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Wound healing is a complex dynamic biomechanical process as the body attempts to restore the integrity of traumatized or devitalized tissues. There are four stages of wound of healing that begins with hemostasis followed by inflammation, proliferation and finally weeks later wound remodeling. Full thickness wounds usually are covered with a dressing material after hemostasis, which allows for controlled hydration. We investigated the potential of a visco-liquid hemostat, polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS), for providing hemostasis and to maintain a microenvironment in the wound bed that would maintain moisture content and promote early re-epithelialization. We hypothesized that the hemostatic agent POSS if left in the wound bed would maintain a protective barrier and accelerate wound healing similar to using saline to irrigate the wound to keep the wound moist. We compared the early phase of wound repair (3–7 days) in a porcine full thickness wound model to evaluate the efficacy of the material. Biopsies were taken after 3 and 7 days to determine the acute response of the POSS hemostat or saline on inflammation, cell migration, concentrations of metalloproteinase (MMPs), and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMPs). Accelerated healing was observed in POSS treated wounds by changes in wound contraction, keratinocyte migration, and development of granulation tissue in comparison to saline treated wounds. Increased concentrations at day 3 of MMP-2, MMP-3, and in MMP-1 at day 7 in POSS treated wounds compared to saline coincide with keratinocyte migration observed in the tissue histology and changes in wound contraction. Tissue concentrations of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 in POSS treated wounds appear to coordinate the sequence of MMP events in the healing tissue. Matrix metalloproteinase-13, a marker for tissue remodeling, was not upregulated in the early wound healing cascade in either POSS or saline treated wounds at 3 or 7 days. Overall, the data suggests POSS treatment contributed to enhanced early cell migration and wound closure compared to saline treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lumbar spinal fusion is one of the more common spinal surgeries, and its use is on the rise. If the bone fails to fuse properly, then a pseudarthrosis or 'false joint' develops and results in pain, instability, and disability. Since 1974, three types of electrical stimulation technologies have been approved for clinical use to enhance spinal fusions. One such technology is inductive coupling, which includes combined magnetic fields (CMFs). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a CMF device known as the Donjoy (SpinaLogic[R]) on MG-63 (ATcC[R] CRL1427TM) human osteosarcoma cells at treatment depths ranging from 0.5' to 6.0'. The cells were grown to confluence on 4-well chamber slides that were kept in a nickel-alloy chamber within an incubator to shield the cells from unwanted environmental electromagnetic fields. During treatment, a specially designed apparatus held both the treatment device and the chamber slide. Briefly, the chamber slide was placed inside an acrylic tube at a specific distance from the transducer housing, and the device was turned on for 30 minutes. The chamber slides were then returned to the incubator to be evaluated at 7, 14, and 21 days post treatment for cell viability and bone nodule formation. Our results showed that compared to control cells, the cells located at 3' from the source had the greatest increase in bone nodule formation 7 days post treatment which is the depth at this consistent with manufacturer recommendations. Keywords: Combine Magnetic Field Technology, CMG, Electromagnetic Field, Bone growth, INTRODUCTION According to the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, many Americans are affected by back pain. In fact, 2.4 million Americans will be affected by back pain by the year [...]

Introduction: High-reliability and continually technologically innovative environment of perioperative setting (PS) places increasing demands on adaptability of the interdisciplinary teams (IDT) engaged in its activities. Continual concerns for improvements in safety and facilitation of quality process and outcomes drive the efforts in improving the effectiveness and efficiency of interdisciplinary collaboration (IC) to match or supplant changes in PS brought by ongoing innovation integral to it. The model of ICPS has not been empirically described using objective methodology in peer-reviewed literature. Purpose: The purpose of this research was to explain the model of ICPS from the perceptions of the interdisciplinary team (IDT) of PS. Questions guiding this research were: What are the significant components of ICPS? What are the interrelation patterns of the ICPS factors in the perceptions of IDT professionals? Materials and Methods: This research was conducted under the approval of the internal review board (IRB) of the University of Mississippi Medical Center. This research was based on mixed-methods survey design engaging the population of perioperative professionals at educational and professional meetings. The model of ICPS was defined from the literature review. The assumptions of the model were tested with the partially confirmatory factor analysis (PCFA), exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and the analysis of specific correlations of IC level and its likely significant factors, which were derived with identification of common themes in peer-reviewed literature of theoretic and empiric research on collaboration and convergent in concept teamwork and collegiality. The data input was received from IDT professionals through survey in Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap). Results: The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS. Five primary factors of ICPS as identified by IDT members include: Collegial Support of Adaptability (r=0.478), Reflexive Decision Making (r=0.457), and Process Development (r=0.495). Three factor components with eigenvalues >1 and factor loading of >0.40 were extracted Generalize Least Square (GLS) and Varimax rotation in SPSS; 74.606% of variance was explained with this model. Guardianship-Stewardship Motivational Conflict Model of ICPS was tested with analysis of correlations of the ICPS factors with IC level. ICPS assumptions were adjusted using the empirical findings. Conclusions: In this study, we were able to identify significant covariates of ICPS pertinent in describing its model. Guardianship-Stewardship ICPS motivational model was adjusted using these findings. Further research could focus on detailing the effects of ICPS factors on levels of IC and technical outcomes. Keywords: interdisciplinary, collaboration, perioperative, model, surgery, postoperative recovery, team, multidisciplinary, perceptions, INTRODUCTION High-reliability environment of perioperative setting (PS) along with resource constraints in healthcare of today place increasing demands on adaptability of the interdisciplinary teams (IDT). Shifting paradigms brought by newer [...]

