the film thickness change and solvent content during solvent exposure in a single poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) layer. The film thickness increases by 40-80% with exposure to good solvents. Four layer thin-films composed of alternating protonated and deuterated P3HT layers were additively coated from solution. NR measurements reveal high individual layer purity and that extensive solvent soaking induces no mixing between layers. Finally, two-point conductivity measurements demonstrate that P3HT:P3HT layer interfaces have no effect on vertical conductivity. This facile process enables additive layering of mutually soluble SP films and can be used to design novel electronic device architectures.

Recent theories suggest that low frequency dynamic intramolecular and intermolecular motions in organic semiconductors (OSCs) are critical to determining the hole mobility. So far, however, it has not been possible to probe these motions directly experimentally and therefore no unequivocal and quantitative link exists between molecular-scale thermal disorder and macroscale hole mobility in OSCs. Here we use inelastic neutron scattering to probe thermal disorder directly by measuring the phonon spectrum in six different small molecule OSCs, which we accurately reproduce with first principles simulations. We use the simulated phonons to generate a set of electron-phonon coupling parameters. Using these parameters, the theoretical mobility is in excellent agreement with macroscopic measurements. Comparison of mobility between different materials reveals routes to improve mobility by engineering phonon and electron-phonon coupling.

The case of "Pellham v. Let's Go Tubing, Inc." (2017) is the result of the plaintiff striking a fallen log in the river after he fell off an inner tube he had rented from the defendants. The plaintiff sustained a ruptured eardrum, lower-disk problems in his back, a radiating foot pain, and eventually a neck fusion. The plaintiff alleged the defendants owed him a duty to warn about a fallen log in the river that was unseen but close to the entry site to the river that the defendants had chosen. The trial court provided summary judgment against the plaintiff that was later upheld in the Court of Appeals in the state of Washington. The article examines the case and why participants need to understand that while a duty is owed to them, they may waive the right to pursue litigation because of the inherent risks in the activity and their assumption of risk.

Hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) is a persistent deficiency or absence of sexual fantasies and desire resulting in significant distress or interpersonal difficulty. Women with this disorder may display a lack of motivation for sexual activity, reduced responsiveness to erotic cues, a loss of interest during sexual activity, and avoidance of situations that could lead to sexual activity. The pathophysiology of HSDD is thought to be centered around inhibitory and excitatory hormones, neurotransmitters, and specific brain anatomy. Due to the multifactorial nature of HSDD, treatment can be complex and must attempt to target the biological and psychosocial aspects of the disorder. Bremelanotide is a melanocortin receptor agonist and has been recently approved by the FDA to treat HSDD. Bremelanotide is administered intranasally or as a subcutaneous injection. The recommended dosage of bremelanotide is 1.75 mg injected subcutaneously in the abdomen or thigh at least 45 min before sexual activity. Studies showed improvements in desire, arousal, and orgasm scores when 1.75 mg of bremelanotide was administered before sexual activity compared to a placebo. Bremelanotide is a promising way to treat HSDD.

Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is one of the most common childhood mental health disorders, affecting about 5.6% of the population worldwide. Several studies have specifically shown a high prevalence of comorbid mood disorders, such as depression and bipolar disorder (BD), in those diagnosed with ADHD. Several common symptoms of ADHD are also found in BD, which are characterized by alternating periods of euthymia and mood disturbances. The inattention and impulsivity of ADHD can be seen in manic and hypomanic episodes of BD. Over the past decade, there has been an increased interest in research between the correlation of ADHD and pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) in children. Some experts hypothesize that more children are comorbidly diagnosed with ADHD and PBD because of how many clinicians treat children with ADHD. Other factors, which may affect the dual diagnoses of ADHD and PBD, are overlapping diagnostic criteria for the two disorders, the inevitable biases seen when one disorder is diagnosed without the other, and related risk factors leading to prodromal relationships. By examining clinical trials, a better understanding of whether ADHD and PBD have a stepwise progression or if other factors influence these comorbidities, such as blurred lines of diagnostic criteria. Those with ADHD are also at an increased risk of impairment at work and in social settings. This manuscript explores both progression of this disease and its clinical connections to other disorders.