Purpose: To establish a predictive model for the incidence of esophagitis for lung cancer patients treated with radiotherapy. Methods and Materials: 139 treatment charts of lung cancer patients treated with radiation therapy or combined chemo-radiotherapy from January 01, 2014 to June 30, 2017 at University of Mississippi Radiation Oncology were retrospectively reviewed. Mean esophagus dose (MED) and the endpoints of esophagitis grade 1 and 2 based on Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) definitions were derived from the Pinnacle treatment planning system (TPS) and the EPIC electronic medical record (EMR) system, respectively. Binary logistic regression and Probit statistical analysis were used to determine the relationship between the probability of grade 1 and 2 esophagitis with the mean esophagus dose. Results and Conclusions: The regression model of the incidence of grade 1 and 2 esophagitis was established. The results suggest that MED is a good predictor of the risk of radiation-induced esophagitis. The mean esophagus doses associated with a 50% incidence probability ([TD.sub.50]) for grade 1 and 2 esophagitis were determined as 1,510 cGy and 4,594 cGy, respectively. The parameters, n, m and [TD.sub.50] as described in the Lyman Kutcher Burman (LKB) model were fitted and compared with other published findings. Our findings may be useful as additional clinical guidelines in treatment planning and plan evaluation, as well as obtaining informed patient consent. Key Words: Radiation Therapy, Lung Cancer, Dose Volume Effect, Esophagitis, Radiation Dosimetric Parameters, Mean Esophagus Dose, LKB Model, INTRODUCTION Since the late 1980s, radiation therapy was considered the standard of care for patients with lung cancer.[1] Although radiation is beneficial at killing the tumor cell, it is harmful [...]

This special issue of the Journal of Mississippi Academy Sciences (JMAS) focusing on Agriculture and Plant Sciences is the first attempt in 84 years of continuous publication of JMAS. All [...]

Cell lines derived from tumors are the most frequently utilized models in cancer research and their use has advanced the understanding of cancer biology tremendously over the past decades. The average five-year survival rates of stage III and IV ovarian cancer patients have been demonstrated as being around 37% and 25%, respectively. This poor survival rate is attributed to diagnosis at advanced stage and resistance to chemotherapy. The present study investigates the measurement of conventional delivery of thymoquinone (TQ) and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) when applied to the ovarian cancer cell lines Caov-3 and SK-OV-3. A total of 72 wells were plated with ([10.sup.5]) Caov-3 and SK-OV-3 cells according to standard lab protocols and subdivided into 4 groups of 6 wells each. Group 1 served as control and groups 2, 3, and 4 were treated with TQ (16 µM), EGCG (3 µg/ml), and TQ + EGCG, respectively. Biomarker evaluations were performed following standard lab techniques. The results of the study revealed: (1) an increase in the SK-OV-3 cell protein levels following treatment with TQ+EGCG which was statistically different (p, INTRODUCTION Ovarian cancer is a leading cause of mortality among gynecological malignancies worldwide. The excessive mortality rate stems from the broad and generally misinterpreted signs and symptoms associated with the [...]

The A549 human adenocarcinoma cell line has type II alveolar epithelial functionality and has shown good suitability as a model for respiratory studies. It is theorized that the alveolar cells, in response to inflammatory cytokines, produce chemokines that control the recruitment and activation of leukocytes to the site of inflammation in obstructive lung diseases such as asthma. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate a response of A549 cells after exposure to cytokines, such as interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and interleukin 4 (IL-4) in preparation of future exposure to menhaden fish oil, a source rich in omega-3 fatty acids and hydrocortisone. Methods: To establish an environment of an inflammatory response, confluent A549 cells were stimulated separately with IL1-β and IL-4 in concentration variation at ten-fold serial dilution. Standard laboratory protocols and sterile techniques were followed throughout the experimentation. The cells were also treated independently and allowed to incubate for 24 and 48 hours. Cellular metabolic activity was measured by alamarBlue®, which uses the natural reducing power of living cells to convert resazurin to resorufin. Results: Cellular response was shown after exposure, indicated by increased levels in resazurin reduction when compared to a negative control. ANOVA indicated significant differences among concentration groups of IL-1β with p-value of 8.61E-08 at 24 hours and 2.86E-05 at 48 hours. A post hoc Tukey's test showed 10 ng/mL and 100 ng/mL differed significantly at p, INTRODUCTION Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects nearly 300 million people worldwide [1]. The prevalence is global with over 25 million people in the United States experiencing some [...]

Statins, which are 3 -hydroxy-3 -methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors are widely used for the treatment of hyperlipidemia, and are largely metabolized in the liver. Recent studies and animal data suggest that statins promote osteogenesis and increase bone strength. Physiologically, marked reduction in total cholesterol level may interfere with the synthesis of reproductive and adrenal hormones. However, little is known about the effects of statins delivered by sustained delivery system to a target site of a defect and segmental bone fractures on the morphology of the liver and adrenal gland. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop a targeted statin delivery system using Tricalcium Phosphate Lysine (TCPL) for defect and segmental femoral injuries and evaluate the effects on the injured bones and on the histomorphology of the liver and adrenal after sustained delivery of statin for a period of 30 days and 12 weeks post-surgery. At the end of 30 days (Phase I), and 12 weeks (Phase II), all the animals were euthanized (with overdose of halothane). The vital organs (including the liver and adrenal), reproductive organs, and the femoral bones were collected for histomorphological analysis. Simvastatin used in this study significantly increased fracture healing in both phases. However, in Phase I study, the adrenal wet weight recorded in the statin group was slightly higher than the weights recorded for the sham and the control groups, but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.157). Also, there was atrophy of the zona fasciculata and the zona reticularis, and compensatory hypertrophy of the medulla of the adrenal glands in the samples taken from two of the rats in Phase I. In addition, the wet weight of the liver in the statin group was not significantly different from the control and the sham groups (p = 0.320), although, there was an insignificant decrease of the wet weight compared to the control and sham groups. The histomorphological evaluation by the Image pro digital analysis showed that the liver morphology was different from the control. There appeared to be an atrophy of the liver, with a denser appearance compared to the control and sham groups (Phase I). In Phase II study, there were no significant morphological and wet weight differences of the liver and adrenal glands in the statin group compared to the control and sham groups. In conclusion, sustained delivery of statin in a short period may lead to alteration of the histomorphology of the liver and adrenal gland in a rat model and with adaptation to normal morphology after a long period of sustained delivery of statin. Keywords: Statins, Fracture, Healing, Drug Delivery System, Tricalcium Phosphate Lysine, Simvastatin, morphological changes, biochemical markers., INTRODUCTION Reproductive hormonal levels may be influenced by the levels or the bioavailability of cholesterol. Estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone are synthesized from a common cholesterol precursor pathway [4]. There is [...]

It has been well documented that sodium overload is often an important factor in the pathogenesis of various forms of experimental and clinical hypertension. In this investigation we hypothesized that chronic-salt loading pressure-natriuresis curve determines the level of arterial blood pressure in both normotensive and DOCA-salt hypertensive rats during chronic minoxidil exposure. The specific aim of this study was to determine if minoxidil treatment resulted in a decrease in arterial blood pressure in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats, without affecting the renal function curve. A total of 58 adult SD-tats were randomly divided into 8 groups (control, minoxidil (3 mg/day; Route: Oral), salt, salt-minoxidil, DOCA, DOCA-minoxidil, DOCA-salt (75 mg; Route: pellets), and DOCA-salt minoxidil). The rats in the salt groups drank saline while the rats in the non-salt groups drank tap water. Sodium intake was measured every 24 hours. Mean arterial blood pressure was measured at the end of 6 weeks post treatment. The results revealed that there were no significant differences in salt intake among any of the non-salt groups. Minoxidil treatment did not significantly change salt intake in any of the tap water or saline animals (p Keywords: Hypertensive Rats, Salt Intake, Minoxidil, Natriuresis, Sodium intake, Salt overload, INTRODUCTION We have previously demonstrated that a decrease in total peripheral resistance (TPR) caused by opening an A-V fistula or chronic administration of minoxidil, a potent peripheral vasodilator, does not [...]

There is less than a thirty percent survival rate for patients with a localized pancreatic tumor, and less than a ten percent survival rate for patients with metastases. There are diverse findings on the chemotherapeutic properties of insulin. Epigallacto-catechan (EGCG) is a polyphenolic antioxidant that has been shown to increase the AMPK pathway that increases cellular apoptosis. The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of EGCG with a clinical dose of insulin (10µM) in reducing the survival of a pancreatic like cell line in culture. PANC-1 cells were plated onto three 24 well plates at a density of 1 x [10.sup.6] cells per well. The experimental design consisted of four equal groups: Group 1 served as the control and groups 2-4 were treated with insulin, (EGCG) or insulin and EGCG, respectively. Biochemical and morphological evaluations were conducted following standard lab protocols. Results of this study show 10qM of insulin was unable to reduce cell growth or proliferation, however, after a 72 hour period cells treated with insulin increased compared to control untreated cells. Meanwhile, 50µM of EGCG alone or in combination with insulin were capable of reducing cell density and cellular protein levels at 24, 48 and 72 hours following treatment. The results show EGCG induced changes in cellular morphology which are characteristic of apoptosis. Overall, additional studies are needed to determine the effects of EGCG on AMPK and ATM pathways that are responsible in normal cellular apoptotic processes. Keywords: Insulin, PANC-1, Antioxidants, Apoptosis, EGCG, INTRODUCTION Insulin is a protein produced in the islets of langerhans by the beta cells in the pancreas of nondiabetics. Insulin acts by first binding to a target receptor in [...]

Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of mortality among gynecologic cancers. Recent studies have indicated that antioxidant exposure may slow the progression in major neoplastic diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate the synergistic effect of antioxidants Thymoquinone (TQ) and Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) using Caov-3 cell line as a model. A total of 144 wells were plated with 10^5 Caov-3 ovarian cancer cells. The wells were divided into groups of 72 wells for conventional and sustained delivery, respectively. Each group was subdivided into 4 groups of 6 wells. Group 1 served as control and groups 2, 3, and 4 were treated with TQ (16 µM), EGCG (3 pg/ml), and TQ + EGCG, respectively. Biomarker evaluations were performed following standard lab techniques. The results of the study revealed: (1) there were no differences in cellular protein concentrations between TQ, EGCG, and control in conventional and sustained delivery for 24 and 48 phases; conversely at 72 hours, protein concentration of TQ was significantly increased in conventional and unchanged in sustained delivery (p Keywords: Caov -3 ovarian cancer cells, Thymoquinone, EGCG, Conventional Drug Delivery, INTRODUCTION According to Schildkraut et al., 2010, ovarian cancer is the leading cause of mortality among the gynecologic cancers [1]. Unfortunately after being treated for ovarian cancer, a high percentage [...]

Polyethylene materials used in orthopedic applications are biocompatible and non-immunogenic with host tissues. Recent studies in our laboratory have demonstrated the need to further study neovascularization associated with these devices in vivo to adequately elucidate methods to modulate the tissue-implant response. The purpose of this investigation was to determine differences in neovascularization after implantation of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMW-PE) rinsed with saline (control) or coated with poly-L-lysine (PLL), arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD), or arginine-glycine-glutamic acid (RGE) into 16 adult male rats intraperitoneally (I/P). Implants and surrounding tissue were harvested at 90 days post-implantation. The animals were euthanized; and the UHMW-PE implants and the fibrous tissue capsules surrounding them were harvested. Microscopic examination of routinely stained sections (5 microns, Hematoxylin & Eosin) of the fibrous tissue capsules revealed blood vessel counts were highest in the PLL coated group (19 ± 3.27 cells/high power field). There was a decreased mean number of blood vessels per high power field for saline (17.23 ± 4.57), RGE (2.81 ± 1.50), and RGD (2.56 [+ or -] 1.55). Analyses revealed blood vessel counts were significantly higher in saline and PLL treated group compared to RGD and RGE groups (ANOVA, p < 0.05). These findings indicate neovascularization in the fibrous tissue surrounding UHMW-PE can be reduced using amino acid combination coatings. In addition, these results provide evidence that the neovascularization can be modulated to some extent using amino acid coatings in soft tissue applications. Keywords: polyethylene, amino acid coating, implant, soft-tissue, biocompatibility, angiogenesis, INTRODUCTION Neovascularization is the process of new blood vessel formation from existing vasculature and occurs in the tissue-implant interaction. Though widely used in orthopedic applications such as hip and knee [...]

The use of sustained drug delivery has been implicated as a means of improving the effectiveness of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and thymoquinone (TQ). Both of these antioxidants are dose dependent in their actions; therefore, finding the most effective dose may offer a better understanding of the mechanisms of each of these antioxidants actions. Further, finding the most effective dose and utilizing it in a sustained method could offer an even better scenario. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of sustained delivery of EGCG and/or TQ on macrophages challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Tricalcium phosphate (TCP) capsules were loaded with EGCG (10 µM) and/or TQ (10 µM) and placed in wells containing macrophages challenged with LPS (0.01 µg/mL) for 72, 96 and 120 hours. Cellular viability was assessed by cell number and cellular morphology. Cellular glutathione levels, malondialdahyde and nitric oxide levels determined cellular function. Inflammatory markers were quantitated by the use of multiplex ELISA technology. Nitric oxide levels remained elevated in all treatment groups, with the highest observed in the EGCG treatment group. Prolonged delivery of LPS on EGCG and TQ treated cells had various effects on the secretion of activated cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1αβ, and IL-6, as well as the anti-inflammatory, IL-10. This study suggests that sustained delivery of EGCG and/or TQ may not be able to efficiently reduce the effects of prolonged LPS stimulation. Keywords: antioxidants, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, lipopolysaccharide, macrophages, thymoquinone, inflammation, drug delivery, INTRODUCTION It is widely known that prolonged inflammation can lead to tissue damage as a result of increased production of reactive oxygen species, and ultimately, oxidative stress. Antioxidants are compounds [...]

The specific objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological responses associated with sustained delivery of Danazol (D) through hydroxyapatite phosphate lysine (HAL) devices in a rat model. A total of twenty four rats were distributed randomly into three equal groups. Rats in group II were implanted (S/C) with empty HAL devices and served as sham controls. Group III rats were implanted with 1.61 (5ng/ml) g/[cm.sup.3] devices containing 80 mg D each. Group I animals served as unimplanted controls. Upon sacrifice (6 weeks), the vital and reproductive organs were collected, fixed, embedded, and sectioned (H&E) by using standard lab protocols. Blood samples (500 [micro]l) were collected three times per week and processed for biochemical analysis. Data obtained from this study revealed that HAL devices were capable of releasing D at sustained levels for 6 weeks. The release profiles ranged between 5 to 9 ng/ml serum. Biochemical analysis of the serum revealed that there is remarkable reduction in LH, FSH, and IL-1 (52%). In contrast, the level of IL-6 increased (58%) in experimental animals compared to the sham operated animals. Histopathological evaluation showed an increase the wet weights of ventral prostate as well as an atrophied testicular tissues upon the exposure to D compared to control animals. There were no significant changes observed in vital organ tissues (spleen, kidneys, adrenals and heart). In addition, physiological levels of D could cause severe prostatic hypertrophy and regression to spermatogenesis after 6 weeks in rats. KEYWORDS Danazol, Drug Delivery Systems, Androgens, Bioceramics, Cytokines, Reproductive Organs, Prostate, INTRODUCTION Several studies have documented that there are several factors implicated in local gonadal control [1-9]. These local factors include regulatory hormone such as corticotropin releasing hormone and somatostatin, as [...]

Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of mortality among the gynecologic cancers and is the [5.sup.th] most common cancer among women. Recent studies have indicated that antioxidant exposure may slow the progression in major neoplastic diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate the pathophysiological effects of Thymoquinone (TQ) and Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) using the SK-OV-3 cell line as a model. A total of 72 wells were plated with (10A5) SK-OV-3 ovarian cancer cells according to standard lab protocols. Each group was subdivided into 4 groups of 6 wells each. Group 1 served as control and groups 2, 3, and 4 were treated with TQ (16 µM), EGCG (3 µg/ml), and TQ + EGCG, respectively. Biomarker and morphological evaluations were performed following standard lab techniques. The results of the study revealed: (1) an increase in cellular protein concentration of the combination at 24 and 48 hours phases (p < 0.05); (2) an increase in nitric oxide following administration of EGCG and the combination at 24 and 48 hours; conversely at 72 hours, there was no significant difference between all agents (p < 0.05); (3) TQ and EGCG were shown to induce intracellular oxidative stress (glutathione levels) at the end of 72 hour phase; (4) there were no membrane or cellular damage to the cells at all phases. The results of this study provided the literature with more insights regarding manipulation of ovarian cancer behavior through potent antioxidants such as TQ and EGCG in culture. Keywords: Ovarian Cancer, Thymoquinone, EGCG, SK-OV-3 ovarian cancer cells, INTRODUCTION Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of mortality among the gynecologic cancers. Ovarian cancer is the fifth most common cancer among women, and it causes more deaths than any [...]

This study aims to assess the morphology of human gingival fibroblasts upon exposure to dental adhesives in the presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS-PG). Dental caries is not the only common disease of the oral cavity; periodontal disease has significant prevalence in the adult population. The fibroblasts were exposed to 0.1g of dental adhesives (PMMA, OptiBond®, and Prime & Bond®) in combination with Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (2 µL) at phases of 24, 48, and 72 hours. At 48 hours, the cells exposed to the Prime & Bond® adhesive combined with LPS-PG (25.954 ± 4.153 IU/mg Protein) demonstrated statistically significant increase (P = 0.003) in LDH activity in the media compared to the control (7.014 ± 1.395 IU/mg Protein). No significant differences in intracellular levels were detected at 24, 48, or 72 hours. Morphological evaluation at all phases demonstrated that the exposure of the cells to the three dental adhesives in combination with LPS-PG did not induce major toxicity or significant cellular death. While our morphological assessment did not provide evidence of structural damage of the cells, our biochemical analysis verified that at some level there was cellular damage., INTRODUCTION Dental caries is a chronic condition affecting the teeth. If left untreated, dental caries can lead to infection and tooth loss and causes pain and disability across all ages [...]

Research studies on nutritional supplements and cancer risk has demonstrated that antioxidants and their derivatives play a major role in combating prostate cancer and reducing the risk of prostate cancer in men. It has been suggested that ample amounts of antioxidants, such as vitamin E, selenium, and their constituents may be effective in decreasing both the risk and incidence of prostate cancer. Epidemiological studies have evaluated these agents in certain populations and in specific prostate cell lines to compare the risk reduction as well as the magnitude of risk reduction [1,2]. The aim of this study was to use the human LNCaP prostate cancer cell line to analyze the morphological effects of conventional treatment with low and high doses of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), thymoquinone (TQ), and tannic acid (TA) at 24, 48, and 72 hours. After 48 and 72 hours of incubation, the groups treated with the lower doses of EGCG, TQ, and TA revealed hyperchromatic, irregular, and fewer cells. Upon treatment with higher doses of EGCG and TQ, cells were also irregular and fewer in number after 48 and 72 hours of incubation. Overall findings of this study showed suppressed cell growth and cell number after conventional treatment with EGCG, TQ, and TA. This suppression may be due to disruptions in several cell-cycle checkpoints and the role of antioxidants along with their chemopreventive properties. Further research is needed in this era to assist with remedies for prostate cancer prevention. Keywords: antioxidants, prostate cancer, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, thymoquinone, tannic acid, LNCaP, treatment, INTRODUCTION In males, prostate cancer is a major public health issue and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths [3,4]. Over ten years ago, there were nearly 200,000 new cases of [...]

Surgically repaired tendons are plagued by complications related to the healing response. Adhesion formation between the tendon and its sheath or surrounding tissues inhibits free gliding and results in a loss of excursion. The random orientation of collagen deposition at the site of repair creates a focal area of weakness, thereby rendering the tendon prone to rupture at this point. Even the strongest, most technically precise repair can be negated by excessive scar tissue. No widely accepted therapy currently exists to promote healing and prevent fibrosis in surgically repaired tendons. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is considered the active factor during healing that leads to scar formation. It does so by binding with a mannose-6-phosphate/IGF-II receptor on the Golgi apparatus, which changes the extracellular matrix and ultimately leads to fibrosis. Therefore, inhibiting TGF-β may be one method to reduce scar formation. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of mannose-6-phophate (M6P) in inhibiting transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) proliferation of fibroblast cells. McCoy fibroblasts were treated with low, medium, and high concentrations of mannose-6-phosphate for periods of 24, 48, and 72 hours, and with low, medium, and high concentrations of TGF-pi for periods of 24, 48, and 72 hours. Cell proliferation, damage, and morphology were evaluated at each time point. The results show that low dose TGF-Pi treatment resulted in significant increases in cell number with distinct cytological changes within 48 hours of treatment. Mannose-6phosphate reduced cell number within the first 48 hours and appeared to be dose dependent. A competitive assay was then developed using low concentration TGF-β1 and medium concentration M6P at 48 hours to determine if M6P could interfere with TGF-β1-induced fibroblast cell growth. Cell proliferation, damage, and morphology were evaluated. The results show that M6P is capable of reducing TGF-β1-induced fibroblast proliferation, and it is suggested that this effect is through competitive inhibition of the M6P/IGF-II receptor of fibroblasts. Keywords: mannose-6-phosphate, transforming growth factor-β, fibrosis, INTRODUCTION Tendon healing is plagued by the complications of rupture and adhesion formation. Both of these tend to occur early in healing and are due to improper regulation of collagen [...]

Cyclosporine (CsA) is extracted from Tolypocladium inflatum Gams, which is metabolized through the superfamily of hepatic isoenzymes P-450. CsA has a mean life of 6.4-8.7 h, although this varies among different individuals. Ninety percent of the drug is withdrawn through biliary excretion and only 6% appears unchanged in the urine. The exact mechanism of action of CsA is unknown; however, CsA has the ability to act on the immune system by blocking the biosynthesis of some lymphokines produced by T lymphocytes and interleukine-2 synthesis at the transcriptional level. It has been suggested that CsA acts by interacting with cytoplasmic membrane and activates the intracellular calcium pathway, or binds to cytoplasmic proteins (Parra, 2003). At toxic levels, CsA also has the ability to cause renal damage and histological changes that can affect the function of a transplanted kidney (Kahn, 1989, Wang, 1994, Bagnis, 1996, Hansen, 1996). Hypothesis: A: Cyclosporine is a potent immunosuppressive agents that act on many cells of the body, including epithelial cells and may cause a decrease in the cell proliferation and increase markers for cell damage. Specific Aim : To evaluate kidney epithelial cells after exposure to various doses (low, medium, and high) of CsA and to measure changes in cellular proliferation, morphology and function with time. Results: The results from our study indicates that the admistration of CsA will result in cellular destruction and dysfunction. Conclusion: The findings from our study indicate that the overall the administration of cyclosporine resulted in changes as early as 24 hours in comparison to the control. By 72 hours the group treated with cyclosporine displaced devastating morphological changes, which can ultimately result in kidney dysfunction in comparison to the control. Keywords: RHKEC, Rhesus Monkey, Kidney cells, Cell Line, Epithelial Cells,, INTRODUCTION Cyclosporine (CsA) is extracted from Tolypocladium inflatum Gams, which is metabolized through the superfamily of hepatic isoenzymes P-450. CsA has a mean life of 6.4-8.7 h, although this varies [...]

The A549 cell line in which is derived from adenocarcinoma human alveolar basal epithelial cells has been used as a model for cancer research. This cell line has shown good suitability as a model for respiratory studies due to presence of type II alveolar functionality. Additionally, this cell type secretes surfactant that contains phospholipids in which plays a major role in reducing alveolar surface tension. The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphological features of the A549 cells upon the exposure to low and high doses of omega fatty acids. Sterile aseptic techniques were followed throughout the experimentations by following standard lab protocols. Morphological evaluation was conducted by using two different standard staining protocols namely: hematoxylin & eosin (H-E) stain was used (to evaluate general qualitative assessment of cell characteristics); and the alcian blue stain (to identify mucin production and assess the ability of the cells to produce phosolipid surfactant). A549 cells were treated with a low and high concentration of flaxseed oil, providing omega 3-6-9 fatty acids and allowed to incubate for 24, 48 and 72 hours. The results of this study revealed: (i) at the end 24 hours of incubation, the cells showed slight indication of growth qualitatively compared to the control group; (ii) at the end 48 and 72 hours of incubation, an increase in growth was observed with islands of confluent cells forming when compared to the control group; (iii) maintenance of cell functionality was observed by evidence of alcian blue mucopolysaccharide staining in and around the peripheral of the cell; (iv) no visible signs of debris or cytotoxicity were noted at both low and high doses and at all three incubation intervals. The results of this pilot study suggest that the exposure of omega fatty acids to A549 cells can provide an adequate matrix for defining and identifying the components of an asthma inflammatory condition. Further investigations are highly recommended to assess the quantitative measurements of cell viability, integrity and actual cell count as well as functional capacity. Keywords: A549 cell line, omega fatty acids, mucopolysaccharide, surfactant, hematoxylin and eosin, alcian blue, INTRODUCTION Omega-3 fatty acid in dietary oils, such as flaxseed or fish oil, is described as an anti-inflammatory agent that reduces inflammation throughout the body. Omega-3 is part of a [...]

Low level laser therapy (LLLT) may enhance or decrease cell proliferation, but more on the stimulation side of cellular activities. The precise biochemical mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of LLLT are not yet well-established. From observation, it appears that LLLT has a wide range of effects at the molecular, cellular, and tissue levels. In addition, its specific modes of action may vary among different applications. Within the cell, there is strong evidence to suggest that LLLT acts on the mitochondria to increase adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, modulate reactive oxygen species (ROS), and induce transcription factors. LLLT has shown promise for down regulating inflammation by reducing the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In normal cells, high levels of ROS are damaging to the cells and the cells have the ability to squelch the production of ROS enzymatically. Cancer cells exhibit elevated levels of ROS due to their accelerated metabolism needed to maintain proliferation. The goals of this experiment were (1) to determine the effects of LLLT for a period of 30 minutes on laryngeal cancer cell survival; and (2) to determine the effects of natural chemotherapeutic agents or a known conventional chemotherapeutic agent, 5-FU, along with exposure to LLLT on cancer cell growth. Cells were treated with laser, Thymoquinone (TQ), Genistein (G), 5FU, or laser in the presence of TQ, G, or 5-FU for 30 minutes followed by incubation for a period of 24 hours. The cells were harvested and cellular protein, intracellular glutathione, and morphology were evaluated. The results show a decrease in cell numbers following treatment with TQ and 5 FU for 24, 48, and 72 hours, while genistein treatment showed changes in cell number after 72 hours. Interestingly, the cells in the presence of Laser were reduced within 24 hours, and treatments with Laser + 5 -FU, Laser + G, and Laser + TQ were significantly reduced further than when given the compound alone. The results show that laser and chemotherapeutic interventions may be synergistic and beneficial treatment for laryngeal cancer. These findings are important since laryngeal cancer is difficult to resect, and laser therapy could be guided into the area to reduce the tumor size or used following resection. Keywords Carcinoma, Laryngeal, Laser, Cell Proliferation, Genisten, Thymoquinone, 5-Fu, Growth., INTRODUCTION Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), which is a type of head and neck cancer, is the most common type of squamous cell carcinoma, and it is the second most common head [...]

Oxidatively modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL) has been implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. While the exact mechanism by which oxidized LDL contributes to CVD has not been fully elucidated, it is believed that inhibiting LDL oxidation may provide protection against CVD. Previous studies have indicated that antioxidants such as green tea (GT) and thymoquinone (TQ) may reduce the damage caused by oxidized LDL. Therefore, the specific aim of this study is to determine the effects of GT and TQ on the modification of LDL using endothelial cells as a model. Male and female human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) were challenged with LDL, alone or in combination, with TQ and GT, and the functional capacity of the cells was evaluated. Results of the study suggest that TQ and GT may be effective in preventing the damage caused by LDL oxidation. Keywords: cardiovascular disease, green tea, thymoquinone, endothelial cells, LDL, antioxidants, INTRODUCTION A report by the American Heart Association estimates that approximately 83.6 million American adults have one or more types of CVD [1]. Although mortality rates from CVD have declined [...]

Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of mortality among gynecologic cancers. Recent studies have indicated that antioxidant exposure may slow the progression in major neoplastic diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate the synergistic effect of antioxidants Thymoquinone (TQ) and Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) using SK-OV-3 cell line as a model. A total of 144 wells were plated with 10A5 SK-OV-3 ovarian cancer cells. The wells were divided into groups of 72 wells for conventional and sustained delivery, respectively. Each group was subdivided into 4 groups of 6 wells. Group 1 served as control and groups 2, 3, and 4 were treated with TQ (16 uM), EGCG (3 ug/ml), and TQ + EGCG, respectively. Biomarker evaluations were performed following standard lab techniques. The results of the study revealed: (1) there were no differences in cellular protein concentrations between TQ, EGCG, and control in conventional and sustained delivery for 24 and 48 phases; conversely at 72 hours, protein concentration of TQ was significantly increased in conventional and unchanged in sustained delivery (p Keywords: SK-OV-3 ovarian cancer cells, Thymoquinone, EGCG, Sustained Drug Delivery, Conventional Drug Delivery, INTRODUCTION Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of mortality among the gynecologic cancers. The cause of ovarian cancer is unknown. Ovarian cancer is a very devastating disease and is rarely [...]

Macrophages and blood vessels are critical components in the biocompatibility and functionality of implantable ceramic materials used in drug delivery applications. As part of the chronic inflammatory response, macrophages surround the implant, establishing the tissue-implant interface and produce cytokines critical for recruitment of other complementary cells involved in the response. Neovascularity also occurs and allows more direct access of cells and support in the tissue-implant response. The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation of macrophage and neovascularization by further defining their presence and relationship in the fibrous tissue capsule of calcium phosphate (TCP) ceramic drug delivery systems. Sixteen animals in four experimental groups were implanted with one TCP bioceramic each. Group I animals were implanted with a sham TCP ceramic not containing a steroid hormone (control group). Group II animals received the testosterone loaded TCP ceramic. Group III animals were implanted with the dihydrotestosterone loaded ceramic. Group IV animals received the androstenedione ceramic. At 90 days post-implantation, the implants and fibrous tissue capsules were extracted. Determination of macrophage populations and neovascularity was conducted microscopically following H&E staining and aided by ImagePro digital analysis software. Overall, macrophage counts were highly and significantly correlated with vascularity (p Keywords: androgens, angiogenesis, neovascularity, macrophage, tissue-implant response, intraperitoneal, correlation, INTRODUCTION Previous studies in our laboratory have quantified the tissue implant response surrounding tricalcium phosphate (TCP) bioceramic implants and have demonstrated how this response may be modified in the presence [...]

The purpose of this study was to further evaluate the presence of fibroblasts in the fibrous tissue capsules surrounding tricalcium phosphate (TCP) bioceramics loaded with androstenedione, dihydrotestosterone, and testosterone to that of a control to further explore the mechanisms involved in the tissue-implant response. The effect of steroid hormones on the chronic inflammatory response has been widely reported in the scientific literature. Sixteen animals in four experimental groups were implanted with one TCP bioceramic each. Group I animals were implanted with a sham TCP ceramic not containing a steroid hormone (control group). Group II animals received the testosterone loaded TCP ceramic. Group III animals were implanted with the dihydrotestosterone loaded ceramic. Group IV animals received the androstenedione ceramic. At 90 days post-implantation, the animals were euthanized. The implants and fibrous tissue capsules surrounding them were extracted and evaluated microscopically following routine H&E staining aided by ImagePro digital analysis software. Both Groups II and III demonstrated higher fibrobast counts per high power field compared to Groups I (control) and IV (androstenedione). Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone significantly intensified fibroblast migration into the fibrous tissue capsule surrounding the implants. The results of this study indicate that these hormones can significantly influence fibroblast behavior in the tissue-implant response. Keywords: androgen, testosterone, fibroblast, tissue-implant response, migration, intraperitoneal, tricalcium phosphate, bioceramic, INTRODUCTION Fibroblast migration is an important phenomenon associated with the tissue-implant reaction surrounding implanted devices. As part of the chronic inflammatory reaction working through complex cytokine signaling interactions, activated fibroblasts [...]

Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane or POSS chemicals have been used to prepare nanosized designed novel composites with a variety of potential applications. POSS is composed of a silicon-oxygen framework that can be easily functionalized with a variety of organic substituents. The purpose of this study was to determine if POSS can be used as a protectant barrier in wound care, and to determine with the response of the healing tissue towards the material. A pig skin wound model was used to test the POSS material over time. Biopsies were taken after 3 days to determine the short term response to the material which was compared with wounds which were not treated. The data shows that POSS was able to protect the skin against infection and did not interfere with the normal tissue healing response. The data suggests that the material may be serving as a barrier to protect against bacterial infection or may have antibacterial properties. More studies are needed to determine the longer term effects on wound healing., INTRODUCTION Up to the present, autologous skin grafts or flaps have been widely used for repairing skin and soft tissue defects. However, improved reconstruction poses greater donor site problems. To [...]

Chronic increased levels of glucocorticoids (GC) can result in hypertension, which may ultimately lead to impairment of renal function. Recent studies have shown GC excess can elicit serious adverse effects [...]

Study Objective: The aim of this study is to see if there are any clinical differences between using 35 F DLT for all patients versus using patient height regardless of gender to estimate appropriate DLT size.Design: Prospective randomized study.Setting: University Hospital.Patients: 50 patients age ≤18 years, undergoing lung or esophageal surgery requiring OLV.Interventions: Patients randomized to two groups (group-35F, group -DLT based on height).Measurements and Main Results: Data collected include demographics, ASA status, airway assessment, number of intubation attempts, Cormack-Lehane grade, number of times DLT repositioned, incidence of sore throat, oxygen saturation at induction and oxygen saturation at 5 minutes and 10 minutes after OLV. There was no statistically significant difference in demographics, ASA classification, Mallampati score, number of intubation attempts, Cormack-Lehane grade, number of times DLT was repositioned, and incidence of sore throat. In height based DLT group the odds were higher for the incidence of sore throat in 37-41 F group. Oxygen saturation at induction, 5 minutes and 10 minutes after OLV are not statistically significant between the two groups. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the majority of patients receive unnecessarily large DLTs for thoracic surgery, which not only makes intubation inherently more difficult but also increases their risk of postoperative sore throat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the discussion on the impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on asymptomatic infections. Topics include characterizing the psycho-behavioral changes within the Anesthesiology Department during the pandemic in terms of psychological distress, safety, and education; and pandemic affecting education, training levels of anxiety, and personal finances.